Asociación entre dominios disglucemicos y desenlaces de morbimortalidad en pacientes neurocríticos

La variación en la glucemia en los pacientes críticamente enfermos se asocia con un aumento de mortalidad, complicaciones, estancia en UCI y costos. Actualmente, la información relacionada con control glucémico en los pacientes neurocríticos es insuficiente. En este estudio, los pacientes neurocríti...

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Fecha de publicación:: 2023

Institución:: Universidad del Rosario

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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	Asociación entre dominios disglucemicos y desenlaces de morbimortalidad en pacientes neurocríticos
dc.title.TranslatedTitle.none.fl_str_mv	Association between dysglycemic domains and morbidity and mortality outcomes in neurocritical patients
title	Asociación entre dominios disglucemicos y desenlaces de morbimortalidad en pacientes neurocríticos
spellingShingle	Asociación entre dominios disglucemicos y desenlaces de morbimortalidad en pacientes neurocríticos Varibilidad glicemica Neurocritico Hiperglicemia Dominios glicemicos Hipoglicemia Glycemic variability Dysglycemic domains Hiperglycemia Hipoglycemia
title_short	Asociación entre dominios disglucemicos y desenlaces de morbimortalidad en pacientes neurocríticos
title_full	Asociación entre dominios disglucemicos y desenlaces de morbimortalidad en pacientes neurocríticos
title_fullStr	Asociación entre dominios disglucemicos y desenlaces de morbimortalidad en pacientes neurocríticos
title_full_unstemmed	Asociación entre dominios disglucemicos y desenlaces de morbimortalidad en pacientes neurocríticos
title_sort	Asociación entre dominios disglucemicos y desenlaces de morbimortalidad en pacientes neurocríticos
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Carrizosa, Jorge A. Rodriguez, David Rene
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv	Vargas Villanueva, Andrea
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	Varibilidad glicemica Neurocritico Hiperglicemia Dominios glicemicos Hipoglicemia
topic	Varibilidad glicemica Neurocritico Hiperglicemia Dominios glicemicos Hipoglicemia Glycemic variability Dysglycemic domains Hiperglycemia Hipoglycemia
dc.subject.keyword.none.fl_str_mv	Glycemic variability Dysglycemic domains Hiperglycemia Hipoglycemia
description	La variación en la glucemia en los pacientes críticamente enfermos se asocia con un aumento de mortalidad, complicaciones, estancia en UCI y costos. Actualmente, la información relacionada con control glucémico en los pacientes neurocríticos es insuficiente. En este estudio, los pacientes neurocríticos se definieron como aquellos hospitalizados en UCI con: accidente cerebrovascular, hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática, hipertensión intracraneal, meningitis, encefalitis, encefalopatía isquémica-hipóxica, compresión espinal, estatus epiléptico, lesión cerebral o espinal traumática y/o muerte cerebral.
publishDate	2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2023-04-25T02:27:39Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2023-04-25T02:27:39Z
dc.date.created.none.fl_str_mv	2023-04-17
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dc.type.document.none.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado
dc.type.spa.none.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv	https://doi.org/10.48713/10336_38341
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/38341
url	https://doi.org/10.48713/10336_38341 https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/38341
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language	spa
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dc.rights.acceso.none.fl_str_mv	Abierto (Texto Completo)
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rights_invalid_str_mv	Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Abierto (Texto Completo) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv	51 pp
dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv	application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Universidad del Rosario
dc.publisher.department.none.fl_str_mv	Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud
dc.publisher.program.none.fl_str_mv	Especialización en Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo
publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Universidad del Rosario
institution	Universidad del Rosario
