Scientific discussion of selected viruses including COVID-19 in hot springs

The objective of this study is to discuss selected viruses including COVID-19 and their potential elimination processes in hot springs. Studies in Colombia are limited and this scientific discussion provides necessary information regarding these viruses. This includes studies both in Colombia and in...

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Autores:
Quiñones-Bolaños, Edgar
Rodriguez Cheu, Luis Eduardo
Sanchez Londoño, Yuly Andrea
Mehrvar, Mehrab
McCarthy, Lynda
Tipo de recurso:
Article of investigation
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional ECI
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/2221
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/2221
Palabra clave:
COVID-19 (Enfermedad)
Aguas termales
Virosis
COVID-19 (Disease)
Hot springs
Virus diseases
hot springs
viruses
faecally-derived
non-faecally derived
COVID-19
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
id ESCUELAIG2_270d26bf89d5726589cb8e728143c935
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/2221
network_acronym_str ESCUELAIG2
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional ECI
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Scientific discussion of selected viruses including COVID-19 in hot springs
title Scientific discussion of selected viruses including COVID-19 in hot springs
spellingShingle Scientific discussion of selected viruses including COVID-19 in hot springs
COVID-19 (Enfermedad)
Aguas termales
Virosis
COVID-19 (Disease)
Hot springs
Virus diseases
hot springs
viruses
faecally-derived
non-faecally derived
COVID-19
title_short Scientific discussion of selected viruses including COVID-19 in hot springs
title_full Scientific discussion of selected viruses including COVID-19 in hot springs
title_fullStr Scientific discussion of selected viruses including COVID-19 in hot springs
title_full_unstemmed Scientific discussion of selected viruses including COVID-19 in hot springs
title_sort Scientific discussion of selected viruses including COVID-19 in hot springs
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Quiñones-Bolaños, Edgar
Rodriguez Cheu, Luis Eduardo
Sanchez Londoño, Yuly Andrea
Mehrvar, Mehrab
McCarthy, Lynda
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Quiñones-Bolaños, Edgar
Rodriguez Cheu, Luis Eduardo
Sanchez Londoño, Yuly Andrea
Mehrvar, Mehrab
McCarthy, Lynda
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv Centro de Estudios Ambientales
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv COVID-19 (Enfermedad)
Aguas termales
Virosis
topic COVID-19 (Enfermedad)
Aguas termales
Virosis
COVID-19 (Disease)
Hot springs
Virus diseases
hot springs
viruses
faecally-derived
non-faecally derived
COVID-19
dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv COVID-19 (Disease)
Hot springs
Virus diseases
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv hot springs
viruses
faecally-derived
non-faecally derived
COVID-19
description The objective of this study is to discuss selected viruses including COVID-19 and their potential elimination processes in hot springs. Studies in Colombia are limited and this scientific discussion provides necessary information regarding these viruses. This includes studies both in Colombia and international levels on the following subjects: i) the presence of viruses in hot springs, ii) the non- oxidative water treatment in hot springs, iii) the elimination strategies of viruses; and iv) the influence of COVID-19 in hot springs. The results of this discussion indicate that in order for thermal waters to guarantee the elimination of the viruses originating from faecal and nonfaecal derived, and the COVID-19 virus, a monitoring scheme is required to identify an effective disinfection of waters to control these pathogens.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2023-03-01T16:57:55Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2023-03-01T16:57:55Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.1109/CONIITI51147.2020.9240267
url https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/2221
identifier_str_mv 10.1109/CONIITI51147.2020.9240267
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
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dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv 2020 Congreso Internacional de Innovación y Tendencias en Ingeniería (CONIITI)
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Alberta (Canada) Public Health Act. Public Swimming Pools Regulation. Alberta Regulation 204/2014. Available online: https://www.qp.alberta.ca/1266.cfm?page=2014_204.cfm&leg_type=Re gs&display=html. (Accessed on 30 March 2020)
Barrera, M., Mehrvar, M, Gilbride, K.A., McCarthy, L.H., Laursen, A.E., Bostan, V., Pushchak, R. “Photolytic treatment of organic constituents and bacterial pathogens in secondary effluent of synthetic slaughterhouse wastewater”. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. Vol. 90, pp 1335–1350, 2012
Bolduc, B., Shaughnessy, D.,Wolf., Y, Koonin, E., Roberto, F., & Young, M. “Identification of Novel Positive-Strand RNA Viruses by Metagenomic Analysis of Archaea-Dominated Yellowstone Hot Springs”. Journal of Virology. Vol. 86, pp 5562 – 5573, 2012
Bonadonna, L. and La Rosa, G. “A Review and Update on Waterborne Viral Diseases Associated with Swimming Pools”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Vol.16, pp 166 – 177, 2019
Cataluna (Spain) Department of Health and Social Security. Decree 271 of October 9, 2001. “By establishing the technical-sanitary requirements for balneotherapy and hydrotherapy services”. Available online: https://global.economistjurist.es/BDI/class/descarga.php?id=36341. (Accessed on 30 March 2020)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)”. (2015). Outbreaks of Illness Associated with Recreational Water — United States, 2011–2012. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6424a4.htm. (Accessed on 20 June 2020)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)- Section Water”. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- ncov/faq.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2F coronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fphp%2Fwater.html#COVID-19-andWater. (Accessed on 20 June 2020)
Cheema, W., Kaarsholm, K. and Andersen, R. “Combined UV treatment and ozonation for the removal of by-product precursors in swimming pool water”. Journal Water Research. Vol. 110, pp141-149, 2017
Colombia Ministry of Health and Social Protection. “Article 6, Decree 554”. (2015). Available in: https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/gestornormativo/norma.php?i=6 1202. (Accessed on 20 May 2020).
