Unraveling Gorse's (Ulex europeaus) Invasion: Insights from Colombia's Mountain Ecosystems

Ulex europaeus (Retamo espinoso), es un arbusto leñoso perenne originario de Europa occidental y las Islas Británicas, se ha convertido en uno de los arbustos más invasores a nivel mundial. A pesar de su impacto generalizado, el éxito del retamo en los ecosistemas tropicales sigue siendo poco compre...

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Fecha de publicación:
2024
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Universidad del Rosario
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Repositorio EdocUR - U. Rosario
Idioma:
eng
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oai:repository.urosario.edu.co:10336/42661
Acceso en línea:
https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/42661
Palabra clave:
Eespecies Invasoras
Colonización de micorrizas
Páramo
Banco de semillas
Composición del suelo
Invasive species
Mycorrhizal colonization
Páramo
Seed bank
Soil composition
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Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
id EDOCUR2_0525f5968e961ee149adc20bc9a3a862
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.urosario.edu.co:10336/42661
network_acronym_str EDOCUR2
network_name_str Repositorio EdocUR - U. Rosario
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Unraveling Gorse's (Ulex europeaus) Invasion: Insights from Colombia's Mountain Ecosystems
dc.title.TranslatedTitle.none.fl_str_mv Descifrando la invasión del Retamo Espinoso (Ulex europeaus): descubrimientos de los ecosistemas montañosos de Colombia
title Unraveling Gorse's (Ulex europeaus) Invasion: Insights from Colombia's Mountain Ecosystems
spellingShingle Unraveling Gorse's (Ulex europeaus) Invasion: Insights from Colombia's Mountain Ecosystems
Eespecies Invasoras
Colonización de micorrizas
Páramo
Banco de semillas
Composición del suelo
Invasive species
Mycorrhizal colonization
Páramo
Seed bank
Soil composition
title_short Unraveling Gorse's (Ulex europeaus) Invasion: Insights from Colombia's Mountain Ecosystems
title_full Unraveling Gorse's (Ulex europeaus) Invasion: Insights from Colombia's Mountain Ecosystems
title_fullStr Unraveling Gorse's (Ulex europeaus) Invasion: Insights from Colombia's Mountain Ecosystems
title_full_unstemmed Unraveling Gorse's (Ulex europeaus) Invasion: Insights from Colombia's Mountain Ecosystems
title_sort Unraveling Gorse's (Ulex europeaus) Invasion: Insights from Colombia's Mountain Ecosystems
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Sanchéz Andrade, Adriana
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Eespecies Invasoras
Colonización de micorrizas
Páramo
Banco de semillas
Composición del suelo
topic Eespecies Invasoras
Colonización de micorrizas
Páramo
Banco de semillas
Composición del suelo
Invasive species
Mycorrhizal colonization
Páramo
Seed bank
Soil composition
dc.subject.keyword.none.fl_str_mv Invasive species
Mycorrhizal colonization
Páramo
Seed bank
Soil composition
description Ulex europaeus (Retamo espinoso), es un arbusto leñoso perenne originario de Europa occidental y las Islas Británicas, se ha convertido en uno de los arbustos más invasores a nivel mundial. A pesar de su impacto generalizado, el éxito del retamo en los ecosistemas tropicales sigue siendo poco comprendido. Este estudio investiga si la cobertura del suelo tiene un efecto diferencial en la germinación y la tasa de crecimiento del retamo, en los ecosistemas montañosos de Colombia, enfatizando en el papel de la composición del suelo y asociaciones a micorrizas en diferentes coberturas terrestres. En este estudio tomamos muestras de seis coberturas terrestres: páramo, pastizales, pastizales quemados, un bosque con un proceso de restauración de 15 años y otro de menos de 5 años de restauración. Las muestras de suelo tuvieron diferencias en términos de carbono orgánico, niveles de nitrógeno y fósforo entre las diferentes coberturas. Un análisis de componentes principales destacó la importancia del pH, la acidez de intercambio y el porcentaje de saturación de bases, en explicar la variación del suelo. El análisis del banco de semillas se encontró semillas viables de retamo en todas las coberturas, mostrando su adaptabilidad a ambos ecosistemas establecidos, uno en proceso de restauración y pastizales quemados. Dado que las asociaciones de micorrizas pueden desempeñar un papel crucial en absorción de nutrientes, contribuyendo al éxito ecológico del retamo, utilizamos un análisis basado en ADN y métodos cualitativos para explorar las micorrizas arbusculares asociadas con el retamo. Nosotros encontramos 11 especies diferentes, tres de las cuales pertenecen al generó Diversispora. Nuestro estudio nos deja ver las complejas interacciones que podrían ayudar a la propagación del retamo en los ecosistemas montañosos de Colombia. Comprender los impactos de la composición del suelo, los bancos de semillas y las asociaciones a micorrizas en la colonización del retamo contribuyen a un conocimiento más amplio de las dinámicas de las especies invasoras. Este conocimiento es crucial para informar los esfuerzos de conservación específicos en zonas tropicales, ayudando en última instancia a la conservación de la biodiversidad y la resiliencia de los ecosistemas.
