Diversity of mycorrhizal types along altitudinal gradients in mountain tropical forests of northern South America
Los hongos micorrízicos juegan un papel clave en el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas terrestres. Los principales tipos de asociaciones de micorrizas son micorrizas arbusculares (AM), ectomicorrizas (EcM), micorrizas ericoides (ErM) y micorrizas de orquídeas (OM). Estudios anteriores han demostrado...
- Autores:
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2020
- Institución:
- Universidad del Rosario
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio EdocUR - U. Rosario
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.urosario.edu.co:10336/28203
- Acceso en línea:
- https://doi.org/10.48713/10336_28203
https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/28203
- Palabra clave:
- Biogeografía
Micorrizas
Andes colombianos
Gradiente altitudinal
Diversidad
Biología
Ciencias botánicas
Biogeography
Mycorrhizae
Colombian Andes
Altitudinal gradient
Diversity
- Rights
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia
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oai:repository.urosario.edu.co:10336/28203 |
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Repositorio EdocUR - U. Rosario |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Diversity of mycorrhizal types along altitudinal gradients in mountain tropical forests of northern South America |
dc.title.TranslatedTitle.spa.fl_str_mv |
Diversidad de tipos de micorrizas a lo largo de gradientes altitudinales en bosques tropicales de montaña del norte de Sudamérica |
title |
Diversity of mycorrhizal types along altitudinal gradients in mountain tropical forests of northern South America |
spellingShingle |
Diversity of mycorrhizal types along altitudinal gradients in mountain tropical forests of northern South America Biogeografía Micorrizas Andes colombianos Gradiente altitudinal Diversidad Biología Ciencias botánicas Biogeography Mycorrhizae Colombian Andes Altitudinal gradient Diversity |
title_short |
Diversity of mycorrhizal types along altitudinal gradients in mountain tropical forests of northern South America |
title_full |
Diversity of mycorrhizal types along altitudinal gradients in mountain tropical forests of northern South America |
title_fullStr |
Diversity of mycorrhizal types along altitudinal gradients in mountain tropical forests of northern South America |
title_full_unstemmed |
Diversity of mycorrhizal types along altitudinal gradients in mountain tropical forests of northern South America |
title_sort |
Diversity of mycorrhizal types along altitudinal gradients in mountain tropical forests of northern South America |
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Bottin, Marius Corrales Osorio, Adriana |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Biogeografía Micorrizas Andes colombianos Gradiente altitudinal Diversidad |
topic |
Biogeografía Micorrizas Andes colombianos Gradiente altitudinal Diversidad Biología Ciencias botánicas Biogeography Mycorrhizae Colombian Andes Altitudinal gradient Diversity |
dc.subject.ddc.spa.fl_str_mv |
Biología Ciencias botánicas |
dc.subject.keyword.spa.fl_str_mv |
Biogeography Mycorrhizae Colombian Andes Altitudinal gradient Diversity |
description |
Los hongos micorrízicos juegan un papel clave en el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas terrestres. Los principales tipos de asociaciones de micorrizas son micorrizas arbusculares (AM), ectomicorrizas (EcM), micorrizas ericoides (ErM) y micorrizas de orquídeas (OM). Estudios anteriores han demostrado que la abundancia de plantas AM, ECM y ErM cambia gradualmente a lo largo de gradientes latitudinales y altitudinales impulsados por los efectos del clima en la descomposición, reflejados en la acumulación de carbono y nutrientes en el suelo. La cordillera de los Andes colombianos alcanza altitudes superiores a los 5.000 my es un gran sistema para probar los efectos de la altitud en los ecosistemas tropicales. Nuestro objetivo fue comprender cómo la altitud y las condiciones climáticas y del suelo dan forma a los patrones de distribución de los tipos de micorrizas en las especies de plantas distribuidas en esta región. Para probar esto, usamos una base de datos de registros de plantas de herbario y asignamos el tipo de micorrizas según la literatura disponible. También utilizamos variables bioclimáticas y edáficas a una resolución de 10 km. Calculamos la proporción de cada uno de los diferentes tipos de asociaciones de micorrizas por celda de cuadrícula y creamos un índice de diversidad para explorar su distribución espacial y su asociación con factores abióticos basados en GLM. Encontramos que la diversidad de asociaciones de micorrizas aumenta con la altitud y la reserva de carbono del suelo. |
