Fear in urban tropical ecosystems: Flight initiation distance of birds in an urbanization gradient

Los disturbios antropogénicos afectan la respuesta anti-depredatoria de los animales. Los animales urbanos exhiben distancias de escape (FID, por sus siglas en inglés) más cortas en comparación con sus contrapartes rurales. Las respuestas de escape han sido muy estudiadas en animales en hábitats com...

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Fecha de publicación:: 2021

Institución:: Universidad del Rosario

Repositorio:: Repositorio EdocUR - U. Rosario

Idioma:: eng

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repository_id_str
dc.title.es.fl_str_mv	Fear in urban tropical ecosystems: Flight initiation distance of birds in an urbanization gradient
dc.title.TranslatedTitle.es.fl_str_mv	Miedo en los ecosistemas tropicales urbanos: distancia de inicio de vuelo de las aves en un gradiente de urbanización
title	Fear in urban tropical ecosystems: Flight initiation distance of birds in an urbanization gradient
spellingShingle	Fear in urban tropical ecosystems: Flight initiation distance of birds in an urbanization gradient Respuesta anti-depredatoria Vida silvestre urbana Ciudades tropicales Disturbios antropogénicos Análisis de la respuestas anti-depredatorias de aves residentes de Bogotá Evaluación de disturbios antropogénicos en animales silvestres en contextos urbanos Aves (Pájaros) Anti-predatory response Urban wildlife Tropical cities Anthropogenic disturbances Analysis of the anti-predatory responses of birds resident of Bogotá Evaluation of anthropogenic disturbances in wild animals in urban contexts
title_short	Fear in urban tropical ecosystems: Flight initiation distance of birds in an urbanization gradient
title_full	Fear in urban tropical ecosystems: Flight initiation distance of birds in an urbanization gradient
title_fullStr	Fear in urban tropical ecosystems: Flight initiation distance of birds in an urbanization gradient
title_full_unstemmed	Fear in urban tropical ecosystems: Flight initiation distance of birds in an urbanization gradient
title_sort	Fear in urban tropical ecosystems: Flight initiation distance of birds in an urbanization gradient
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Maldonado Chaparro, Adriana Alexandra Alarcón Nieto, Gustavo
dc.subject.es.fl_str_mv	Respuesta anti-depredatoria Vida silvestre urbana Ciudades tropicales Disturbios antropogénicos Análisis de la respuestas anti-depredatorias de aves residentes de Bogotá Evaluación de disturbios antropogénicos en animales silvestres en contextos urbanos
topic	Respuesta anti-depredatoria Vida silvestre urbana Ciudades tropicales Disturbios antropogénicos Análisis de la respuestas anti-depredatorias de aves residentes de Bogotá Evaluación de disturbios antropogénicos en animales silvestres en contextos urbanos Aves (Pájaros) Anti-predatory response Urban wildlife Tropical cities Anthropogenic disturbances Analysis of the anti-predatory responses of birds resident of Bogotá Evaluation of anthropogenic disturbances in wild animals in urban contexts
dc.subject.ddc.es.fl_str_mv	Aves (Pájaros)
dc.subject.keyword.es.fl_str_mv	Anti-predatory response Urban wildlife Tropical cities Anthropogenic disturbances Analysis of the anti-predatory responses of birds resident of Bogotá Evaluation of anthropogenic disturbances in wild animals in urban contexts
description	Los disturbios antropogénicos afectan la respuesta anti-depredatoria de los animales. Los animales urbanos exhiben distancias de escape (FID, por sus siglas en inglés) más cortas en comparación con sus contrapartes rurales. Las respuestas de escape han sido muy estudiadas en animales en hábitats completamente urbanos o rurales; sin embargo, poco se sabe acerca de cómo varía dentro de las ciudades, especialmente en el trópico. En este estudio investigué las respuestas anti-depredatorias de aves residentes de Bogotá, Colombia. Seleccioné 22 sitios con diferentes niveles de urbanización que representan la heterogeneidad del hábitat, y evalué cuáles factores extrínsecos e intrínsecos afectan la respuesta de escape y la variación del FID a lo largo del gradiente de urbanización. Los resultados indican que las aves que forrajean en bandadas más grandes son más tolerantes a las aproximaciones de humanos y que la respuesta de escape difiere entre sitios con diferentes niveles de urbanización. Contrario a lo esperado, solo se encontraron diferencias entre aves en zonas naturales y urbanas (parques y áreas residenciales), pero no entre parques y áreas residenciales. En general, las aves que se encuentran en áreas residenciales exhibieron distancias de escape más cortas que las aves en áreas naturales. Esto indica que las aves en áreas naturales son menos tolerantes a la presencia humana que las aves que se encuentran en áreas urbanas con mayor grado de intervención humana. Nuestros resultados nos permiten entender cómo los animales responden a los crecientes niveles de intervención humana y cómo estas respuestas son importantes para mantener la biodiversidad urbana.
