Distemper canino en fauna silvestre

El virus del distemper canino (VDC) también conocido como moquillo canino es una de las enfermedades más prevalente y contagiosa en perros domésticos (Canis Lupus Familiaris), así como en otras especies carnívoras; este virus pertenece a la familia Paramyxoviridae, en el género Morbillivirus, está p...

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Autores:
Reinoso Castillo, Sofia
Sierra Moreno, María José
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2023
Institución:
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UCC
Idioma:
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/51347
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/51347
Palabra clave:
Distemper Canino
Fauna Silvestre
Epidemiologia
TG 2023 MVZ 51347
Canine Distemper
Wildlife
Epidemiology
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Distemper canino en fauna silvestre
title Distemper canino en fauna silvestre
spellingShingle Distemper canino en fauna silvestre
Distemper Canino
Fauna Silvestre
Epidemiologia
TG 2023 MVZ 51347
Canine Distemper
Wildlife
Epidemiology
title_short Distemper canino en fauna silvestre
title_full Distemper canino en fauna silvestre
title_fullStr Distemper canino en fauna silvestre
title_full_unstemmed Distemper canino en fauna silvestre
title_sort Distemper canino en fauna silvestre
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Reinoso Castillo, Sofia
Sierra Moreno, María José
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Reinoso Castillo, Sofia
Sierra Moreno, María José
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Distemper Canino
Fauna Silvestre
Epidemiologia
topic Distemper Canino
Fauna Silvestre
Epidemiologia
TG 2023 MVZ 51347
Canine Distemper
Wildlife
Epidemiology
dc.subject.classification.none.fl_str_mv TG 2023 MVZ 51347
dc.subject.other.none.fl_str_mv Canine Distemper
Wildlife
Epidemiology
description El virus del distemper canino (VDC) también conocido como moquillo canino es una de las enfermedades más prevalente y contagiosa en perros domésticos (Canis Lupus Familiaris), así como en otras especies carnívoras; este virus pertenece a la familia Paramyxoviridae, en el género Morbillivirus, está presente en todo el mundo y afecta a una amplia gama de animales domésticos y carnívoros silvestres, hasta el momento el distemper canino (DC) ha sido reportado en todas las familias de carnívoros terrestres: Canidae, Felidae, Hyaenidae, Mustelidae, Procyonidae, Ursidae, y Viverridae, debido al gran número de familias que puede afectar, este está generando un gran impacto en la fauna de cada país. Los signos más comunes son hipertermia, anorexia, blefaritis, secreción nasal y ocular, signos neurológicos hasta convulsiones. Estos dependerán del tiempo de incubación del virus y de la fase en que se encuentre de la enfermedad. Hasta el momento, el tratamiento para el virus del distemper canino no se conoce. El objetivo de esta revisión es realizar una recopilación literaria sobre el VDC en la fauna silvestre a nivel mundial, analizando las características del agente etiológico, los medios de cómo se transmisión de la enfermedad a los animales silvestres, patogenia, signos clínicos característicos de patología la enfermedad y casos reportados sobre VDC a nivel mundial.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2023-06-13T15:24:54Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2023-06-13T15:24:54Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2023-05-23
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/51347
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.none.fl_str_mv Reinoso Castillo, S. y Sierra Moreno, M. J. (2023). Distemper Canino en Fauna Silvestre. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/51347
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/51347
identifier_str_mv Reinoso Castillo, S. y Sierra Moreno, M. J. (2023). Distemper Canino en Fauna Silvestre. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/51347
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv Espinal MA, Díaz FJ, Ruiz-Saenz J. Phylogenetic evidence of a new canine distemper virus lineage among domestic dogs in Colombia, South America. Vet Microbiol. 2014;172(1- 2).
Maganga GD, Labouba I, Ngoubangoye B, Nkili-Meyong AA, Obame Ondo D, Leroy EM, et al. Molecular characterization of complete genome of a canine distemper virus associated with fatal infection in dogs in Gabon, Central Africa. Virus Res. 2018;247
Martella V, Elia G, Buonavoglia C. Canine Distemper Virus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2008 jul;38(4):787- 97.