publishDate |
2020 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-08-20T20:15:52Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-08-20T20:15:52Z |
dc.date.created.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-07-17 |
dc.type.eng.fl_str_mv |
bachelorThesis |
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
dc.type.document.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo |
dc.type.spa.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado |
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.48713/10336_28203 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/28203 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.48713/10336_28203 https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/28203 |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia |
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
dc.rights.acceso.spa.fl_str_mv |
Abierto (Texto Completo) |
dc.rights.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/ |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia Abierto (Texto Completo) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad del Rosario |
dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv |
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas |
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Biología |
institution |
Universidad del Rosario |
dc.source.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv |
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Phytosociological data and herbarium collections show congruent large scale patterns but differ in their local descriptions of community composition. Journal of Vegetation Science. Brundrett, M. C., and Tedersoo, L. (2018). Evolutionary history of mycorrhizal symbioses and global host plant diversity. New Phytologist, 220(4), 1108-1115. Cheeke, T. E., Phillips, R. P., Brzostek, E. R., Rosling, A., Bever, J. D., and Fransson, P. (2017). Dominant mycorrhizal association of trees alters carbon and nutrient cycling by selecting for microbial groups with distinct enzyme function. New Phytologist, 214(1), 432-442 Corrales, A., Mangan, S. A., Turner, B. L., and Dalling, J. W. (2016). An ectomycorrhizal nitrogen economy facilitates monodominance in a neotropical forest. Ecology Letters, 19(4), 383-392 Duque, A., Álvarez, E., Rodríguez, W., and Lema, Á. (2013). Impacto de la fragmentación en la diversidad de plantas vasculares en bosques andinos del nororiente de Colombia. Colombia Forestal, 16(2), 115-137 GALINDO, R., BETANCUR, J., and CADENA, J. J. (2003). Estructura y composición florística de cuatro bosques andinos del santuario de flora y fauna Guanentá-alto río Fonce, cordillera oriental colombiana. Caldasia, 25(2), 313-335. Klironomos, J., Zobel, M., Tibbett, M., Stock, W. D., Rillig, M. C.,. Parrent, J. L., … Bever, J. D. (2011). Forces that structure plant communities: Quantifying the importance of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytologist, 189, 366–370. https ://doi. org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03550.x Klironomos, J., Zobel, M., Tibbett, M., Stock, W. D., Rillig, M. C.,. Parrent, J. L., … Bever, J. D. (2011). Forces that structure plant communities: Quantifying the importance of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytologist, 189, 366–370. https ://doi. org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03550.x Legendre, P. (2008). Studying beta diversity: ecological variation partitioning by multiple regression and canonical analysis. Journal of Plant Ecology, 1(1), 3-8 Leifheit, E. F., Veresoglou, S. D., Lehmann, A., Morris, E. K., and Rillig, M.C. (2013). Multiple factors influence the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil aggregation—A meta‐analysis. Plant and Soil, 374, 523–537. https ://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1899-2. Mantilla, L. C., Mendoza, H., Bissig, T., and Craig, H. (2011). Nuevas evidencias sobre el magmatismo Miocenico en el distrito minero de Vetas-California (Macizo de Santander, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia). Boletín