Manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en potros

La enteritis en potros es una enfermedad de etiología multifactorial en la que se encuentran involucrados agentes infecciosos como el clostridium spp. El objetivo de este trabajo se fundó en determinar el manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en equino. Para efectos d...

Full description

Autores:
Angel Pinilla, Daniel Andres
Molina Londoño, Juan Sebastian
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UCC
Idioma:
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/35693
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/35693
Palabra clave:
Enteritis
Clostridium spp
Tratamiento
Manejo clínico
TG 2021 MVZ 35693
Enteritis
Clostridium spp
Treatment
Clinical management
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución
id COOPER2_f782357e39ee2d5f8c0ff660f1bd5c95
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/35693
network_acronym_str COOPER2
network_name_str Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en potros
title Manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en potros
spellingShingle Manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en potros
Enteritis
Clostridium spp
Tratamiento
Manejo clínico
TG 2021 MVZ 35693
Enteritis
Clostridium spp
Treatment
Clinical management
title_short Manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en potros
title_full Manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en potros
title_fullStr Manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en potros
title_full_unstemmed Manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en potros
title_sort Manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en potros
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Angel Pinilla, Daniel Andres
Molina Londoño, Juan Sebastian
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Bonilla Izquierdo, Alexander
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Angel Pinilla, Daniel Andres
Molina Londoño, Juan Sebastian
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Enteritis
Clostridium spp
Tratamiento
Manejo clínico
topic Enteritis
Clostridium spp
Tratamiento
Manejo clínico
TG 2021 MVZ 35693
Enteritis
Clostridium spp
Treatment
Clinical management
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv TG 2021 MVZ 35693
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv Enteritis
Clostridium spp
Treatment
Clinical management
description La enteritis en potros es una enfermedad de etiología multifactorial en la que se encuentran involucrados agentes infecciosos como el clostridium spp. El objetivo de este trabajo se fundó en determinar el manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en equino. Para efectos de la investigación se opta por hacer uso de la revisión documental. Algunos resultados encontrados hacen mención del papel de la terapia antimicrobiana en el manejo de la enteritis y la colitis equina que resulta controvertido, ya que para muchas de estas afecciones el agente etiológico no se conoce definitivamente o no es bacteriano. En conclusión, hoy en día aún no hay información objetiva sobre el tratamiento para enteritis por C. difficile. En general, se trata de forma similar a cualquier otra enfermedad que curse con diarrea con terapia de sostén. Si la diarrea está asociada a la terapia antimicrobiana, puede ser suficiente con el cese de la administración, así mismo, los caballos que presentan cuadros de cólicos severos no son mayormente investigados los cual hace que las enteritis hemorrágicas o enterotoxemias, pasen desapercibidas.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-08-25T14:11:45Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-08-25T14:11:45Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-08-06
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/35693
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv Ángel Pinilla, D. A. y Molina Londoño J. S. (2021). Manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en potros. [tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/35693
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/35693
identifier_str_mv Ángel Pinilla, D. A. y Molina Londoño J. S. (2021). Manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en potros. [tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/35693
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv J. CRBTBBVA, Daube VBAALHAMDG. Carriage and acquisition rates of Clostridium difficile in hospitalized horses, including molecular characterization, multilocus sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates. Vet Microbiol [Internet]. 2014; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.05.013
Andrade, M. C., Vásquez, T., & Duque D. Enteritis eosinofilica idiopatica en Caballo Portugues: reporte de caso. Rev CES Med Vet y Zootec. 2016;11(2):130–1.
Clooten J, Kruth S, Arroyo L, Weese JS. Prevalence and risk factors for Clostridium difficile colonization in dogs and cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit. 2008;129:209–14.
Dahms, C., Hübner, N. O., Wilke, F., & Kramer A. Minirevisión: epidemiología y potencial zoonótico de bacterias multirresistentes y Clostridium difficile en ganado y alimentos. 2014;9(3).
Freeman, J., Bauer, M. P., Baines, S. D., Corver, J., Fawley, W. N., Goorhuis, B., ... & Wilcox MH. The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23(3):529-549.
Ghavidel M, Salari Sedigh H, Razmyar J. Isolation of Clostridium difficile and molecular detection of binary and A/B toxins in faeces of dogs. Isol Clostridium difficile Mol Detect Bin A/B toxins faeces dogs. 2016;57:273-276.