Souza LS, Silveira RO, Abreu C da C, Ferreira GGDM, Neto S da SA, Junior MC. Cinomose em mamíferos silvestres e exóticos. Revisão de Literatura. Anais V SIMPAC. 2013; 5:295-302.
Martella V, Elia G, Buonavoglia C. Canine Distemper Virus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2008 jul;38(4):787- 97.
Beineke A, Puff C, Seehusen F, Baumgärtner W. Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2009 ene;127(1-2):1-18
Loots AK, Mitchell E, Dalton DL, Kotzé A, Venter EH. Advances in canine distemper virus pathogenesis research: A wildlife perspective. Vol. 98, Journal of General Virology. 2017.
Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife - Threats to biodiversity and human health. Vol. 287, Science. 2000
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Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Wohlsein P. Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus-an update. Vol. 1, One Health. 2015.
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Harder TC, Osterhaus ADME. Canine distemper virus - A morbillivirus in search of new hosts? Vol. 5, Trends in Microbiology. 1997.
Loots AK, du Plessis M, Lee Dalton D, Mitchell E, Venter EH. Genome sequences of three vaccine strains and two wild-type canine distemper virus strains from a recent disease outbreak in South Africa. Genome Announc. 2017;5(27).
Sidhu MS, Husar W, Cook SD, Dowling PC, Udem SA. Canine distemper terminal and intergenic nonprotein coding nucleotide sequences: Completion of the entire cdv genome sequence. Virology. 1993;193(1).
Summers BA, Appel MJG. Aspects of canine distemper virus and measles virus encephalomyelitis. Vol. 20, Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 1994.
Berríos P, Pincheira B. Vista de Distemper canino y su impacto en la fauna silvestre [Internet]. 2016 [citado 2022 nov 25]. Available from: https://revistas.cientifica.edu.pe/index .php/cientifica/article/view/392/441
Garde E, Pérez G, Acosta-Jamett G, Bronsvoort BM. Characteristics of a Canine Distemper Virus Outbreak in Dichato, Chile Following the February 2010 Earthquake. Animals (Basel) [Internet]. 2013 sep [citado 2022 nov 15];3(3):843. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4494441/
Duque-Valencia J, Sarute N, OlarteCastillo XA, Ruíz-Sáenz J. Evolution and interspecies transmission of canine distemper virus—an outlook of the diverse evolutionary landscapes of a multi-host virus. Vol. 11, Viruses. 2019.
Krakowka S, Higgins RJ, Koestner A. Canine distemper virus: review of structural and functional modulations in lymphoid tissues. Vol. 41, American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1980.
Maclachlan NJ, Dubovi EJ. Fenner’s Veterynary Virology. N. James Maclachlan EJD, editor. 2010;243-74.
Berríos P, Pincheira B. DISTEMPER CANINO EN FAUNA SILVESTRE. [Internet]. 2015 [citado 2022 nov 25]. Available from: http://virusberriostechegaray.blogspot .com/2015/01/distemper-canino-enfauna-silvestre.html
von Messling V, Oezguen N, Zheng Q, Vongpunsawad S, Braun W, Cattaneo R. Nearby Clusters of Hemagglutinin Residues Sustain SLAM-Dependent Canine Distemper Virus Entry in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Virol. 2005;79(9):5857-62.
Gallegos MJZ. Detección Molecular Del Gen M Del Virus Distemper Canino Molecular Detection of Canine Distemper Virus M Gene Del Virus Distemper Canino Molecular Detection of Canine. Departamento de Medicina. 2018;
Appel, M. J.G. & Summers B. Recent Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases | IVIS [Internet]. : International Veterinary Information Service. 1999 [citado 2022 jul 5]. Available from: https://www.ivis.org/library/recentadvances-canine-infectious-diseases
Echeverry-Bonilla DF, BuriticáGaviria EF, Orjuela-Acosta D, Chinchilla-Cardenas DJ, Ruiz-Saenz J. The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia. Viruses [Internet]. 2022 sep 1 [citado 2022 nov 18];14(9). Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC9502595/
Wright NG, Cornwell HJC, Thompson H, Lauder IM. Canine distemper: current concepts in laboratory and clinical diagnosis. Vol. 94, Veterinary Record. 1974.