publishDate	2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2021-09-14T13:42:22Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2021-09-14T13:42:22Z
dc.date.created.none.fl_str_mv	2021
dc.type.eng.fl_str_mv	bachelorThesis
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.document.es.fl_str_mv	Artículo
dc.type.spa.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv	https://doi.org/10.48713/10336_32423
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/32423
url	https://doi.org/10.48713/10336_32423 https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/32423
dc.language.iso.es.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.acceso.es.fl_str_mv	Abierto (Texto Completo)
rights_invalid_str_mv	Abierto (Texto Completo) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.format.extent.es.fl_str_mv	26 pp.
dc.format.mimetype.es.fl_str_mv	application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Universidad del Rosario
dc.publisher.department.none.fl_str_mv	Facultad de Ciencias Naturales
dc.publisher.program.none.fl_str_mv	Biología
publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Universidad del Rosario
institution	Universidad del Rosario
dc.source.bibliographicCitation.es.fl_str_mv	Asociación Bogotana de Ornitología (ABO), Stiles FG, Bohórquez CI, Cadena CD. 2000. Aves de la Sabana de Bogotá. Bogotá, Colombia Barrera CRP. 2010. Índice de urbanización municipal: Una aplicación a Bogotá y su teórica "Área Metropolitana". Territorios 23: 33-57 Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S. 2015. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67: 1- 48 Bax V, Francesconi W. 2019. Conservation gaps and priorities in the Tropical Andes biodiversity hotspot: Implications for the expansion of protected areas. Journal of environmental management 232: 387-396. Blumstein DT. 2003. Flight initiation distance in birds is dependent on intruder starting distance. The Journal of Wildlife Management 67: 852-857. Blumstein DT. 2006. Developing an evolutionary ecology of fear: How life history and natural history traits affect disturbance tolerance in birds. Animal Behaviour 71: 389-399 Braimoh B, Iwajomo S, Wilson M, Chaskda A, Ajang A, Cresswell W. 2017. Managing human disturbance: Factors influencing flight-initiation distance of birds in a West African nature reserve. Ostrich 89: 59-69. Cadenasso M, Pickett S, Schwarz, K. 2007. Spatial heterogeneity in urban ecosystems: Reconceptualizing land cover and a framework for classification. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5: 80-88 Cavalli M, Baladrón AV, Isacch JP, Biondi LM, Bó MS. 2016. Differential risk perception of rural and urban Burrowing Owls exposed to humans and dogs. Behavioural Processes 124: 60-65. Clucas B, Marzluff J. 2012. Attitudes and actions toward birds in urban areas: Human cultural differences influence bird behavior. The Auk 129: 8-16. Davey S, Massaro M, Freire R. 2019. Differences in flight initiation distance (FID) between rural and urban populations of two species of Australian birds. Behaviour 156: 1151-1164 Dirzo R, Young H, Galetti M, Ceballos G, Isaac N, Collen B. 2014. Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345: 401-406. Fernández-Juricic E, Jimenez M, Lucas E. 2001. Alert distance as an alternative measure of bird tolerance to human disturbance: Implications for park design. Environmental Conservation 28: 263-269 Frid A, Dill L. 2002. Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk. Conservation Ecology 6(1) Gendall J, Lill A, Beckman J. 2015. Tolerance of disturbance by humans in long-time resident and recent colonist urban doves. Avian Research 6(1): 1-8 Glover H, Weston M, Maguire G, Miller K, Christie B. 2011. Towards ecologically meaningful and socially acceptable buffers: Response distances of shorebirds in Victoria, Australia, to human disturbance. Landscape and Urban Planning 103: 326-334. Guay PJ, van Dongen WF, Robinson RW, Blumstein DT, Weston MA. 2016. AvianBuffer: An interactive tool for characterising and managing wildlife fear responses. Ambio 45: 841-851 Hall MJ, Burns AL, Martin JM, Hochuli DF. 2020. Flight initiation distance changes across landscapes and habitats in a successful urban coloniser. Urban Ecosystems 23: 785–791 Hilty SL, Brown WL. 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press. Isaksson C. 2018. Impact of urbanization on birds. In: DT Tietze, eds. Bird Species. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 235 - 257. Jorgensen J, Dinan L, Bomberger Brown M. 2016. Flight initiation distances of nesting Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) in response to human disturbance. Avian Conservation and Ecology Kuznetsova A, Brockhoff PB, Christensen RH. 2017. lmerTest package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models. Journal of Statistical Software 82: 1-26 Lenth RV. 2016. Least-squares means: the R package lsmeans. Journal of statistical software 69: 1-33. Lima SL, Dill LM. 1990. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: A review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 619-640 Lin T, Coppack T, Lin QX, Kulemeyer C, Schmidt A, Behm H, Luo T. 2012. Does avian flight initiation distance indicate tolerance towards urban disturbance?. Ecological Indicators 15: 30-35. Mak B, Francis RA, Chadwick MA. 2021. Living in the concrete jungle: a review and socio-ecological perspective of urban raptor habitat quality in Europe. Urban Ecosystems 1:21 Mayer M, Natusch D, Frank S. 2019. Water body type and group size affect the flight initiation distance of European waterbirds. PLoS one 14: e0219845. Mikula P. 2014. Pedestrian density influences flight distances of urban birds. Ardea 102: 53-60. Mikula P, Díaz M, Møller AP, Albrecht T, Tryjanowski P, Hromada M. 2018. Migratory and resident waders differ in risk taking on the wintering grounds. Behavioural processes 157: 309-314. Møller A, Liang W. 2012. Tropical birds take small risks. Behavioral Ecology 24: 267-272. Møller AP, Grim T, Ibáñez-Álamo JD, Markó G, Tryjanowski P. 2013. Change in flight initiation distance between urban and rural habitats following a cold winter. Behavioral Ecology 24: 1211-1217. Møller AP, Xia C. 2020. The ecological significance of birds feeding from the hand of humans. Scientific reports 10(1): 1-5. Morelli F, Benedetti Y, Díaz M, Grim T, Ibáñez!Álamo JD, Jokimäki J, Møller AP. 2019. Contagious fear: escape behavior increases with flock size in European gregarious birds. Ecology and evolution 9(10): 6096-6104. Moschilla JA, Tomkins JL, Simmons LW. 2018. State-dependent changes in risk-taking behaviour as a result of age and residual reproductive value. Animal Behaviour 142: 95-100. Nakagawa S, Cuthill IC. 2007. Effect size, confidence interval and statistical significance: a practical guide for biologists. Biological reviews 82(4): 591-605. Páramo G. 2003. Composición, heterogeneidad espacial y conectividad de paisajes de las áreas rurales del Distrito Capital de Bogotá, Colombia. Pérez Arbelaezia-Jardín Botánico José Celestino Mutis, Bogotá 14: 25-71 Petrelli AR, Levenhagen MJ, Wardle R, Barber JR, Francis CD. 2017. First to flush: The effects of ambient noise on songbird flight initiation distances and implications for human experiences with nature. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5: 67 Pulliam H. 1973. On the advantages of flocking. Journal of Theoretical Biology 3: 419-422 R Core Team. 2021. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/ Tätte K, Møller AP, Mänd R. 2018. Towards an integrated view of escape decisions in birds: relation between flight initiation distance and distance fled. Animal Behaviour 136: 75-86. Van Donselaar JL, Atma JL, Kruyf ZA, LaCroix HN, Proppe DS. 2018. Urbanization alters fear behavior in black-capped chickadees. Urban Ecosystems 21: 1043-1051. Weston MA, McLeod EM, Blumstein DT, Guay PJ. 2012. A review of flight-initiation distances and their application to managing disturbance to Australian birds. Emu-Austral Ornithology 112(4): 269-286. Wheeler SM. 2015. Built landscapes of metropolitan regions: An international typology. Journal of the American Planning Association 81: 167-190. Wiersma P, Chappell MA, Williams JB. 2007. Cold-and exercise-induced peak metabolic rates in tropical birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 20866-20871 Ydenberg RC, Dill LM. 1986. The economics of fleeing from predators. Advances in the Study of Behavior 16: 229-249