García G. Clostridium difficile : estudio de su prevalencia en caballos. 2017;
Rodriguez C, Taminiau B, Broeck J Van, Delme M, Daube G. Clostridium difficile in Food and Animals : A Comprehensive Review. 2016;
Warriner, K., Xu, C., Habash, M., Sultan, S., & Weese S. Dissemination of Clostridium difficile in food and the environment: Significant sources of C. difficile community‐acquired infection? J Appl Microbiol. 2016;122(3):542–53.
Ong GKB, Reidy TJ, Huk MD, Lane FR. Clostridium difficile colitis a clinical review. Am J Surg [Internet]. 2017; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.10.035
Khanna RT ySahil. Infección por Clostridium difficile : actualizaciones en la gestión. Rev India Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2017;36:3–10. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12664-016-0719-z
Hensgens, MP, Goorhuis, A., Dekkers, OM y Kuijper E. Intervalo de tiempo de mayor riesgo de infección por Clostridium difficile después de la exposición a antibióticos. Rev Quimioter Antimicrob. 2012;67(3):742–8.
Weese J. Bacterial enteritis in dogs and cats: diagnosis, therapy, and zoonotic potential. Vet Clin Small Anim Pract. 2011;4(12):287–309.
Wetterwik, K. J., Trowald-Wigh, G., Fernström, L. L., & Krovacek K. Clostridium difficile in faeces from healthy dogs and dogs with diarrhea. Acta Vet Scand. 2013;55(1).
Bacciarini LN, Boerlin P, Straub R, Frey J, Gröne A. Immunohistochemical Localization of Clostridium perfringens β2-Toxin in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Horses. Vet Pathol [Internet]. 2003 Jul 26;40(4):376–81. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1354/vp.40-4-376
WAGGETT BE, McGORUM BC, WERNERY U, SHAW DJ, PIRIE RS. Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens in faeces and ileal contents from grass sickness affected horses: Comparisons with 3 control populations. Equine Vet J [Internet]. 2010 Sep;42(6):494–9. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00105.x
Herholz C, Miserez R, Nicolet J, Frey J, Popoff M, Gibert M, et al. Prevalence of β2-Toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in Horses with Intestinal Disorders. J Clin Microbiol [Internet]. 1999;37(2):358–61. Available from: https://jcm.asm.org/content/37/2/358
Li W, Zhang Y, Wang J, Ozaki A, Wang Q, Chen Y, et al. Association of Home Quarantine and Mental Health Among Teenagers in Wuhan, China, During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Pediatr [Internet]. 2021 Mar 1;175(3):313. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2775249
Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile — More Difficult Than Ever. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2008 Oct 30;359(18):1932–40. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMra0707500
Larson HE, Parry J V, Price AB, Davies DR, Dolby J, Tyrrell DA. Undescribed toxin in pseudomembranous colitis. BMJ [Internet]. 1977 May 14;1(6071):1246–8. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.1.6071.1246
Bartlett JG, Moon N, Chang TW, Taylor N, Onderdonk AB. Role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Gastroenterology [Internet]. 1978 Nov;75(5):778–82. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0016508578904572
Álvarez-Hernández DA, González-Chávez AM, González-Hermosillo-Cornejo D, Franyuti-Kelly GA, Díaz-Girón-Gidi A, Vázquez-López R. Perspectivas históricas y vigentes sobre la infección por Clostridium difficile. Rev Gastroenterol México [Internet]. 2018 Jan;83(1):41–50. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037509061730068X
Kachrimanidou M, Tzika E, Filioussis G. Clostridioides (Clostridium) Difficile in Food-Producing Animals, Horses and Household Pets: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms [Internet]. 2019 Dec 9;7(12):667. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/12/667
Borriello SP, Wilcox MH. Clostridium difficile infections of the gut: The unanswered questions. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1998;41(SUPPL. C):67–9.