CTV News Canada. “Is it safe to swim in a pool during the COVID–19 pandemics?”. June 8 of 2020. Available online:https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/is-it-safe-to-swim-in-a-pool-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-1.4975060. (Accessed on 10 June 2020)
Cuba. (1998). NC93-09:85, NC 93-28:88. Sanitary water control subprogram. Available online: http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/rehabilitacionbal/subprograma_control_sanitario_del_agua.pdf. (Accessed on 30 March 2020)
European Waterpark Association E.V., Global Wellness Institute, (2020). “Two-Stage Plan of the European Waterpark Association E.V. for the Reopening of Waterpark and Spas”. Germany. Available online: https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TwoStage-Plan-of-the-European-Waterpark-Association-for-the-Reopeningof-Waterparks-and-Spas2-27.pdf. (Accessed on 20 May 2020).
Fang, Z., Mehrvar, M and Mozafarri, F. “Mixing time in an agitated multilamp cylindrical photoreactor using electrical resistance tomography”. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. Vol. 83, pp 1676– 1688, 2008.
Fioravanti,A.,Giannitti,C.,Bellisai,B.,Iacoponi,F.,Galeazzi,M.“Efficacy of balneotherapy on pain, function and quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee”. International Journal of Biometeorology.Vol.56, pp 583-590, 2012.
Galicia (Spain) Ministry of Health and Social Services. Order of November 5, 1996. By which the sanitary authorization of the spa establishments of the Autonomous Community of Galicia is regulated. Available online: https://www.xunta.gal/dog/Publicados/1996/19961120/AnuncioE01A_e s.html. (Accessed on 30 March 2020).
Gálvez, I., Torres, S. and Ortega, E.”Balneotherapy, Immune System, and Stress Response: A Hormetic Strategy?”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Vol. 19, pp 1-19, 2018
Germany. DIN 19643-1. “Treatment of water of swimming pools and baths –Part 1”. Available online: https://www.beuth.de/de/norm/din19643-1/2936483 (accessed on 20 February 2020).
Government of Alberta, 2020. “COVID-19. Guidance for Swimming Pools and Whirlpools”. Available online: https://www.alberta.ca/assets/documents/covid-19-relaunch-guidanceswimming-pools-and-whirlpools.pdf. (Accessed on 20 May 2020)
Gudbergsdóttir, S.,Menzel, P., Krogh, A., Ypung Mark, & Peng Xu. “Novel viral genomes identified from six metagenomes reveal wide distribution of Archaeal viruses and high viral diversity in terrestrial hot springs”. Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 18, pp 863 – 874, 2016.
Häring, M., Rachel, R., Peng, X., Garret t, R., & Prangishvili, D. “Viral Diversity in Hot Springs of Pozzuoli, Italy, and Characterization of a Unique Archaeal Virus, Acidianus Bottle-Shaped Virus, from a New Family, the Ampullaviridae”. Journal of Virology. Vol. 79, pp 9904 – 9911, 2005
Health Canada. “Guidelines for Canadian Recreational Water Quality”. Third Edition. pp 1-101, 2012.
McLean D.M., Larke R.P.B., McNaughton G.A., Best J.M., Smith P. “Enteroviral Syndromes in Toronto, 1964”. Can. Med. Assoc. J. Vol. 92, pp 658–661, 1965.