Steven Krakowka. Comparative pathobiology of viral diseases. 1985;
Hartmann TLS. Anticorpos neutralizantes contra os vírus da cinomose e parainfluenza caninos em cães e felinos silvestres em cativeiro. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; 2006.
Armstrong WH, Anthony CH. An epizootic of canine distemper in a zoological park. Cornell Veterinarian. 1942;32(3):286-8
Varela-Arias N, Toro-Mesa D, Caicedo-Martinez J, Ospina-Chiviri J. Coinfección Entre Distemper Canino Y Un Verme Pulmonar En Un Cerdocyon Thous En Estado Silvestre En El Municipio De Pereira. Conferencia Interna Medicina y Aprovechamiento Fauna Silvestre , Exotica y No Convencional. 2014;145-59.
CORTOLIMA | Corporación Autónoma Regional del Tolima - Identificada cepa de “moquillo” que afecta a fauna silvestre del Tolima [Internet]. [citado 2022 jun 29]. Available from: https://www.cortolima.gov.co/salade-prensa/noticias/3529-identificadacepa-de-moquillo-que-afecta-a-faunasilvestre-del-tolima
Villalba-Briones R, Barros-Diaz C, Gallo-Pérez A, Blasco-Carlos M, Molineros EB. First description of sarcoptic mange in a wild coati (Nasua narica), in Ecuador, and cooccurrence of canine distemper virus. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2022;31(1).
Megid J, Teixeira CR, Cortez A, Heinemann MB, Antunes JMAP, Fornazari F, et al. Canine distemper virus infection in a lesser grison (Galictis cuja): First report and virus phylogeny. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira. 2013;33(2).
Acevedo GS, de Lima EL. Reporte del primer caso de moquillo canino en zorro de monte ( Cerdocyon thous ) en la provincia de Misiones - Argentina. Ciencia veterinaria. 2021;23(1):47-54.
Oleaga Á, Vázquez CB, Royo LJ, Barral TD, Bonnaire D, Armenteros JÁ, et al. Canine distemper virus in wildlife in south-western Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021;
Kličková E, Černíková L, Dumondin A, Bártová E, Budíková M, Sedlák K. Canine Distemper Virus in Wild Carnivore Populations from the Czech Republic (2012–2020): Occurrence, Geographical Distribution, and Phylogenetic Analysis. Life. 2022;12(2).
Balboni A, Savini F, Scagliarini A, Berti E, Naldi M, Urbani L, et al. Natural distemper infection in stone martens (Martes foina): From infection to neutralizing antibodies. Res Vet Sci. 2021 sep 1;138:196-200.
Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor. Aktuelle Lage der Staupeinfektionen bei Wildtieren in Hessen Januar 2019 | Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor [Internet]. 2019 [citado 2022 jul 4]. Available from: https://lhl.hessen.de/veterinärmedizin/ virologie-serologie/aktuelle-lage-derstaupeinfektionen-bei-wildtierenhessen
Garigliany M, Sarlet M, Franssen M, Desmecht D, Volpe R, Lesenfant C, et al. Re-emergence of canine distemper in wildlife in Belgium. Vol. 182, Veterinary Record. British Veterinary Association; 2018. p. 439.
Almuna R, López-Pérez AM, Sarmiento RE, Suzán G. Drivers of canine distemper virus exposure in dogs at a wildlife interface in Janos, Mexico. 2021;
Kimpston CN, Hatke AL, Castelli B, Otto N, Tiffin HS, Machtinger ET, et al. High Prevalence of Antibodies against Canine Parvovirus and Canine Distemper Virus among Coyotes and Foxes from Pennsylvania: Implications for the Intersection of Companion Animals and Wildlife. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(1).