dc.source.bibliographicCitation.none.fl_str_mv	Lheureux O, Prevedello D, Preiser JC. Update on glucose in critical care. Vol. 59, Nutrition. Elsevier Inc.; 2019. p. 14–20. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Blair D, Su SYS, Foster D, Dhingra V, et al. Intensive versus Conventional Glucose Control in Critically Ill Patients. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2009 Mar 26 [cited 2020 Feb 27];360(13):1283–97. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa0810625 Krinsley JS, Egi M, Kiss A, Devendra AN, Schuetz P, Maurer PM, et al. Diabetic status and the relation of the three domains of glycemic control to mortality in critically ill patients: An international multicenter cohort study. Crit Care [Internet]. 2013 Mar 1 [cited 2020 Feb 27];17(2):R37. Available from: http://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/cc12547 Krinsley JS. Association between Hyperglycemia and Increased Hospital Mortality in a Heterogeneous Population of Critically Ill Patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003 Dec 1;78(12):1471–8. Lena D, Kalfon P, Preiser JC, Ichai C. Glycemic control in the intensive care unit and during the postoperative period. Anesthesiology. 2011 Feb 1;114(2):438–44. Preiser JC, Devos P, Ruiz-Santana S, Mélot C, Annane D, Groeneveld J, et al. A prospective randomised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: The Glucontrol study. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Oct 28;35(10):1738–48. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Blair D, Su SYS, Foster D, Dhingra V, et al. Intensive versus Conventional Glucose Control in Critically Ill Patients. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2009 Mar 26 [cited 2020 Feb 29];360(13):1283–97. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa0810625 Bellomo R, Egi M. What Is a NICE-SUGAR for Patients in the Intensive Care Unit? Mayo Clin Proc. 2009 May;84(5):400–2. Aramendi I, Burghi G, Manzanares W. Dysglycemia in the critically ill patient: Current evidence and future perspectives. Vol. 29, Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva. Associacao de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB; 2017. p. 364–72. Finfer S, Liu B, Chittock DR, Norton R, Myburgh JA, McArthur C, et al. Hypoglycemia and Risk of Death in Critically Ill Patients. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2012 Sep 20 [cited 2020 Feb 28];367(12):1108–18. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa1204942 Shepherd PR, Kahn BB. Glucose transporters and insulin action: Implications for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus [Internet]. Epstein FH, editor. Vol. 341, New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society ; 1999 [cited 2020 Feb 27]. p. 248–57. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199907223410406 Stentz FB, Umpierrez GE, Cuervo R, Kitabchi AE. Proinflammatory cytokines, markers of cardiovascular risks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in patients with hyperglycemic crises. Diabetes. 2004 Aug 1;53(8):2079–86. Kelley DE, Mokan M, Simoneau JA, Mandarino LJ. Interaction between glucose and free fatty acid metabolism in human skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest. 1993 Jul 1;92(1):91–8. Kerby JD, Griffin RL, MacLennan P, Rue LW. Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia, Not Diabetic Hyperglycemia, Is Associated With Higher Mortality in Trauma. Ann Surg [Internet]. 2012 Sep [cited 2020 Feb 29];256(3):446–52. Available from: http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00000658-201209000-00006 Shutter L. Glucose control in traumatic brain injury: Extra sweetness required. Vol. 40, Critical Care Medicine. 2012. p. 1995–6. Plummer MP, Deane AM. Dysglycemia and Glucose Control During Sepsis. Vol. 37, Clinics in Chest Medicine. W.B. Saunders; 2016. p. 309–19. Dungan KM, Braithwaite SS, Preiser JC. Stress hyperglycaemia. Vol. 373, The Lancet. Elsevier; 2009. p. 1798–807. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Blair D, Su SYS, Foster D, Dhingra V, et al. Intensive versus Conventional Glucose Control in Critically Ill Patients. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2009 Mar 26 [cited 2020 Feb 28];360(13):1283–97. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa0810625 Soylemez Wiener R, Wiener DC, Larson RJ. Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults: A meta-analysis. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2008 Aug 27;300(8):933–44. Oddo M, Schmidt JM, Carrera E, Badjatia N, Connolly ES, Presciutti M, et al. Impact of tight glycemic control on cerebral glucose metabolism after severe brain injury: A microdialysis study. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(12):3233–8. Oddo M, Schmidt JM, Carrera E, Badjatia N, Connolly ES, Presciutti M, et al. Impact of tight glycemic control on cerebral glucose metabolism after severe brain injury: A microdialysis study. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2008 Dec 1 [cited 2020 Feb 28];36(12):3233–8. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00003246-200812000-00016 Baghurst PA, Rodbard D, Cameron FJ. The minimum frequency of glucose measurements from which glycemic variation can be consistently assessed. J Diabetes Sci Technol [Internet]. 