Carter GP, Rood JI, Lyras D. The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Gut Microbes [Internet]. 2010 Jan 27;1(1):58–64. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.4161/gmic.1.1.10768
Voth DE, Ballard JD. Clostridium difficile Toxins: Mechanism of Action and Role in Disease. Clin Microbiol Rev [Internet]. 2005 Apr;18(2):247–63. Available from: https://cmr.asm.org/content/18/2/247
Davies AH, Roberts AK, Shone CC, Acharya KR. Super toxins from a super bug: structure and function of Clostridium difficile toxins. Biochem J [Internet]. 2011 Jun 15;436(3):517–26. Available from: https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article/436/3/517/45707/Super-toxins-from-a-super-bug-structure-and
Modi N, Gulati N, Solomon K, Monaghan T, Robins A, Sewell HF, et al. Differential Binding and Internalization of Clostridium difficile Toxin A by Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes, Neutrophils and Lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol [Internet]. 2011 Sep;74(3):264–71. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02578.x
Rodriguez C, Taminiau B, Van Broeck J, Avesani V, Delmée M, Daube G. Clostridium difficile in young farm animals and slaughter animals in Belgium. Anaerobe [Internet]. 2012 Dec;18(6):621–5. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1075996412001412
Songer JG, Uzal FA. Clostridial Enteric Infections in Pigs. J Vet Diagnostic Investig [Internet]. 2005 Nov 25;17(6):528–36. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/104063870501700602
Bauer MP, Notermans DW, van Benthem BH, Brazier JS, Wilcox MH, Rupnik M, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey. Lancet [Internet]. 2011 Jan;377(9759):63–73. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673610612664
Yaeger M, Funk N, Hoffman L. A Survey of Agents Associated with Neonatal Diarrhea in Iowa Swine Including Clostridium Difficile and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. J Vet Diagnostic Investig [Internet]. 2002 Jul 25;14(4):281–7. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/104063870201400402
Keel MK, Songer JG. The Attachment, Internalization, and Time-Dependent, Intracellular Distribution of Clostridium difficile Toxin A in Porcine Intestinal Explants. Vet Pathol [Internet]. 2011 Mar 22;48(2):369–80. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0300985810380395
Keessen EC, Hopman NEM, van Leengoed LAMG, van Asten AJAM, Hermanus C, Kuijper EJ, et al. Evaluation of Four Different Diagnostic Tests To Detect Clostridium difficile in Piglets. J Clin Microbiol [Internet]. 2011 May 1;49(5):1816–21. Available from: https://jcm.asm.org/content/49/5/1816
Diab SS, Songer G, Uzal FA. Clostridium difficile infection in horses : A review. Vet Microbiol [Internet]. 2013; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.032
Hammitt MC, Bueschel DM, Keel MK, Glock RD, Cuneo P, DeYoung DW, et al. A possible role for Clostridium difficile in the etiology of calf enteritis. Vet Microbiol [Internet]. 2008 Mar 18;127(3–4):343–52. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378113507004385
Debast SB, van Leengoed LAMG, Goorhuis A, Harmanus C, Kuijper EJ, Bergwerff AA. Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078 toxinotype V found in diarrhoeal pigs identical to isolates from affected humans. Environ Microbiol [Internet]. 2009 Feb;11(2):505–11. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01790.x
Goorhuis A, Bakker D, Corver J, Debast SB, Harmanus C, Notermans DW, et al. Emergence of Clostridium difficile Infection Due to a New Hypervirulent Strain, Polymerase Chain Reaction Ribotype 078. Clin Infect Dis [Internet]. 2008 Nov;47(9):1162–70. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-lookup/doi/10.1086/592257
Medina-torres CE, Weese JS, Staempfli HR. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in horses §. Vet Microbiol [Internet]. 2011;152(1–2):212–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.012
Robles, C. A., Paván, M. E., Chapero, C., Marcellino, R., Cairó, F. A., & Mignaqui AC. Enteritis hemorrágica en un equino atribuida a Clostridium perfringens tipo A. Rev Vet argentina. 2016;1–12.