de Geología, 33(1). Mcguire, K., Henkel, T., De La Cerda, I. G., Villa, G., Edmund, F., and Andrew, C. (2008). Dual mycorrhizal colonization of forest‐dominating tropical trees and the mycorrhizal status of non‐dominant tree and liana species. Mycorrhiza, 18, 217–222. https ://doi.org/10.1007/ s00572-008-0170-9 Read, D. J. (1991). Mycorrhizas in ecosystems. Experientia, 47, 376–391. https ://doi.org/10.1007/BF019 72080 Read, D. J. (1996). The structure and function of the ericoid mycorrhizal root. Annals of Botany, 77(4), 365-374. Read, D. J., Leake, J. R., and Perez‐Moreno, J. (2004). Mycorrhizal fungi as drivers of ecosystem processes in heathland and boreal forest biomes. Canadian Journal of Botany, 82, 1243–1263. https ://doi.org/10.1139/b04-123 Restrepo, J. O. V., Maniguaje, N. L., and Duque, Á. J. (2012). Diversidad y dinámica de un bosque subandino de altitud en la región norte de los Andes colombianos. Revista de Biología Tropical, 60(2), 943-952 Rodríguez, N., Armenteras, D., Morales, M., and Romero, M. (2004). Ecosistemas de los Andes colombianos (No. 333.950986 E19). Siavosh, S., Rivera, J. M., and Gómez, M. E. (2000). Impacto de sistemas de ganadería sobre las características físicas, químicas y biológicas de suelos en los Andes de Colombia. Agroforestería para la Producción Animal en Latinoamérica. FAO-CIPAV, Cali, Colombia, 77-95. Smith, S. E., and Read, D. J. (2008). Mycorrhizal symbiosis. London, UK: Academic Press. Steidinger, B. S., Crowther, T. W., Liang, J., Van Nuland, M. E., Werner, G. D., Reich, P. B., ... and Herault, B. (2019). Climatic controls of decomposition drive the global biogeography of forest-tree symbioses. Nature, 569(7756), 404. Tedersoo, L., and Brundrett, M. C. (2017). Evolution of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in plants. In Biogeography of mycorrhizal symbiosis (pp. 407-467). Springer, Cham. van de Weg, M. J., Meir, P., Grace, J., and Atkin, O. K. (2009). Altitudinal variation in leaf mass per unit area, leaf tissue density and foliar nitrogen and phosphorus content along an Amazon-Andes gradient in Peru. Plant Ecology and Diversity, 2(3), 243-254 Van Der Heijden, M. G., Klironomos, J. N., Ursic, M., Moutoglis, P., Streitwolf‐Engel, R., Boller, T., … Sanders, I. R. (1998). Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature, 396, 69. https ://doi.org/10.1038/23932. Veblen, T. T., Young, K. R., and Orme, A. R. (Eds.). (2015). The physical geography of South America. Oxford University Press. Veresoglou, S. D., Chen, B., and Rillig, M. C. (2012). Arbuscular mycorrhiza and soil nitrogen cycling. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 46, 53–62. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilb io.2011.11.018. Vetrovsky, T., Morais, D., Kohout, P., Lepinay, C., Gallardo, C. A., Holla, S. A., ... and Human, Z. R. (2020). GlobalFungi: Global database of fungal records from high-throughput-sequencing metabarcoding studies. bioRxiv. Wang, B., and Qiu, Y.-L. (2006). Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants. Mycorrhiza, 16(5), 299–363. doi:10.1007/s00572-005-0033-6; Harley, J. L., and Harley, E. L. (1987). A check-list of mycorrhiza in the British flora. Xu, H., Detto, M., Fang, S., Chazdon, R. L., Li, Y., Hau, B. C., ... and Uriarte, M. (2020). Soil nitrogen concentration mediates the relationship between leguminous trees and neighbor diversity in tropical forests. 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J., Cabrera, E., Phillips, J., Ramirez, S., and Yepes, A.(2020) The legacy of biogeographic history on the composition and structure of Andean forests. Ecology González, C., Jarvis, A., and Palacio, J. D. (2006). Biogeography of the Colombian oak, Quercus humboldtii Bonpl: geographical distribution and their climatic adaptation. International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)/Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad del Cauca. Popayán. Jansa, J., Finlay, R., Wallander, H., Smith, F. A., and Smith, S. E. (2011). Role of mycorrhizal symbioses in phosphorus cycling. In Phosphorus in action (pp. 137-168). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Phillips, R. P., Brzostek, E., and Midgley, M. G. (2013). The mycorrhizal‐associated nutrient economy: a new framework for predicting carbon–nutrient couplings in temperate forests. New Phytologist, 199(1), 41-51 Read, D. J., and Perez‐Moreno, J. (2003). Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems–a journey towards relevance?. New phytologist, 157(3), 475-492 Marian, C. O., Krebs, S. L., and Arora, R. (2004). Dehydrin variability among rhododendron species: a 25‐kDa dehydrin is conserved and associated with cold acclimation across diverse species. New Phytologist, 161(3), 773-780. Walker, M. D., Walker, D. A., and Auerbach, N. A. (1994). Plant communities of a tussock tundra landscape in the Brooks Range Foothills, Alaska. Journal of Vegetation Science, 5(6), 843-866 Geml, J. (2017). Altitudinal gradients in mycorrhizal symbioses. In Biogeography of mycorrhizal symbiosis (pp. 107-123). Springer, Cham. Aikio, S., and Ruotsalainen, A. (2002). The modelled growth of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants under constant versus variable soil nutrient concentration. Mycorrhiza, 12(5), 257-261 Craine, J. M., Elmore, A. J., Aidar, M. P., Bustamante, M., Dawson, T. E., Hobbie, E. A., and Nardoto, G. B. (2009). Global patterns of foliar nitrogen isotopes and their relationships with climate, mycorrhizal fungi, foliar nutrient concentrations, and nitrogen availability. New Phytologist, 183(4), 980-992 Zhou, J., Deng, Y., Shen, L., Wen, C., Yan, Q., Ning, D., ... and Voordeckers, J. W. (2016). Temperature mediates continental-scale diversity of microbes in forest soils. Nature communications, 7(1), 1-10 Barron, A. R., Purves, D. W., and Hedin, L. O. (2011). Facultative nitrogen fixation by canopy legumes in a lowland tropical forest. Oecologia, 165(2), 511-520 Menge, D. N., Levin, S. A., and Hedin, L. O. (2009). Facultative versus obligate nitrogen fixation strategies and their ecosystem consequences. The American Naturalist, 174(4), 465-477 Xu, H., Detto, M., Li, Y., Li, Y., He, F., and Fang, S. (2019). Do N‐fixing legumes promote neighbouring diversity in the tropics?. Journal of Ecology, 107(1), 229-239. Xu, H., Detto, M., Fang, S., Chazdon, R. L., Li, Y., Hau, B. C., ... and Uriarte, M. (2020). Soil nitrogen concentration mediates the relationship between leguminous trees and neighbor diversity in tropical forests. Communications biology, 3(1), 1-8 Ayram, C. A. C., Rothlisberger, A. E., Timote, J. J. D., Buritica, S. R., Ramirez, W., and Corzo, G. (2020). Spatiotemporal Evaluation of The Human Footprint in Colombia: Four Decades of Anthropic Impact in Highly Biodiverse Ecosystems. bioRxiv Delavaux, C. S., Weigelt, P., Dawson, W., Duchicela, J., Essl, F., van Kleunen, M., ... and Winter, M. (2019). Mycorrhizal fungi influence global plant biogeography. Nature ecology and evolution, 3(3), 424-429 Lehto, T., and Zwiazek, J. J. (2011). Ectomycorrhizas and water relations of trees: a review. Mycorrhiza, 21(2), 71-90 Van Der Heijden, M. G., Klironomos, J. N., Ursic, M., Moutoglis, P., Streitwolf-Engel, R., Boller, T., ... & Sanders, I. R. (1998). Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature, 396(6706), 69-72. |
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Bottin, Marius 665908600Corrales Osorio, Adriana43260206600Rendón Espinosa, Miguel ÁngelBiólogoFull time26fa64f0-b066-4abe-8c17-4a41d1901bad6002020-08-20T20:15:52Z2020-08-20T20:15:52Z2020-07-17Los hongos micorrízicos juegan un papel clave en el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas terrestres. Los principales tipos de asociaciones de micorrizas son micorrizas arbusculares (AM), ectomicorrizas (EcM), micorrizas ericoides (ErM) y micorrizas de orquídeas (OM). Estudios anteriores han demostrado que la abundancia de plantas AM, ECM y ErM cambia gradualmente a lo largo de gradientes latitudinales y altitudinales impulsados por los efectos del clima en la descomposición, reflejados en la acumulación de carbono y nutrientes en el suelo. La cordillera de los Andes colombianos alcanza altitudes superiores a los 5.000 my es un gran sistema para probar los efectos de la altitud en los ecosistemas tropicales. Nuestro objetivo fue comprender cómo la altitud y las condiciones climáticas y del suelo dan forma a los patrones de distribución de los tipos de micorrizas en las especies de plantas distribuidas en esta región. Para probar esto, usamos una base de datos de registros de plantas de herbario y asignamos el tipo de micorrizas según la literatura disponible. También utilizamos variables bioclimáticas y edáficas a una resolución de 10 km. Calculamos la proporción de cada uno de los diferentes tipos de asociaciones de micorrizas por celda de cuadrícula