Giacinti JA, Pearl DL, Ojkic D, Campbell GD, Jardine CM. Genetic characterization of canine distemper virus from wild and domestic animal submissions to diagnostic facilities in Canada. Prev Vet Med. 2022 ene 1;198.
Taylor K, Wilson JJ, Park AW, Nemeth NM, Yabsley MJ, Fenton H, et al. Temporal and spatial patterns in canine distemper virus cases in wildlife diagnosed at the southeastern cooperative wildlife disease study, 1975–2019. J Wildl Dis. 2021 oct 1;57(4):820-30.
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Kadam RG, Karikalan M, Siddappa CM, Mahendran K, Srivastava G, Rajak KK, et al. Molecular and pathological screening of canine distemper virus in Asiatic lions, tigers, leopards, snow leopards, clouded leopards, leopard cats, jungle cats, civet cats, fishing cat, and jaguar of different states, India. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2022;98.
Qiu W, Zheng Y, Zhang S, Fan Q, Liu H, Zhang F, et al. Canine Distemper Outbreak in Rhesus Monkeys, China. Available from: www.cdc.gov/eid
Sakai K, Nagata N, Ami Y, Seki F, Suzaki Y, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, et al. Lethal Canine Distemper Virus Outbreak in Cynomolgus Monkeys in Japan in 2008. J Virol [Internet]. 2013 ene 15 [citado 2022 oct 16];87(2):1105-14. Available from: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/J VI.02419-12
Quigley KS, Evermann JF, Leathers CW, Armstrong DL, Goodrich J, Duncan NM, et al. Morbillivirus infection in a wild siberian tiger in the russian far east. J Wildl Dis. 2010;46(4).
Huff AG, Allen T, Whiting K, Williams F, Hunter L, Gold Z, et al. Biosurveillance: A systematic review of global infectious disease surveillance systems from 1900 to 2016. Vol. 36, OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique. 2017.
Gascoyne SC, Laurenson MK, Lelo S, Borner M. Rabies in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in the Serengeti region, Tanzania. J Wildl Dis. 1993;29(3).
Belsare A V., Gompper ME. To vaccinate or not to vaccinate: Lessons learned from an experimental mass vaccination of free-ranging dog populations. Anim Conserv. 2015;18(3).
Giacinti JA, Pearl DL, Ojkic D, Campbell GD, Jardine CM. Genetic characterization of canine distemper virus from wild and domestic animal submissions to diagnostic facilities in Canada. Prev Vet Med. 2022 ene 1;198:105535.
GÓMEZ J, GARCÍA O, ZULUAGA F. Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo de distemper y hepatitis en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias. 1985;5.
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spelling Reinoso Castillo, SofiaSierra Moreno, María José2023-06-13T15:24:54Z2023-06-13T15:24:54Z2023-05-23https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/51347Reinoso Castillo, S. y Sierra Moreno, M. J. (2023). Distemper Canino en Fauna Silvestre. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/51347El virus del distemper canino (VDC) también conocido como moquillo canino es una de las enfermedades más prevalente y contagiosa en perros domésticos (Canis Lupus Familiaris), así como en otras especies carnívoras; este virus pertenece a la familia Paramyxoviridae, en el género Morbillivirus, está presente en todo el mundo y afecta a una amplia gama de animales domésticos y carnívoros silvestres, hasta el momento el distemper canino (DC) ha sido reportado en todas las familias de carnívoros terrestres: Canidae, Felidae, Hyaenidae, Mustelidae, Procyonidae, Ursidae, y Viverridae, debido al gran número de familias que puede afectar, este está generando un gran impacto en la fauna de cada país. Los signos más comunes son hipertermia, anorexia, blefaritis, secreción nasal y ocular, signos neurológicos hasta convulsiones. Estos dependerán del tiempo de incubación del virus y de la fase en que se encuentre de la enfermedad. Hasta el momento, el tratamiento para el virus del distemper canino no se conoce. El objetivo de esta revisión es realizar una recopilación literaria