Murcia (Spain) Department of Health and Social Policy. Decree 55 of July 11,1997. On the sanitary conditions of Spas, Thermal Baths and Thalassotherapy Establishments and the application of Peloids. Available online:https://www.murciasalud.es/legislacion.php?id=15238&idsec=19 35. (accessed on 30 March 2020).
Ontario (Canada) Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care., (2019). “Recreational Water Reference Document”. Available online: http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/publichealth/oph_standard s/docs/reference/recreational_water_en.pdf. (accessed on 30 March 2020).
Portugal Ministries of Economy and Health. (2000). “Ordinance No. 1220/2000 of December 29”. Establishes rules regarding the conditions that natural mineral waters and spring waters, in catchment, must obey in order to be considered bacteriologically proper. Available online: https://dre.pt/pesquisa/-/search/662105/details/maximized. (Accessed on 30 March 2020)
RCN Radio, (2020). “Thermal water complexes in Risaralda closed due to contagion alert”. Available online: https://www.rcnradio.com/colombia/eje-cafetero/cierran-complejos-deaguas-termales-en-risaralda-ante-alerta-de-contagios. (Accessed on 10 Jun 2020)
Rip G. “Chemistries of Ozone for Municipal Pool and Spa Water Treatment. Facts and Fallacies. Rice International Consulting Enterprises”. Journal of the Swimming Pool and Spa Industry .Vol 1, pp 25–44, 1995.
Romano Spica V. (2017). “ Hot spring water in pool: The personalization of treatment from MFDNA Fingerprinting to nanotechnologies”. Public Health Unit – University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Italy. Present in 7th International Conference on Swimming Pool and Spa, Greece.
Ronni, W.; Orion, E.; Matz H.“Balneotherapy in dermatology”. Dermatologic Therapy, Vol. 16, pp 132–140, 2003.
Sánchez Y., & Cheu L (2019). “Estado del arte de la calidad del agua termal”. ACOFI. Available in: https://acofipapers.org/index.php/eiei2019/2019/paper/view/3018. (Accessed on 20 May 2020)
Sánchez, Y., & Chivata, N. (2017). “Detection of presence of Pseudomona aeruginosa and control measures in thermal waters”. Present in 7th International Conference on Swimming Pool and Spa, Greece
Shih, Y., Tao, C., Tsai, H., Huang, W., Huang. T., Chen, J., Chiu, Y., Hsu, T., and Hsu, B. “First detection of enteric adenoviruses genotype 41 in recreation spring areas of Taiwan”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Vol. 24, pp18392–18399, 2017.
Sisti, M, Pieretti, B, De Santi, M & Brandi G.” Inactivation of pathogenic dermatophytes by ultraviolet irradiation in swimming pool thermal water”. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. International. Vol. 24, No. 5, pp 412–417, 2014.
Tallis G., Gregory J. (1997). “An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with a spa pool”. Communicable Diseases Intelligence. Vol. 21.353–354.
Valeriani, F., Marika, L and Spica, R. “Recreational Use of Spa Thermal Waters: Criticisms and Perspectives for Innovative Treatments”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Vol. 15, pp 1- 22, 2018
Verhagen, A.P, Bierma-Zeinstra, S.M, Boers, M, Cardoso, J.R, Lambeck J, de Bie R.A, de Vet H.C. “Balneotherapy (or spa therapy) for rheumatoid arthritis (Review)”. Cochrane Database. pp. 1-52, 2015
WHO (2006). World Health Organization. “Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Swimming pools and similar environments”. Volume 2. Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43336/1/ 9241546808_eng.pdf (accessed on 29 September 2019).