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spelling	Maldonado Chaparro, Adriana Alexandra37861034600Alarcón Nieto, Gustavofc21b831-df9d-47f4-aa4d-1a3f6d898f71600Ardila Villamizar, Laura MelissaBiólogoPregradoFull timebf72ddb5-fca8-47ec-8873-bb01d9b366a66002021-09-14T13:42:22Z2021-09-14T13:42:22Z2021Los disturbios antropogénicos afectan la respuesta anti-depredatoria de los animales. Los animales urbanos exhiben distancias de escape (FID, por sus siglas en inglés) más cortas en comparación con sus contrapartes rurales. Las respuestas de escape han sido muy estudiadas en animales en hábitats completamente urbanos o rurales; sin embargo, poco se sabe acerca de cómo varía dentro de las ciudades, especialmente en el trópico. En este estudio investigué las respuestas anti-depredatorias de aves residentes de Bogotá, Colombia. Seleccioné 22 sitios con diferentes niveles de urbanización que representan la heterogeneidad del hábitat, y evalué cuáles factores extrínsecos e intrínsecos afectan la respuesta de escape y la variación del FID a lo largo del gradiente de urbanización. Los resultados indican que las aves que forrajean en bandadas más grandes son más tolerantes a las aproximaciones de humanos y que la respuesta de escape difiere entre sitios con diferentes niveles de urbanización. Contrario a lo esperado, solo se encontraron diferencias entre aves en zonas naturales y urbanas (parques y áreas residenciales), pero no entre parques y áreas residenciales. En general, las aves que se encuentran en áreas residenciales exhibieron distancias de escape más cortas que las aves en áreas naturales. Esto indica que las aves en áreas naturales son menos tolerantes a la presencia humana que las aves que se encuentran en áreas urbanas con mayor grado de intervención humana. Nuestros resultados nos permiten entender cómo los animales responden a los crecientes niveles de intervención humana y cómo estas respuestas son importantes para mantener la biodiversidad urbana.Human-induced disturbances affect animal behaviours such as anti-predatory responses. Animals in urban environments exhibit a reduced escape response, measured as a shorter flight initiation distance (FID), compared to their rural counterparts. While FID has been evaluated in animals in habitats that are completely urban or rural, little is known about how this response vary within urban environments, especially in tropical cities. Here, I studied the FID of resident bird species in Bogota, Colombia, in 22 sites grouped in 3 categories with various levels of vegetation cover and building density (i.e., urbanization gradient) that represented the habitat heterogeneity experienced by urban wildlife. I evaluated whether extrinsic or intrinsic factors affected the escape response. The results showed that birds in larger flocks are more tolerant when being approach, and that the escape response differ between site categories. Birds found in residential areas and urban parks exhibited the shortest FID whereas birds in natural areas exhibited the longest. This indicates that birds in smaller flocks and those in natural areas are less tolerant to human presence than birds found in residential areas and urban parks. Understanding how animals respond to increasing levels of human intervention is important to maintain urban biodiversity.26 pp.application/pdfBogotá, Colombiahttps://doi.org/10.48713/10336_32423 https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/32423engUniversidad del RosarioFacultad de Ciencias NaturalesBiologíaAbierto (Texto Completo)EL AUTOR, manifiesta que la obra objeto de la presente autorización es original y la realizó sin violar o usurpar derechos de autor de terceros, por lo tanto la obra es de exclusiva autoría y tiene la titularidad sobre la misma.http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Asociación Bogotana de Ornitología (ABO), Stiles FG, Bohórquez CI, Cadena CD. 2000. Aves de la Sabana de Bogotá. Bogotá, ColombiaBarrera CRP. 2010. Índice de urbanización municipal: Una aplicación a Bogotá y su teórica "Área Metropolitana". Territorios 23: 33-57Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S. 2015. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67: 1- 48Bax V, Francesconi W. 2019. Conservation gaps and priorities in the Tropical Andes biodiversity hotspot: Implications for the expansion of protected areas. Journal of environmental management 232: 387-396.Blumstein DT. 2003. Flight initiation distance in birds is dependent on intruder starting distance. The Journal of Wildlife Management 67: 852-857.Blumstein DT. 2006. Developing an evolutionary ecology of fear: How life history and natural history traits affect disturbance tolerance in birds. Animal Behaviour 71: 389-399Braimoh B, Iwajomo S, Wilson M, Chaskda A, Ajang A, Cresswell W. 2017. Managing human disturbance: Factors influencing flight-initiation distance of birds in a West African nature reserve. Ostrich 89: 59-69.Cadenasso M, Pickett S, Schwarz, K. 2007. Spatial heterogeneity in urban ecosystems: Reconceptualizing land cover and a framework for classification. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5: 80-88Cavalli M, Baladrón AV, Isacch JP, Biondi LM, Bó MS. 2016. Differential risk perception of rural and urban Burrowing Owls exposed to humans and dogs. Behavioural Processes 124: 60-65.Clucas B, Marzluff J. 2012. Attitudes and actions toward birds in urban areas: Human cultural differences influence bird behavior. The Auk 129: 8-16.Davey S, Massaro M, Freire R. 2019. Differences in flight initiation distance (FID) between rural and urban populations of two species of Australian birds. Behaviour 156: 1151-1164Dirzo R, Young H, Galetti M, Ceballos G, Isaac N, Collen B. 2014. Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345: 401-406.Fernández-Juricic E, Jimenez M, Lucas E. 2001. Alert distance as an alternative measure of bird tolerance to human disturbance: Implications for park design. Environmental Conservation 28: 263-269Frid A, Dill L. 2002. Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk. Conservation Ecology 6(1)Gendall J, Lill A, Beckman J. 2015. Tolerance of disturbance by humans in long-time resident and recent colonist urban doves. Avian Research 6(1): 1-8Glover H, Weston M, Maguire G, Miller K, Christie B. 2011. Towards ecologically meaningful and socially acceptable buffers: Response distances of shorebirds in Victoria, Australia, to human disturbance. Landscape and Urban Planning 103: 326-334.Guay PJ, van Dongen WF, Robinson RW, Blumstein DT, Weston MA. 2016. AvianBuffer: An interactive tool for characterising and managing wildlife fear responses. Ambio 45: 841-851Hall MJ, Burns AL, Martin JM, Hochuli DF. 2020. Flight initiation distance changes across landscapes and habitats in a successful urban coloniser. Urban Ecosystems 23: 785–791Hilty SL, Brown WL. 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press.Isaksson C. 2018. Impact of urbanization on birds. In: DT Tietze, eds. Bird Species. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 235 - 257.Jorgensen J, Dinan L, Bomberger Brown M. 2016. Flight initiation distances of nesting Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) in response to human disturbance. Avian Conservation and EcologyKuznetsova A, Brockhoff PB, Christensen RH. 2017. lmerTest package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models. Journal of Statistical Software 82: 1-26Lenth RV. 2016. Least-squares means: the R package lsmeans. Journal of statistical software 69: 1-33.Lima SL, Dill LM. 1990. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: A review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 619-640Lin T, Coppack T, Lin QX, Kulemeyer C, Schmidt A, Behm H, Luo T. 2012. Does avian flight initiation distance indicate tolerance towards urban disturbance?. Ecological Indicators 15: 30-35.Mak B, Francis RA, Chadwick MA. 2021. Living in the concrete jungle: a review and socio-ecological perspective of urban raptor habitat quality in Europe. Urban Ecosystems 1:21Mayer M, Natusch D, Frank S. 2019. Water body type and group size affect the flight initiation distance of European waterbirds. PLoS one 14: e0219845.Mikula P. 2014. Pedestrian density influences flight distances of urban birds. Ardea 102: 53-60.Mikula P, Díaz M, Møller AP, Albrecht T, Tryjanowski P, Hromada M. 2018. Migratory and resident waders differ in risk taking on the wintering grounds. Behavioural processes 157: 309-314.Møller A, Liang W. 2012. Tropical birds take small risks. Behavioral Ecology 24: 267-272.Møller AP, Grim T, Ibáñez-Álamo JD, Markó G, Tryjanowski P. 2013. Change in flight initiation distance between urban and rural habitats following a cold winter. Behavioral Ecology 24: 1211-1217.Møller AP, Xia C. 2020. The ecological significance of birds feeding from the hand of humans. Scientific reports 10(1): 1-5.Morelli F, Benedetti Y, Díaz M, Grim T, Ibáñez!