Schoster A, Kunz T, Lauper M, Graubner C, Schmitt S, Weese JS. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in Swiss horses with and without gastrointestinal disease and microbiota composition in relation to Clostridium difficile shedding. Vet Microbiol [Internet]. 2019 Dec;239:108433. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378113519303876
McKenzie H. Diagnosis of Enteritis and Colitis in the Horse [Internet]. Abdomen he EA, editor. 2017. Available from: https://books.google.com.co/books?hl=es&lr=&id=VLo7DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA376&dq=McKenzie+III+Harold+C.+(2017).+Diagnosis+of+Enteritis+and+Colitis+in+the+Horse.+The+Equine+Acute+Abdomen,+Third+Edition,+30,+(355-381).+1/12/2019,+De+wiley+online+library.+Base
Keyburn AL, Boyce JD, Vaz P, Bannam TL, Ford ME, Parker D, et al. NetB, a New Toxin That Is Associated with Avian Necrotic Enteritis Caused by Clostridium perfringens. Bradley K, editor. PLoS Pathog [Internet]. 2008 Feb 8;4(2):e26. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0040026
Sayeed S, Uzal FA, Fisher DJ, Saputo J, Vidal JE, Chen Y, et al. Beta toxin is essential for the intestinal virulence of Clostridium perfringens type C disease isolate CN3685 in a rabbit ileal loop model. Mol Microbiol [Internet]. 2007 Dec 7;67(1):15–30. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.06007.x
Garcia JP, Adams V, Beingesser J, Hughes ML, Poon R, Lyras D, et al. Epsilon Toxin Is Essential for the Virulence of Clostridium perfringens Type D Infection in Sheep, Goats, and Mice. Bliska JB, editor. Infect Immun [Internet]. 2013 Jul;81(7):2405–14. Available from: https://iai.asm.org/content/81/7/2405
Li J, Adams V, Bannam TL, Miyamoto K, Garcia JP, Uzal FA, et al. Toxin Plasmids of Clostridium perfringens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev [Internet]. 2013 Jun 1;77(2):208–33. Available from: https://mmbr.asm.org/content/77/2/208
Amaya JMC, Flórez LMM. Caso Clínico Toxicity with phenylbutazone in a horse : a case report *. Rev CES Med Vet y Zootec. 2011;
Knottenbelt, D. C., Holdstock, N., & Madigan, J. E. (2004). Equine Neonatal Medicine and Surgery E-Book: Medicine and Surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences.
TORRES IVP. REPORTE DE UN CASO CLÍNICO, TRATAMIENTO DE COLITIS EN CABALLO CRIOLLO COLOMBIANO [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11158/3408/TRABAJO DE GRADO CORREGIDO. DEFINITIVO.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Smith, B., 2010. Medicina interna de grandes animales. 5th ed. Barcelona: Elsevier, p.315.
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv Atribución
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 17 p.
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, Ibagué
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Medicina veterinaria y zootecnia
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Ibagué
institution Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/897202d2-f452-4a2f-8208-30f15fc90a81/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/48af9513-3589-481c-9190-408aab7ae03b/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/944b5e4c-0f87-4bb1-8bb1-4ab06fd63439/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/8df0f0a1-a3a7-41e8-bbcf-0cde06ae6716/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/a7a0d38d-b5ad-4193-94c3-af3eba8e8b04/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/371d0ab1-7289-439c-b555-28149c7f0652/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/00be91b0-f1bc-4bb6-a3d8-3c5140fa23a8/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45
e83f388ebcbcefbd06e723697b77475b
9cdc0bdd6867d92a997f574a0c9109f9
6af0b7a0c0db4ddb85d2ceb91a7a8500
86c55d687cffbd2070a93c8b063197a9
85ba42ff4ed76ac3a058b20b2d00a7f5
fd4c354d717a5ec5307f69f46d54abc5
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_ 1808788921091358720
spelling Bonilla Izquierdo, AlexanderAngel Pinilla, Daniel AndresMolina Londoño, Juan Sebastian2021-08-25T14:11:45Z2021-08-25T14:11:45Z2021-08-06https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/35693Ángel Pinilla, D. A. y Molina Londoño J. S. (2021). Manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en potros. [tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/35693La enteritis en potros es una enfermedad de etiología multifactorial en la que se encuentran involucrados agentes infecciosos como el clostridium spp. El objetivo de este trabajo se fundó en determinar el manejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en equino. Para efectos de la investigación se opta por hacer uso de la revisión documental. Algunos resultados encontrados hacen mención del papel de la terapia antimicrobiana en el manejo de la