2010 Nov 1 [cited 2020 Feb 29];4(6):1382–5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21129333 Eslami S, Taherzadeh Z, Schultz MJ, Abu-Hanna A. Glucose variability measures and their effect on mortality: A systematic review. Vol. 37, Intensive Care Medicine. Springer; 2011. p. 583–93. Critical Care and Resuscitation - Glycaemic variability, infections and mortality in a medical-surgical intensive care unit (Health Collection) - Informit [Internet]. [cited 2020 Feb 29]. Available from: https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=164669383614579;res=IELHEA Berger L, Hakim AM. The association of hyperglycemia with cerebral edema in stroke. Stroke. 1986;17(5):865–71. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Pathak P, Gerstein HC. Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: A systematic overview. Vol. 32, Stroke. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2001. p. 2426–32. Bosarge PL, Shoultz TH, Griffin RL, Kerby JD. Stress-induced hyperglycemia is associated with higher mortality in severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg [Internet]. 2015 Aug 6 [cited 2020 Feb 29];79(2):289–94. Available from: http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=01586154-201508000-00017 Cai Y, Wang C, Di W, Li W, Liu J, Zhou S. Correlation between blood glucose variability and the risk of death in patients with severe acute stroke. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2020 Jan 3; Van den Berghe G, Schoonheydt K, Becx P, Bruyninckx F, Wouters PJ. Insulin therapy protects the central and peripheral nervous system of intensive care patients. Neurology [Internet]. 2005 Apr 26 [cited 2020 Feb 29];64(8):1348–53. Available from: http://www.neurology.org/cgi/doi/10.1212/01.WNL.0000158442.08857.FC Vespa P, Boonyaputthikul R, McArthur DL, Miller C, Etchepare M, Bergsneider M, et al. Intensive insulin therapy reduces microdialysis glucose values without altering glucose utilization or improving the lactate/pyruvate ratio after traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2006 Mar 1 [cited 2020 Feb 29];34(3):850–6. Available from: https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00003246-200603000-00039 Magnoni S, Tedesco C, Carbonara M, Pluderi M, Colombo A, Stocchetti N. Relationship between systemic glucose and cerebral glucose is preserved in patients with severe traumatic brain 49 injury, but glucose delivery to the brain may become limited when oxidative metabolism is impaired: Implications for glycemic control. Crit Care Med. 2012 Jun;40(6):1785–91. Karon BS, Meeusen JW, Bryant SC. Impact of Glucose Meter Error on Glycemic Variability and Time in Target Range During Glycemic Control After Cardiovascular Surgery. J Diabetes Sci Technol [Internet]. 2016 Mar 25 [cited 2020 Mar 8];10(2):336–42. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1932296815602099 Becker CD, Sabang RL, Nogueira MF, et al. Hyperglycemia in Medically Critically Ill Patients: Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes. Am J Med 2020;133(10):E568-E574 Krinsley JS. Glycemic Control, Diabetic Status, and Mortality in a Heterogeneous Population of Critically Ill Patients Before and During the Era of Intensive Glycemic Management: Six and One-Half Years Experience at a University-Affiliated Community Hospital. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;18:317-325 Kelsey JL, Thompson WD, Evans AS. Methods in Observational Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1986 OpenEpi:Sample Size for X-Sectional,Cohort,and Clinical Trials [Internet]. [citado 10 de marzo de 2023]. Disponible en: https://www.openepi.com/SampleSize/SSCohort.htm R: The R Project for Statistical Computing [Internet]. [citado 22 de marzo de 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.r-project.org/ Krinsley JS. Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc. diciembre de 2003;78(12):1471-8. Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, French CJ, Hart G. Variability of blood glucose concentration and short-term mortality in critically ill patients. Anesthesiology. agosto de 2006;105(2):244-52. Plummer MP, Bellomo R, Cousins CE, Annink CE, Sundararajan K, Reddi BAJ, et al. Dysglycaemia in the critically ill and the interaction of chronic and acute glycaemia with mortality. Intensive Care Med. julio de 2014;40(7):973-80. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Liu B, Chittock DR, Norton R, Myburgh JA, et al. Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 20 de septiembre de 2012;367(12):1108-18. Plummer MP, Deane AM. Dysglycemia and Glucose Control During Sepsis. Clin Chest Med. junio de 2016;37(2):309-19. Kulkarni H, Bihari S, Prakash S, Huckson S, Chavan S, Mamtani M, et al. Independent Association of Glucose Variability With Hospital Mortality in Adult Intensive Care Patients: Results From the Australia and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation Binational Registry. Crit Care Explor. agosto de 2019;1(8):e0025. Yamada T, Shojima N, Noma H, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T. Glycemic control, mortality, and hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Intensive Care Med. enero de 2017;43(1):1-15. Farah R, Samokhvalov A, Zviebel F, Makhoul N. Insulin therapy of hyperglycemia in intensive care. Isr Med Assoc J IMAJ. marzo de 2007;9(3):140-2. Rijkenberg S, van Steen SC, DeVries JH, van der Voort PHJ. Accuracy and reliability of a subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring device in critically ill patients. J Clin Monit Comput. octubre de 2018;32(5):953-64. Krinsley J. S. (2009). Glycemic variability and mortality in critically ill patients: the impact of diabetes. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 3(6), 1292–1301. https://doi.org/10.1177/193229680900300609 Jordán-Domingo, M., Gimeno-Orna, J. A., Lahoza-Pérez, M. C., Ilundain-González, A. I., Agudo-Tabuenca, A., & Sáenz-Abad, D. (2021). Effect of in-hospital glycemic variability on mortality in patients with diabetes. Revista clinica espanola, 221(6), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rceng.2019.12.014 Livesay, S., Fried, H., Gagnon, D., Karanja, N., Lele, A., Moheet, A., Olm-Shipman, C., Taccone, F., Tirschwell, D., Wright, W., Claude Hemphill Iii, J., & Neurocritical Care Society (2020). Clinical Performance Measures for Neurocritical Care: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society. Neurocritical care, 32(1), 5–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-019-00846-w Mergenthaler, P., Lindauer, U., Dienel, G. A., & Meisel, A. (2013). Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function. Trends in neurosciences, 36(10), 587–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2013.07.001
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spelling	Vargas Villanueva, AndreaCarrizosa, Jorge A.f7f952a8-3f3d-4b33-8875-8e1cf664e6d3-1Rodriguez, David Reneefe79bd2-1aef-42ff-9b50-9b6c2c778612-1Guerra Quintero, Harold FernandoEspecialista en Medicina Crítica y Cuidado IntensivoMaestríaFull time636479d1-222e-49c2-a4e4-b45d7a8ec3f6-12023-04-25T02:27:39Z2023-04-25T02:27:39Z2023-04-17La variación en la glucemia en los pacientes críticamente enfermos se asocia con un aumento de mortalidad, complicaciones, estancia en UCI y costos. Actualmente, la información relacionada con control glucémico en los pacientes neurocríticos es insuficiente. En este estudio, los pacientes neurocríticos se definieron como aquellos hospitalizados en UCI con: accidente cerebrovascular, hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática, hipertensión intracraneal, meningitis, encefalitis, encefalopatía isquémica-hipóxica, compresión espinal, estatus epiléptico, lesión cerebral o espinal traumática y/o muerte cerebral.INTRODUCTION: Variation in glycemia in critically ill patients is associated with increased mortality, complications, ICU stay, and costs. Currently, the information related to glycemic control in neurocritical patients is insufficient. In this study, neurocritical patients were defined as those hospitalized in the ICU with: cerebrovascular accident, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial hypertension, meningitis, encephalitis, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, spinal compression, status epilepticus, traumatic brain or spinal injury, and/or death. cerebral. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the alteration of glycemic domains with in-hospital mortality and the requirement of ventilatory support in neurocritical patients hospitalized in the ICU of the Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá between 2019 and 2020. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. A univariate analysis and a bivariate analysis and two logistic regression models were performed to determine the association between the alteration of the glycemic domains with intrahospital mortality and ventilatory support. RESULTS: 221 patients were included. 50.2% (n= 111) were men, the mean age was 60.2 (SD: 19.84) years. 30.8% (n= 68) required mechanical ventilation and 9% (n= 20) died in the ICU. CONCLUSIONS: The Odds of dying among patients with glucose values greater than 240mg/dL is 4.4 times to 1, the Odds of dying among patients who do not present glucose values greater than 240mg/dL, having adjusted for the other variables. The presence of hypoglycemia, glycemic variability greater than 20% or hyperglycemia are not associated with the requirement for ventilatory support.51 ppapplication/pdfhttps://doi.org/10.48713/10336_38341https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/38341spaUniversidad del RosarioEscuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la SaludEspecialización en Medicina Crítica y Cuidado IntensivoAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 InternationalAbierto (Texto Completo)EL AUTOR, manifiesta que la obra objeto de la presente autorización es original y la realizó sin violar o usurpar derechos de autor de terceros, por lo tanto la obra es de exclusiva autoría y tiene la titularidad sobre la misma. PARGRAFO: En caso de presentarse cualquier reclamación o acción por parte de un tercero en cuanto a los derechos de autor sobre la obra en cuestión, EL AUTOR, asumirá toda la responsabilidad, y saldrá en defensa de los derechos aquí autorizados; para todos los efectos la universidad actúa como