Álamo JD, Jokimäki J, Møller AP. 2019. Contagious fear: escape behavior increases with flock size in European gregarious birds. Ecology and evolution 9(10): 6096-6104.Moschilla JA, Tomkins JL, Simmons LW. 2018. State-dependent changes in risk-taking behaviour as a result of age and residual reproductive value. Animal Behaviour 142: 95-100.Nakagawa S, Cuthill IC. 2007. Effect size, confidence interval and statistical significance: a practical guide for biologists. Biological reviews 82(4): 591-605.Páramo G. 2003. Composición, heterogeneidad espacial y conectividad de paisajes de las áreas rurales del Distrito Capital de Bogotá, Colombia. Pérez Arbelaezia-Jardín Botánico José Celestino Mutis, Bogotá 14: 25-71Petrelli AR, Levenhagen MJ, Wardle R, Barber JR, Francis CD. 2017. First to flush: The effects of ambient noise on songbird flight initiation distances and implications for human experiences with nature. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5: 67Pulliam H. 1973. On the advantages of flocking. Journal of Theoretical Biology 3: 419-422R Core Team. 2021. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/Tätte K, Møller AP, Mänd R. 2018. Towards an integrated view of escape decisions in birds: relation between flight initiation distance and distance fled. Animal Behaviour 136: 75-86.Van Donselaar JL, Atma JL, Kruyf ZA, LaCroix HN, Proppe DS. 2018. Urbanization alters fear behavior in black-capped chickadees. Urban Ecosystems 21: 1043-1051.Weston MA, McLeod EM, Blumstein DT, Guay PJ. 2012. A review of flight-initiation distances and their application to managing disturbance to Australian birds. Emu-Austral Ornithology 112(4): 269-286.Wheeler SM. 2015. Built landscapes of metropolitan regions: An international typology. Journal of the American Planning Association 81: 167-190.Wiersma P, Chappell MA, Williams JB. 2007. Cold-and exercise-induced peak metabolic rates in tropical birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 20866-20871Ydenberg RC, Dill LM. 1986. The economics of fleeing from predators. Advances in the Study of Behavior 16: 229-249instname:Universidad del Rosarioreponame:Repositorio Institucional EdocURRespuesta anti-depredatoriaVida silvestre urbanaCiudades tropicalesDisturbios antropogénicosAnálisis de la respuestas anti-depredatorias de aves residentes de BogotáEvaluación de disturbios antropogénicos en animales silvestres en contextos urbanosAves (Pájaros)598600Anti-predatory responseUrban wildlifeTropical citiesAnthropogenic disturbancesAnalysis of the anti-predatory responses of birds resident of BogotáEvaluation of anthropogenic disturbances in wild animals in urban contextsFear in urban tropical ecosystems: Flight initiation distance of birds in an urbanization gradientMiedo en los ecosistemas tropicales urbanos: distancia de inicio de vuelo de las aves en un gradiente de urbanizaciónbachelorThesisArtículoTrabajo de gradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fORIGINALArdilaVillamizar-LauraMelissa-2021.pdfArdilaVillamizar-LauraMelissa-2021.pdfapplication/pdf1682275https://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstreams/723a4dd8-d113-4411-95fe-d247b532d1aa/download8463a27aeb392616147030bb25fbc2eeMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain1475https://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstreams/97401247-6370-4074-8388-71ffeff73a72/downloadfab9d9ed61d64f6ac005dee3306ae77eMD52TEXTArdilaVillamizar-LauraMelissa-2021.pdf.txtArdilaVillamizar-LauraMelissa-2021.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain40988https://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstreams/6a54bd01-0c40-40af-8aa0-947f0c88d5eb/download273ea6e915fb245a2f0de58175308a11MD53THUMBNAILArdilaVillamizar-LauraMelissa-2021.pdf.jpgArdilaVillamizar-LauraMelissa-2021.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg2136https://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstreams/38fc67c8-bea3-4c3c-bf1f-44b98b0f41ed/download7b89db641b61d58577b00cf2b52092ceMD5410336/32423oai:repository.urosario.edu.co:10336/324232021-10-19 11:37:35.129https://repository.urosario.edu.coRepositorio institucional EdocURedocur@urosario.edu.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

Fear in urban tropical ecosystems: Flight initiation distance of birds in an urbanization gradient

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