sobre el VDC en la fauna silvestre a nivel mundial, analizando las características del agente etiológico, los medios de cómo se transmisión de la enfermedad a los animales silvestres, patogenia, signos clínicos característicos de patología la enfermedad y casos reportados sobre VDC a nivel mundial.The canine distemper virus (VDC) also known as canine distemper is one of the most prevalent and contagious diseases in domestic dogs (Canis Lupus Familiaris), as well as in other carnivorous species; This virus belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, in the genus Morbillivirus, is present worldwide and affects a wide range of domestic animals and wild carnivores, so far canine distemper (DC) has been reported in all families of terrestrial carnivores: Canidae, Felidae, Hyaenidae, Mustelidae, Procyonidae, Ursidae, and Viverridae, due to the large number of families that can affect, this is generating a great impact on the fauna of each country. The most common signs are hyperthermia, anorexia, blepharitis, runny nose and eye, neurological signs to seizures. These will depend on the incubation time of the virus and the stage of the disease. So far, treatment for canine distemper virus is not known. The objective of this review is to make a literary compilation on VDC in wildlife worldwide, analyzing the characteristics of the etiological agent, the means of how the disease is transmitted to wild animals, pathogenesis, characteristic clinical signs of disease pathology and cases reported on VDC worldwide.sofia.reinoso@campusucc.edu.comaria.sierramo@campusucc.edu.co14 p.Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Sede Ibague- Espinal, Faculta de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaIbaguéDistemper CaninoFauna SilvestreEpidemiologiaTG 2023 MVZ 51347Canine DistemperWildlifeEpidemiologyDistemper canino en fauna silvestreTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Sin Derivarinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Espinal MA, Díaz FJ, Ruiz-Saenz J. Phylogenetic evidence of a new canine distemper virus lineage among domestic dogs in Colombia, South America. Vet Microbiol. 2014;172(1- 2).Maganga GD, Labouba I, Ngoubangoye B, Nkili-Meyong AA, Obame Ondo D, Leroy EM, et al. Molecular characterization of complete genome of a canine distemper virus associated with fatal infection in dogs in Gabon, Central Africa. Virus Res. 2018;247Martella V, Elia G, Buonavoglia C. Canine Distemper Virus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2008 jul;38(4):787- 97.Souza LS, Silveira RO, Abreu C da C, Ferreira GGDM, Neto S da SA, Junior MC. Cinomose em mamíferos silvestres e exóticos. Revisão de Literatura. Anais V SIMPAC. 2013; 5:295-302.Martella V, Elia G, Buonavoglia C. Canine Distemper Virus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2008 jul;38(4):787- 97.Beineke A, Puff C, Seehusen F, Baumgärtner W. Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper. 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Virus infections of carnivores. Amsterdam; New York; New York NY: Elsevier Science; Distributors for the U.S. and Canada Elsevier Science Pub. Co.; 1987. 500 p.Orvell C. Archives of Virology Structural Polypeptides of Canine Distemper Virus. Vol. 66, Archives of Virology. 1980.Robert A Lamb, Griffith D. Parks. Paramixoviridae: the viruses and their replication. En: Fields BN, Knipe D, Howley P, editores. Paramyxoviridae: 11 the viruses and their replication. 5.a ed. 2007. p. 1449-96.Robert A Lamb, D Kolakofsky. Paramyxoviridae: the viruses and their replication. En: Knipe D, Howley, editores. Paramyxoviridae: the viruses and their replication. 4.a ed. Philadelphia, USA.; 2001. p. 1305- 443Harder TC, Osterhaus ADME. Canine distemper virus - A morbillivirus in search of new hosts? Vol. 5, Trends in Microbiology. 1997.Loots AK, du Plessis M, Lee Dalton D, Mitchell E, Venter EH. 