y creamos un índice de diversidad para explorar su distribución espacial y su asociación con factores abióticos basados en GLM. Encontramos que la diversidad de asociaciones de micorrizas aumenta con la altitud y la reserva de carbono del suelo.Mycorrhizal fungi play key roles in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. The main types of mycorrhizal associations are arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM), ectomycorrhizas (EcM), ericoid mycorrhizas (ErM) and orchid mycorrhizas (OM). Previous studies have shown that the abundance of AM, EcM and ErM plants change gradually along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients driven by the effects of climate on decomposition, reflected in the accumulation of carbon and nutrients in the soil. The Colombian Andean mountain range reaches altitudes over 5,000 m and it is a great system to test the effects of altitude in tropical ecosystems. We aimed to understand how altitude and climatic and soil conditions shape the distribution patterns of mycorrhizal types in plant species distributed in this region. To test this, we used an herbarium plant record database and assigned mycorrhizal type based on the available literature. We also used bioclimatic and soil variables at a resolution of 10 km. We calculated the proportion of each of the different mycorrhizal associations types per grid cell and created a diversity index to explore their spatial distribution and their association with abiotic factors based on GLMs. We found that the diversity of mycorrhizal associations increases with altitude and soil carbon stock.application/pdfhttps://doi.org/10.48713/10336_28203 https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/28203engUniversidad del RosarioFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y MatemáticasBiologíaAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 ColombiaAbierto (Texto Completo)EL AUTOR, manifiesta que la obra objeto de la presente autorización es original y la realizó sin violar o usurpar derechos de autor de terceros, por lo tanto la obra es de exclusiva autoría y tiene la titularidad sobre la misma.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Averill, C., Turner, B. L., and Finzi, A. C. (2014). 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Nature, 396(6706), 69-72.instname:Universidad del Rosarioreponame:Repositorio Institucional EdocURBiogeografíaMicorrizasAndes colombianosGradiente altitudinalDiversidadBiología574600Ciencias botánicas580600BiogeographyMycorrhizaeColombian AndesAltitudinal gradientDiversityDiversity of mycorrhizal types along altitudinal gradients in mountain tropical forests of northern South AmericaDiversidad de tipos de micorrizas a lo largo de gradientes altitudinales en bosques tropicales de montaña del norte de SudaméricabachelorThesisArtículoTrabajo de gradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fORIGINALTesis_Miguel_Angel_Rendon_2020.pdfTesis_Miguel_Angel_Rendon_2020.pdfDocumento de tesisapplication/pdf2003033https://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstreams/02ecbb2e-bcc9-475f-b3cb-0aac766a4927/download772eb1f865506a0f6ef8ee691b875ecdMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain1475https://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstreams/97643de8-0b90-4226-8357-d0a0ab0f219e/downloadfab9d9ed61d64f6ac005dee3306ae77eMD52CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8811https://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstreams/6b848330-316e-4f8d-b155-5a965320a118/download217700a34da79ed616c2feb68d4c5e06MD53TEXTTesis_Miguel_Angel_Rendon_2020.pdf.txtTesis_Miguel_Angel_Rendon_2020.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain54503https://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstreams/e4b49b73-e648-4285-aa8d-277823e68c71/downloadacb4d237273c8fe01496e27c9497e058MD54THUMBNAILTesis_Miguel_Angel_Rendon_2020.pdf.jpgTesis_Miguel_Angel_Rendon_2020.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg2320https://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstreams/12cdfab8-03f8-4046-8f99-11bdb11528c1/downloadd10f6adef47e0b077de8a8ee7b7fd395MD5510336/28203oai:repository.urosario.edu.co:10336/282032020-11-21 18:38:37.706http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombiahttps://repository.urosario.edu.coRepositorio institucional EdocURedocur@urosario.edu.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 |