WHO, World Health Organization (2020). How is COVID-19 spread?. Available online: https://www.who.int/es/emergencies/diseases/novelcoronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/q-a-coronaviruses. (accessed on 10 Jun 2020)
Yoshikawa, G., Mathieu, R., Song, C., Kayama, Y., Mochizuki, T., Murata, K., Ogata, H., & Takemura, M.”Medusavirus, a novel large DNA virus discovered from hot spring water”. Journal of virology. Vol 93, pp 1 – 25, 2019
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spelling Quiñones-Bolaños, Edgar03a04b9e452720f48b9b72d6a7af2ee9600Rodriguez Cheu, Luis Eduardobecab631a7160d6c47fa22f7fbbe618d600Sanchez Londoño, Yuly Andrea37b4691b2982b9c2e8d4518de07e9852600Mehrvar, Mehrabb8cfeeb645f85f95f65f1ba4df4686bd600McCarthy, Lynda50e4d9a87a74d41468a8ee8326f61eda600Centro de Estudios Ambientales2023-03-01T16:57:55Z2023-03-01T16:57:55Z2020https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/222110.1109/CONIITI51147.2020.9240267The objective of this study is to discuss selected viruses including COVID-19 and their potential elimination processes in hot springs. Studies in Colombia are limited and this scientific discussion provides necessary information regarding these viruses. This includes studies both in Colombia and international levels on the following subjects: i) the presence of viruses in hot springs, ii) the non- oxidative water treatment in hot springs, iii) the elimination strategies of viruses; and iv) the influence of COVID-19 in hot springs. The results of this discussion indicate that in order for thermal waters to guarantee the elimination of the viruses originating from faecal and nonfaecal derived, and the COVID-19 virus, a monitoring scheme is required to identify an effective disinfection of waters to control these pathogens.El objetivo de este estudio es analizar virus seleccionados, incluido el COVID-19, y sus posibles procesos de eliminación en aguas termales. Los estudios en Colombia son limitados y esta discusión científica proporciona información necesaria con respecto a estos virus. Esto incluye estudios tanto en Colombia como a nivel internacional sobre los siguientes temas: i) la presencia de virus en aguas termales, ii) el tratamiento no oxidativo del agua en aguas termales, iii) las estrategias de eliminación de virus; y iv) la influencia del COVID-19 en aguas termales. Los resultados de esta discusión indican que, para que las aguas termales garanticen la eliminación de los virus de origen fecal y no fecal, y del virus COVID-19, es necesario un esquema de vigilancia que permita identificar una desinfección eficaz de las aguas para controlar estos patógenos.6 páginasapplication/pdfenghttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9240267Scientific discussion of selected viruses including COVID-19 in hot springsArtículo de revistainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1DataPaperinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Bogotá612020 Congreso Internacional de Innovación y Tendencias en Ingeniería (CONIITI)Alberta (Canada) Public Health Act. Public Swimming Pools Regulation. Alberta Regulation 204/2014. Available online: https://www.qp.alberta.ca/1266.cfm?page=2014_204.cfm&leg_type=Re gs&display=html. (Accessed on 30 March 2020)Barrera, M., Mehrvar, M, Gilbride, K.A., McCarthy, L.H., Laursen, A.E., Bostan, V., Pushchak, R. “Photolytic treatment of organic constituents and bacterial pathogens in secondary effluent of synthetic slaughterhouse wastewater”. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. Vol. 90, pp 1335–1350, 2012Bolduc, B., Shaughnessy, D.,Wolf., Y, Koonin, E., Roberto, F., & Young, M. “Identification of Novel Positive-Strand RNA Viruses by Metagenomic Analysis of Archaea-Dominated Yellowstone Hot Springs”. Journal of Virology. Vol. 86, pp 5562 – 5573, 2012Bonadonna, L. and La Rosa, G. “A Review and Update on Waterborne Viral Diseases Associated with Swimming Pools”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Vol.16, pp 166 – 177, 2019Cataluna (Spain) Department of Health and Social Security. Decree 271 of October 9, 2001. “By establishing the technical-sanitary requirements for balneotherapy and hydrotherapy services”. Available online: https://global.economistjurist.es/BDI/class/descarga.php?id=36341. (Accessed on 30 March 2020)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)”. (2015). Outbreaks of Illness Associated with Recreational Water — United States, 2011–2012. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6424a4.htm. (Accessed on 20 June 2020)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)- Section Water”. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- ncov/faq.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2F coronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fphp%2Fwater.html#COVID-19-andWater. (Accessed on 20 June 2020)Cheema, W., Kaarsholm, K. and Andersen, R. “Combined UV treatment and ozonation for the removal of by-product precursors in swimming pool water”. Journal Water Research. Vol. 110, pp141-149, 2017Colombia Ministry of Health and Social Protection. “Article 6, Decree 554”. (2015). Available in: https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/gestornormativo/norma.php?i=6 1202. (Accessed on 20 May 2020).CTV News Canada. “Is it safe to swim in a pool during the COVID–19 pandemics?”