publishDate 2024
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-05-22T14:34:19Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-05-22T14:34:19Z
dc.date.created.none.fl_str_mv 2024-05-20
dc.date.embargoEnd.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/date/emargoEnd/2025-05-23
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv bachelorThesis
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.document.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado
dc.type.spa.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/42661
url https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/42661
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.*.fl_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf
dc.rights.acceso.none.fl_str_mv Restringido (Temporalmente bloqueado)
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
rights_invalid_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Restringido (Temporalmente bloqueado)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf
dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv 31 pp
dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidad del Rosario
dc.publisher.department.none.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ciencias Naturales
dc.publisher.program.none.fl_str_mv Biología
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidad del Rosario
institution Universidad del Rosario
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spelling Sanchéz Andrade, Adriana9db94de6-4798-4565-8f56-4408149e15bf-1Hillón Salas, Juan SebastiánBiólogoPregradobf3e7e29-f639-47cd-9a84-abf9df75bc26-12024-05-22T14:34:19Z2024-05-22T14:34:19Z2024-05-20info:eu-repo/date/emargoEnd/2025-05-23Ulex europaeus (Retamo espinoso), es un arbusto leñoso perenne originario de Europa occidental y las Islas Británicas, se ha convertido en uno de los arbustos más invasores a nivel mundial. A pesar de su impacto generalizado, el éxito del retamo en los ecosistemas tropicales sigue siendo poco comprendido. Este estudio investiga si la cobertura del suelo tiene un efecto diferencial en la germinación y la tasa de crecimiento del retamo, en los ecosistemas montañosos de Colombia, enfatizando en el papel de la composición del suelo y asociaciones a micorrizas en diferentes coberturas terrestres. En este estudio tomamos muestras de seis coberturas terrestres: páramo, pastizales, pastizales quemados, un bosque con un proceso de restauración de 15 años y otro de menos de 5 años de restauración. Las muestras de suelo tuvieron diferencias en términos de carbono orgánico, niveles de nitrógeno y fósforo entre las diferentes coberturas. Un análisis de componentes principales destacó la importancia del pH, la acidez de intercambio y el porcentaje de saturación de bases, en explicar la variación del suelo. El análisis del banco de semillas se encontró semillas viables de retamo en todas las coberturas, mostrando su adaptabilidad a ambos ecosistemas establecidos, uno en proceso de restauración y pastizales quemados. Dado que las asociaciones de micorrizas pueden desempeñar un papel crucial en absorción de nutrientes, contribuyendo al éxito ecológico del retamo, utilizamos un análisis basado en ADN y métodos cualitativos para explorar las micorrizas arbusculares asociadas con el retamo. Nosotros encontramos 11 especies diferentes, tres de las cuales pertenecen al generó Diversispora. Nuestro estudio nos deja ver las complejas interacciones que podrían ayudar a la propagación del retamo en los ecosistemas montañosos de Colombia. Comprender los impactos de la composición del suelo, los bancos de semillas y las asociaciones a micorrizas en la colonización del retamo contribuyen a un conocimiento más amplio de las dinámicas de las especies invasoras. Este conocimiento es crucial para informar los esfuerzos de conservación específicos en zonas tropicales, ayudando en última instancia a la conservación de la biodiversidad y la resiliencia de los ecosistemas.Ulex europaeus (gorse), a perennial woody shrub native to western continental Europe and the British Islands, has become one of the most invasive shrubs worldwide. Despite its widespread impact, gorse's success in tropical ecosystems remains poorly understood. This study investigates if land cover has a differential effect on gorse germination and growth rate in the mountain ecosystems of Colombia, emphasizing the role of soil composition and mycorrhizal associations in different land covers. In this study we sampled six land covers: páramo, grasslands, burnt grasslands, a forest with a ca. 15-yr old restoration process and a <5 yr-old restoration effort. Soil samples had differences in terms of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus levels between land covers. A principal component analysis highlighted the significance of pH, exchange acidity, and base saturation percentage in explaining soil variation. Seed bank