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Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4494441/Duque-Valencia J, Sarute N, OlarteCastillo XA, Ruíz-Sáenz J. Evolution and interspecies transmission of canine distemper virus—an outlook of the diverse evolutionary landscapes of a multi-host virus. Vol. 11, Viruses. 2019.Krakowka S, Higgins RJ, Koestner A. Canine distemper virus: review of structural and functional modulations in lymphoid tissues. Vol. 41, American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1980.Maclachlan NJ, Dubovi EJ. Fenner’s Veterynary Virology. N. James Maclachlan EJD, editor. 2010;243-74.Berríos P, Pincheira B. DISTEMPER CANINO EN FAUNA SILVESTRE. [Internet]. 2015 [citado 2022 nov 25]. Available from: http://virusberriostechegaray.blogspot .com/2015/01/distemper-canino-enfauna-silvestre.htmlvon Messling V, Oezguen N, Zheng Q, Vongpunsawad S, Braun W, Cattaneo R. Nearby Clusters of Hemagglutinin Residues Sustain SLAM-Dependent Canine Distemper Virus Entry in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Virol. 2005;79(9):5857-62.Gallegos MJZ. Detección Molecular Del Gen M Del Virus Distemper Canino Molecular Detection of Canine Distemper Virus M Gene Del Virus Distemper Canino Molecular Detection of Canine. Departamento de Medicina. 2018;Appel, M. J.G. & Summers B. Recent Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases | IVIS [Internet]. : International Veterinary Information Service. 1999 [citado 2022 jul 5]. Available from: https://www.ivis.org/library/recentadvances-canine-infectious-diseasesEcheverry-Bonilla DF, BuriticáGaviria EF, Orjuela-Acosta D, Chinchilla-Cardenas DJ, Ruiz-Saenz J. The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia. Viruses [Internet]. 2022 sep 1 [citado 2022 nov 18];14(9). Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC9502595/Wright NG, Cornwell HJC, Thompson H, Lauder IM. Canine distemper: current concepts in laboratory and clinical diagnosis. Vol. 94, Veterinary Record. 1974.Steven Krakowka. Comparative pathobiology of viral diseases. 1985;Hartmann TLS. Anticorpos neutralizantes contra os vírus da cinomose e parainfluenza caninos em cães e felinos silvestres em cativeiro. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; 2006.Armstrong WH, Anthony CH. An epizootic of canine distemper in a zoological park. Cornell Veterinarian. 1942;32(3):286-8Varela-Arias N, Toro-Mesa D, Caicedo-Martinez J, Ospina-Chiviri J. Coinfección Entre Distemper Canino Y Un Verme Pulmonar En Un Cerdocyon Thous En Estado Silvestre En El Municipio De Pereira. Conferencia Interna Medicina y Aprovechamiento Fauna Silvestre , Exotica y No Convencional. 2014;145-59.CORTOLIMA | Corporación Autónoma Regional del Tolima - Identificada cepa de “moquillo” que afecta a fauna silvestre del Tolima [Internet]. [citado 2022 jun 29]. Available from: https://www.cortolima.gov.co/salade-prensa/noticias/3529-identificadacepa-de-moquillo-que-afecta-a-faunasilvestre-del-tolimaVillalba-Briones R, Barros-Diaz C, Gallo-Pérez A, Blasco-Carlos M, Molineros EB. First description of sarcoptic mange in a wild coati (Nasua narica), in Ecuador, and cooccurrence of canine distemper virus. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2022;31(1).Megid J, Teixeira CR, Cortez A, Heinemann MB, Antunes JMAP, Fornazari F, et al. Canine distemper virus infection in a lesser grison (Galictis cuja): First report and virus phylogeny. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira. 2013;33(2).Acevedo GS, de Lima EL. Reporte del primer caso de moquillo canino en zorro de monte ( Cerdocyon thous ) en la provincia de Misiones - Argentina. Ciencia veterinaria. 2021;23(1):47-54.Oleaga Á, Vázquez CB, Royo LJ, Barral TD, Bonnaire D, Armenteros JÁ, et al. Canine distemper virus in wildlife in south-western Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021;Kličková E, Černíková L, Dumondin A, Bártová E, Budíková M, Sedlák K. Canine Distemper Virus in Wild Carnivore Populations from the Czech Republic (2012–2020): Occurrence, Geographical Distribution, and Phylogenetic Analysis. Life. 2022;12(2).Balboni A, Savini F, Scagliarini A, Berti E, Naldi M, Urbani L, et al. Natural distemper infection in stone martens (Martes foina): From infection to neutralizing antibodies. Res Vet Sci. 2021 sep 1;138:196-200.Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor. Aktuelle Lage der Staupeinfektionen bei Wildtieren in Hessen Januar 2019 | Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor [Internet]. 2019 [citado 2022 jul 4]. Available from: https://lhl.hessen.de/veterinärmedizin/ virologie-serologie/aktuelle-lage-derstaupeinfektionen-bei-wildtierenhessenGarigliany M, Sarlet M, Franssen M, Desmecht D, Volpe R, Lesenfant C, et al. Re-emergence of canine distemper in wildlife in Belgium. Vol. 182, Veterinary Record. British Veterinary Association; 2018. p. 439.Almuna R, López-Pérez AM, Sarmiento RE, Suzán G. Drivers of canine distemper virus exposure in dogs at a wildlife interface in Janos, Mexico. 2021;Kimpston CN, Hatke AL, Castelli B, Otto N, Tiffin HS, Machtinger ET, et al. High Prevalence of Antibodies against Canine Parvovirus and Canine Distemper Virus among Coyotes and Foxes from Pennsylvania: Implications for the Intersection of Companion Animals and Wildlife. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(1).Giacinti JA, Pearl DL, Ojkic D, Campbell GD, Jardine CM. Genetic characterization of canine distemper virus from wild and domestic animal submissions to diagnostic facilities in Canada. Prev Vet Med. 2022 ene 1;198.Taylor K, Wilson JJ, Park AW, Nemeth NM, Yabsley MJ, Fenton H, et al. Temporal and spatial patterns in canine distemper virus cases in wildlife diagnosed at the southeastern cooperative wildlife disease study, 1975–2019. J Wildl Dis. 2021 oct 1;57(4):820-30.Kameo Y, Nagao Y, Nishio Y, Shimoda H, Nakano H, Suzuki K, et al. Epizootic canine distemper virus infection among wild mammals. Vet Microbiol. 2012;154(3-4).Kadam RG, Karikalan M, Siddappa CM, Mahendran K, Srivastava G, Rajak KK, et al. Molecular and pathological screening of canine distemper virus in Asiatic lions, tigers, leopards, snow leopards, clouded leopards, leopard cats, jungle cats, civet cats, fishing cat, and jaguar of different states, India. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2022;98.Qiu W, Zheng Y, Zhang S, Fan Q, Liu H, Zhang F, et al. Canine Distemper Outbreak in Rhesus Monkeys, China. Available from: www.cdc.gov/eidSakai K, Nagata N, Ami Y, Seki F, Suzaki Y, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, et al. Lethal Canine Distemper Virus Outbreak in Cynomolgus Monkeys in Japan in 2008. J Virol [Internet]. 2013 ene 15 [citado 2022 oct 16];87(2):1105-14. Available from: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/J VI.02419-12Quigley KS, Evermann JF, Leathers CW, Armstrong DL, Goodrich J, Duncan NM, et al. Morbillivirus infection in a wild siberian tiger in the russian far east. J Wildl Dis. 2010;46(4).Huff AG, Allen T, Whiting K, Williams F, Hunter L, Gold Z, et al. Biosurveillance: A systematic review of global infectious disease surveillance systems from 1900 to 2016. Vol. 36, OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique. 2017.Gascoyne SC, Laurenson MK, Lelo S, Borner M. Rabies in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in the Serengeti region, Tanzania. J Wildl Dis. 1993;29(3).Belsare A V., Gompper ME. To vaccinate or not to vaccinate: Lessons learned from an experimental mass vaccination of free-ranging dog populations. Anim Conserv. 2015;18(3).Giacinti JA, Pearl DL, Ojkic D, Campbell GD, Jardine CM. Genetic characterization of canine distemper virus from wild and domestic animal submissions to diagnostic facilities in Canada. Prev Vet Med. 2022 ene 1;198:105535.GÓMEZ J, GARCÍA O, ZULUAGA F. Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo de distemper y hepatitis en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. 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