. June 8 of 2020. Available online:https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/is-it-safe-to-swim-in-a-pool-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-1.4975060. (Accessed on 10 June 2020)Cuba. (1998). NC93-09:85, NC 93-28:88. Sanitary water control subprogram. Available online: http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/rehabilitacionbal/subprograma_control_sanitario_del_agua.pdf. (Accessed on 30 March 2020)European Waterpark Association E.V., Global Wellness Institute, (2020). “Two-Stage Plan of the European Waterpark Association E.V. for the Reopening of Waterpark and Spas”. Germany. Available online: https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TwoStage-Plan-of-the-European-Waterpark-Association-for-the-Reopeningof-Waterparks-and-Spas2-27.pdf. (Accessed on 20 May 2020).Fang, Z., Mehrvar, M and Mozafarri, F. “Mixing time in an agitated multilamp cylindrical photoreactor using electrical resistance tomography”. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. Vol. 83, pp 1676– 1688, 2008.Fioravanti,A.,Giannitti,C.,Bellisai,B.,Iacoponi,F.,Galeazzi,M.“Efficacy of balneotherapy on pain, function and quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee”. International Journal of Biometeorology.Vol.56, pp 583-590, 2012.Galicia (Spain) Ministry of Health and Social Services. Order of November 5, 1996. By which the sanitary authorization of the spa establishments of the Autonomous Community of Galicia is regulated. Available online: https://www.xunta.gal/dog/Publicados/1996/19961120/AnuncioE01A_e s.html. (Accessed on 30 March 2020).Gálvez, I., Torres, S. and Ortega, E.”Balneotherapy, Immune System, and Stress Response: A Hormetic Strategy?”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Vol. 19, pp 1-19, 2018Germany. DIN 19643-1. “Treatment of water of swimming pools and baths –Part 1”. Available online: https://www.beuth.de/de/norm/din19643-1/2936483 (accessed on 20 February 2020).Government of Alberta, 2020. “COVID-19. Guidance for Swimming Pools and Whirlpools”. Available online: https://www.alberta.ca/assets/documents/covid-19-relaunch-guidanceswimming-pools-and-whirlpools.pdf. (Accessed on 20 May 2020)Gudbergsdóttir, S.,Menzel, P., Krogh, A., Ypung Mark, & Peng Xu. “Novel viral genomes identified from six metagenomes reveal wide distribution of Archaeal viruses and high viral diversity in terrestrial hot springs”. Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 18, pp 863 – 874, 2016.Häring, M., Rachel, R., Peng, X., Garret t, R., & Prangishvili, D. “Viral Diversity in Hot Springs of Pozzuoli, Italy, and Characterization of a Unique Archaeal Virus, Acidianus Bottle-Shaped Virus, from a New Family, the Ampullaviridae”. Journal of Virology. Vol. 79, pp 9904 – 9911, 2005Health Canada. “Guidelines for Canadian Recreational Water Quality”. Third Edition. pp 1-101, 2012.McLean D.M., Larke R.P.B., McNaughton G.A., Best J.M., Smith P. “Enteroviral Syndromes in Toronto, 1964”. Can. Med. Assoc. J. Vol. 92, pp 658–661, 1965.Murcia (Spain) Department of Health and Social Policy. Decree 55 of July 11,1997. On the sanitary conditions of Spas, Thermal Baths and Thalassotherapy Establishments and the application of Peloids. Available online:https://www.murciasalud.es/legislacion.php?id=15238&idsec=19 35. (accessed on 30 March 2020).Ontario (Canada) Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care., (2019). “Recreational Water Reference Document”. Available online: http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/publichealth/oph_standard s/docs/reference/recreational_water_en.pdf. (accessed on 30 March 2020).Portugal Ministries of Economy and Health. (2000). “Ordinance No. 1220/2000 of December 29”. Establishes rules regarding the conditions that natural mineral waters and spring waters, in catchment, must obey in order to be considered bacteriologically proper. Available online: https://dre.pt/pesquisa/-/search/662105/details/maximized. (Accessed on 30 March 2020)RCN Radio, (2020). “Thermal water complexes in Risaralda closed due to contagion alert”. Available online: https://www.rcnradio.com/colombia/eje-cafetero/cierran-complejos-deaguas-termales-en-risaralda-ante-alerta-de-contagios. (Accessed on 10 Jun 2020)Rip G. “Chemistries of Ozone for Municipal Pool and Spa Water Treatment. Facts and Fallacies. Rice International Consulting Enterprises”. Journal of the Swimming Pool and Spa Industry .Vol 1, pp 25–44, 1995.Romano Spica V. (2017). “ Hot spring water in pool: The personalization of treatment from MFDNA Fingerprinting to nanotechnologies”. Public Health Unit – University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Italy. 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