analysis uncovered viable gorse seeds in all land covers, showcasing its adaptability to both established ecosystems, in a restoration process and burned grasslands. Given that mycorrhizal associations may play a crucial role in nutrient uptake, contributing to gorse's ecological success, we used DNA-based analysis and qualitative methods to explore the arbuscular mycorrhizae associated with gorse. We found 11 different species, three of which belong to Diversispora. Our study sheds light on the complex interactions that could aid in gorse’s spread in the mountain ecosystems of Colombia. Understanding the impacts of soil composition, seed banks, and mycorrhizal associations on gorse colonization contributes to broader knowledge of invasive species dynamics. This knowledge is crucial for informing targeted conservation efforts in tropical environments, ultimately aiding in the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience.Dirección de Investigación e Innovación de la Universidad del Rosario31 ppapplication/pdfhttps://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/42661engUniversidad del RosarioFacultad de Ciencias NaturalesBiologíaAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 InternationalRestringido (Temporalmente bloqueado)EL AUTOR, manifiesta que la obra objeto de la presente autorización es original y la realizó sin violar o usurpar derechos de autor de terceros, por lo tanto la obra es de exclusiva autoría y tiene la titularidad sobre la misma.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfArcGIS [GIS software]. Version 10.0. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., 2010.Aslani, F., Juraimi, A. S., Ahmad-Hamdani, M. S., Alam, M. A., Hasan, M. M., Hashemi, F. S. G., & Bahram, M. (2019). The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant invasion trajectory. Plant and Soil, 441(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104- 019-04127-5Atlan, A., Hornoy, B., Delerue, F., Gonzalez, M., Pierre, J.-S., & Tarayre, M. (2015a). Phenotypic Plasticity in Reproductive Traits of the Perennial Shrub Ulex europaeus in Response to Shading: A Multi-Year Monitoring of Cultivated Clones. PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0137500. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137500Atlan, A., Schermann-Legionnet, A., Udo, N., & Tarayre, M. (2015b). SelfIncompatibility in Ulex europaeus: Variations in Native and Invaded Regions. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 176(6), 515-524. https://doi.org/10.1086/681669Bagge, M. (2014, marzo 19). Valuable ally or invading army? The ambivalence of gorse in New Zealand, 1835-1900. Australian & Aotearoa New Zealand Environmental History Network. https://www.environmentalhistory-aunz.org/2014/03/valuable-ally-or-invading-army-the-ambivalence-of-gorse-in-newzealand-1835-1900/Bateman, J. B., & Vitousek, P. M. (2018). Soil fertility response to Ulex europaeus invasion and restoration efforts. Biological Invasions, 20(10), 2777-2791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1729-9Bonfim, J. A., Vasconcellos, R. L. F., Stürmer, S. L., & Cardoso, E. J. B. N. (2013). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the Brazilian Atlantic forest: A gradient of environmental restoration. Applied Soil Ecology, 71, 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.04.005Bowman, G., Tarayre, M., & Atlan, A. (2008). How is the invasive gorse Ulex europaeus pollinated during winter? A lesson from its native range. Plant Ecology, 197(2), 197-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-007-9370-1Breitwieser, F. P., & Salzberg, S. L. (2020). Pavian: Interactive analysis of metagenomics data for microbiome studies and pathogen identification. Bioinformatics, 36(4), 1303-1304. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz715Broadfield, N., & McHenry, M. T. (2019). A World of Gorse: Persistence of Ulex europaeus in Managed Landscapes. Plants, 8(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110523Bunn, R. A., Ramsey, P. W., & Lekberg, Y. (2015). Do native and invasive plants differ in their interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? A meta-analysis. Journal of Ecology, 103(6), 1547-1556. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12456Buytaert, W., Célleri, R., De Bièvre, B., Cisneros, F., Wyseure, G., Deckers, J., & Hofstede, R. (2006). Human impact on the hydrology of the Andean páramos. EarthScience Reviews, 79(1), 53-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.06.002Camargo Joya, A. S. (2020). Manejo de retamo espinoso (ulex europaeus) en la Vereda la Quinta en la ciudad de Duitama-Boyacá. https://repositorio.uptc.edu.co//handle/001/3419Christina, M., Limbada, F., & Atlan, A. (2020). Climatic niche shift of an invasive shrub (Ulex europaeus): A global scale comparison in native and introduced regions. Journal of Plant Ecology, 13(1), 42-50. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtz041Clements, D. R., Peterson, D. J., & Prasad, R. (2001). The biology of Canadian weeds. 112. Ulex europaeus L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 81(2), 325-337. https://doi.org/10.4141/P99-128D’Andreano, S., Cuscó, A., & Francino, O. (2020). Rapid and real-time identification of fungi up to species level with long amplicon nanopore sequencing from clinical samples. Biology Methods and Protocols, 6(1), bpaa026. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomethods/bpaa026Díaz, A., & Vargas, O. (2009). Rasgos de historia de vida y ecología de las invasiones de Ulex europaeus (pp. 59-67).Diazgranados, M., & Castellanos Castro, C. (2021). Frailejones en peligro. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. http://repository.humboldt.org.co/handle/20.500.11761/35925Diazgranados, M., & Castellanos-Castro, C. (2017). Conversatorio sobre frailejones de Colombia: Revisión del estado de conservación y amenaza. reponame: Repositorio Institucional de Documentación Científica Humboldt. http://repository.humboldt.org.co/handle/20.500.11761/34987Ettema, C. H., Wardle, D. A. (2002) Spatial soil ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 17:177– 183.Fenner, M. (1995). Ecology of Seed Banks. In Seed Development and Germination. Routledge.Fernandes, R. A., Ferreira, D. A., Saggin-Junior, O. J., Stürmer S. L., Paulino, H. B., Siqueira, J. O., Carbone Carneiro, M. A. (2016). Occurrence and species richness of mycorrhizal fungi in soil under different land use. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 96, 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2015-0011Foxcroft, L. C., Pyšek, P., Richardson, D. M., & Genovesi, P. (2013). Plant Invasions in Protected Areas: Patterns, Problems and Challenges. Springer Science & Business Media.Gamfeldt, L., Hillebrand, H., & Jonsson, P. R. (2008). Multiple Functions Increase the Importance of Biodiversity for Overall Ecosystem Functioning. Ecology, 89(5), 1223- 1231. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2091.1Grime, J. P., Hodgson, J. G., & Hunt, R. (2014). Comparative Plant Ecology: A Functional Approach to Common British Species. Springer.Gutiérrez-Fernandez, L. F., Martínez-Daza, S., Gómez Acosta, C., Gil Perez, V., & Cabezas Pinzón, L. (2021). Cálculo de la capacidad de carga y capacidad de acogida turística multicriterio para la reserva biológica El Encenillo, Guasca, Cundinamarca, Colombia. https://doi.org/10.14198/INTURI2021.21.11Hernández-Lambraño, R. E., González-Moreno, P., & Sánchez-Agudo, J. Á. (2017). 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Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, 49, 114-118. https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1996.49.11440Hill, R. L., Gourlay, A. H., & BARKER, R. J. (2001). Survival of Ulex europaeus seeds in the soil at three sites in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 39(2), 235- 244. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512734Hill, R. L., Ireson, J., Sheppard, A. W., Gourlay, A. H., Norambuena, H., Markin, G. P., Kwong, R., & Coombs, E. M. (2008). A global view of the future for biological control of gorse, Ulex europaeus L. Proceedings of the XII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, La Grande Motte, France, 22-27 April, 2007, 680- 686. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845935061.0680Hornoy, B., Atlan, A., Tarayre, M., Dugravot, S., & Wink, M. (2012). Alkaloid concentration of the invasive plant species Ulex europaeus in relation to geographic origin and herbivory. Naturwissenschaften, 99(11), 883-892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-012-0970-9Hsieh, T. C., Ma, K. H., & Chao, A. (2016). iNEXT: An R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers). Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(12), 1451–1456. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12613Hume, L. J. (1993). Edaphic adaptation of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) [Lincoln University]. https://hdl.handle.net/10182/1500Ivens, G. W. (1983). The influence of temperature on germination of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.). Weed Research, 23(4), 207-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 3180.1983.tb00539.xJASP Team (2024). JASP (Version 0.18.3) [Computer software]. Retrieved from, https://jasp-stats.org/.Jost, L. (2019). What do we mean by diversity? The path towards quantification. Mètode Science Studies Journal, 9, 55–61.Kafle, A. (2018). Tripartite Interactions of Legumes with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobial Bacteria: Insight into Plant Growth, Seed Yield, and Resource Exchange - ProQuest. https://www.proquest.com/openview/475eb3a4990dbc16e29aec09ade663a6/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=yKariyawasam, C., & Ratnayake, S. (2019). Reproductive biology of gorse, Ulex europaeus (Fabaceae) in the Mount Lofty Ranges of South Australia and Sri Lanka. Reproductive biology, 145-152.Kassambara, A. (2016). Factoextra: Extract and visualize the results of multivariate data analyses. R Package Version, 1. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370004235968325765Kooch, Y., & Noghre, N. (2020). Nutrient cycling and soil-related processes under different land covers of semi-arid rangeland ecosystems in northern Iran. CATENA, 193, 104621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104621Lacerda, D. R., Filho, J. P. L., Goulart, M. F., Ribeiro, R. A., & Lovato, M. B. (2004). Seed-dormancy variation in natural populations of two tropical leguminous tree species: Senna multijuga (Caesalpinoideae) and Plathymenia reticulata (Mimosoideae). Seed Science Research, 14(2), 127-135. https://doi.org/10.1079/SSR2004162Lê, S., Josse, J., & Husson, F. (2008). FactoMineR: An R Package for Multivariate Analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 25, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v025.i01Lee, S. C.-H., & Burke, P. J. (2022). NanoStat: An open source, fully wireless potentiostat. Electrochimica Acta, 422, 140481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140481Lowe, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas, S., & De Poorter, M. (Eds.). (2000). 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species: A Selection From The Global Invasive Species Database. In Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions (pp. 715-716). University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520948433-159Manoharachary, C., & Kunwar, I. K. (2002). Root—Clearing Techniques and Quantification of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. In K. G. Mukerji, C. Manoharachary, & B. P. Chamola (Eds.), Techniques in Mycorrhizal Studies (pp. 231-248). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3209-3_12Markin, G. P., Yoshioka, E. R., & Conant, P. (1996). Biological control of gorse in Hawaii: A program review.Mason, N., Mudge, P., Palmer, D., McLeod, M., Ausseil, A.-G., & Dymond, J. (2016). Catchment-scale contribution of invasive nitrogen fixing shrubs to nitrate leaching: A scoping study. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 46(2), 85-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2015.1127261Mollot, G., Pantel, J. H., & Romanuk, T. N. (2017). Chapter Two - The Effects of Invasive Species on the Decline in Species Richness: A Global Meta-Analysis. In D. A. Bohan, A. J. Dumbrell, & F. Massol (Eds.), Advances in Ecological Research (Vol. 56, pp. 61-83). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aecr.2016.10.002Mooney, H. A. (2005). Invasive Alien Species: A New Synthesis. Island Press.Neina, D. (2019). The Role of Soil pH in Plant Nutrition and Soil Remediation. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2019, e5794869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5794869Ngo-Mbogba, M., Yemefack, M., & Nyeck, B. (2015). Assessing soil quality under different land cover types within shifting agriculture in South Cameroon. Soil and Tillage Research, 150, 124-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.01.007Öpik, M., Vanatoa, A., Vanatoa, E., Moora, M., Davison, J., Kalwij, J. M., Reier, Ü., & Zobel, M. (2010). The online database MaarjAM reveals global and ecosystemic distribution patterns in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota). New Phytologist, 188(1), 223-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03334.xOksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P.R., O’hara, R.B., Simpson, G.L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M.H.H., Wagner, H. and Oksanen, M.J. (2018). Package ‘vegan’. 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Journal of Plant Ecology, 10(2), 375-385. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtw032Waltert, M., Bobo, K. S., Kaupa, S., Montoya, M. L., Nsanyi, M. S., & Fermon, H. (2011). Assessing Conservation Values: Biodiversity and Endemicity in Tropical Land Use Systems. PLOS ONE, 6(1), e16238.Whitcomb, S., Stutz, J.C. (2007). Assessing diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a local community: role of sampling effort and spatial heterogeneity. Mycorrhiza 17, 429–437.Wilgan, R. (2021). Dual and Tripartite Symbiosis of Invasive Woody Plants. In N. Shrivastava, S. Mahajan, & A. Varma (Eds.), Symbiotic Soil Microorganisms: Biology and Applications (pp. 87-97). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51916-2_5Zubek, S., Majewska, M. L., Błaszkowski, J., Stefanowicz, A. M., Nobis, M., & Kapusta, P. (2016). Invasive plants affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi abundance and species richness as well as the performance of native plants grown in invaded soils. 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