un tercero de buena fe. EL AUTOR, autoriza a LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ROSARIO, para que en los términos establecidos en la Ley 23 de 1982, Ley 44 de 1993, Decisión andina 351 de 1993, Decreto 460 de 1995 y demás normas generales sobre la materia, utilice y use la obra objeto de la presente autorización. -------------------------------------- POLITICA DE TRATAMIENTO DE DATOS PERSONALES. Declaro que autorizo previa y de forma informada el tratamiento de mis datos personales por parte de LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ROSARIO para fines académicos y en aplicación de convenios con terceros o servicios conexos con actividades propias de la academia, con estricto cumplimiento de los principios de ley. Para el correcto ejercicio de mi derecho de habeas data cuento con la cuenta de correo habeasdata@urosario.edu.co, donde previa identificación podré solicitar la consulta, corrección y supresión de mis datos.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Lheureux O, Prevedello D, Preiser JC. Update on glucose in critical care. Vol. 59, Nutrition. Elsevier Inc.; 2019. p. 14–20.Finfer S, Bellomo R, Blair D, Su SYS, Foster D, Dhingra V, et al. Intensive versus Conventional Glucose Control in Critically Ill Patients. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2009 Mar 26 [cited 2020 Feb 27];360(13):1283–97. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa0810625Krinsley JS, Egi M, Kiss A, Devendra AN, Schuetz P, Maurer PM, et al. Diabetic status and the relation of the three domains of glycemic control to mortality in critically ill patients: An international multicenter cohort study. Crit Care [Internet]. 2013 Mar 1 [cited 2020 Feb 27];17(2):R37. Available from: http://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/cc12547Krinsley JS. Association between Hyperglycemia and Increased Hospital Mortality in a Heterogeneous Population of Critically Ill Patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003 Dec 1;78(12):1471–8.Lena D, Kalfon P, Preiser JC, Ichai C. Glycemic control in the intensive care unit and during the postoperative period. Anesthesiology. 2011 Feb 1;114(2):438–44.Preiser JC, Devos P, Ruiz-Santana S, Mélot C, Annane D, Groeneveld J, et al. A prospective randomised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: The Glucontrol study. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Oct 28;35(10):1738–48.Finfer S, Bellomo R, Blair D, Su SYS, Foster D, Dhingra V, et al. Intensive versus Conventional Glucose Control in Critically Ill Patients. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2009 Mar 26 [cited 2020 Feb 29];360(13):1283–97. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa0810625Bellomo R, Egi M. What Is a NICE-SUGAR for Patients in the Intensive Care Unit? Mayo Clin Proc. 2009 May;84(5):400–2.Aramendi I, Burghi G, Manzanares W. Dysglycemia in the critically ill patient: Current evidence and future perspectives. Vol. 29, Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva. Associacao de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB; 2017. p. 364–72.Finfer S, Liu B, Chittock DR, Norton R, Myburgh JA, McArthur C, et al. Hypoglycemia and Risk of Death in Critically Ill Patients. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2012 Sep 20 [cited 2020 Feb 28];367(12):1108–18. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa1204942Shepherd PR, Kahn BB. Glucose transporters and insulin action: Implications for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus [Internet]. Epstein FH, editor. Vol. 341, New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society ; 1999 [cited 2020 Feb 27]. p. 248–57. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199907223410406Stentz FB, Umpierrez GE, Cuervo R, Kitabchi AE. Proinflammatory cytokines, markers of cardiovascular risks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in patients with hyperglycemic crises. Diabetes. 2004 Aug 1;53(8):2079–86.Kelley DE, Mokan M, Simoneau JA, Mandarino LJ. Interaction between glucose and free fatty acid metabolism in human skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest. 1993 Jul 1;92(1):91–8.Kerby JD, Griffin RL, MacLennan P, Rue LW. Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia, Not Diabetic Hyperglycemia, Is Associated With Higher Mortality in Trauma. Ann Surg [Internet]. 2012 Sep [cited 2020 Feb 29];256(3):446–52. Available from: http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00000658-201209000-00006Shutter L. Glucose control in traumatic brain injury: Extra sweetness required. Vol. 40, Critical Care Medicine. 2012. p. 1995–6.Plummer MP, Deane AM. Dysglycemia and Glucose Control During Sepsis. Vol. 37, Clinics in Chest Medicine. W.B. Saunders; 2016. p. 309–19.Dungan KM, Braithwaite SS, Preiser JC. Stress hyperglycaemia. 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Asociación entre dominios disglucemicos y desenlaces de morbimortalidad en pacientes neurocríticos

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