enteritis y la colitis equina que resulta controvertido, ya que para muchas de estas afecciones el agente etiológico no se conoce definitivamente o no es bacteriano. En conclusión, hoy en día aún no hay información objetiva sobre el tratamiento para enteritis por C. difficile. En general, se trata de forma similar a cualquier otra enfermedad que curse con diarrea con terapia de sostén. Si la diarrea está asociada a la terapia antimicrobiana, puede ser suficiente con el cese de la administración, así mismo, los caballos que presentan cuadros de cólicos severos no son mayormente investigados los cual hace que las enteritis hemorrágicas o enterotoxemias, pasen desapercibidas.Enteritis in foals is a disease of multifactorial etiology in which infectious agents such as clostridium spp. are involved. The objective of this work was to determine the clinical management and treatment of enteritis associated with clostridium spp. in foals. For the purposes of the research, we chose to make use of the documentary review. Some results found mention the role of antimicrobial therapy in the management of equine enteritis and colitis, which is controversial, since for many of these conditions the etiological agent is not definitively known or is not bacterial. In conclusion, there is still no objective information on the treatment of C. difficile enteritis. In general, it is treated similarly to any other disease with diarrhea with supportive therapy. If the diarrhea is associated with antimicrobial therapy, it may be sufficient to cease administration. Likewise, horses with severe colic are not widely investigated, which makes hemorrhagic enteritis or enterotoxemias go unnoticed.daniel.angelp@campusucc.edu.cojuan.molinalo@campusucc.edu.co17 p.Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, IbaguéMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaIbaguéEnteritisClostridium sppTratamientoManejo clínicoTG 2021 MVZ 35693EnteritisClostridium sppTreatmentClinical managementManejo clínico y tratamiento de enteritis asociadas a clostridium spp en potrosTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribucióninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2J. CRBTBBVA, Daube VBAALHAMDG. Carriage and acquisition rates of Clostridium difficile in hospitalized horses, including molecular characterization, multilocus sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates. Vet Microbiol [Internet]. 2014; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.05.013Andrade, M. C., Vásquez, T., & Duque D. Enteritis eosinofilica idiopatica en Caballo Portugues: reporte de caso. Rev CES Med Vet y Zootec. 2016;11(2):130–1.Clooten J, Kruth S, Arroyo L, Weese JS. Prevalence and risk factors for Clostridium difficile colonization in dogs and cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit. 2008;129:209–14.Dahms, C., Hübner, N. O., Wilke, F., & Kramer A. Minirevisión: epidemiología y potencial zoonótico de bacterias multirresistentes y Clostridium difficile en ganado y alimentos. 2014;9(3).Freeman, J., Bauer, M. P., Baines, S. D., Corver, J., Fawley, W. N., Goorhuis, B., ... & Wilcox MH. The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23(3):529-549.Ghavidel M, Salari Sedigh H, Razmyar J. Isolation of Clostridium difficile and molecular detection of binary and A/B toxins in faeces of dogs. Isol Clostridium difficile Mol Detect Bin A/B toxins faeces dogs. 2016;57:273-276.García G. Clostridium difficile : estudio de su prevalencia en caballos. 2017;Rodriguez C, Taminiau B, Broeck J Van, Delme M, Daube G. Clostridium difficile in Food and Animals : A Comprehensive Review. 2016;Warriner, K., Xu, C., Habash, M., Sultan, S., & Weese S. Dissemination of Clostridium difficile in food and the environment: Significant sources of C. difficile community‐acquired infection? J Appl Microbiol. 2016;122(3):542–53.Ong GKB, Reidy TJ, Huk MD, Lane FR. Clostridium difficile colitis a clinical review. Am J Surg [Internet]. 2017; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.10.035Khanna RT ySahil. Infección por Clostridium difficile : actualizaciones en la gestión. Rev India Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2017;36:3–10. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12664-016-0719-zHensgens, MP, Goorhuis, A., Dekkers, OM y Kuijper E. Intervalo de tiempo de mayor riesgo de infección por Clostridium difficile después de la exposición a antibióticos. Rev Quimioter Antimicrob. 2012;67(3):742–8.Weese J. Bacterial enteritis in dogs and cats: diagnosis, therapy, and zoonotic potential. Vet Clin Small Anim Pract. 2011;4(12):287–309.Wetterwik, K. J., Trowald-Wigh, G., Fernström, L. L., & Krovacek K. Clostridium difficile in faeces from healthy dogs and dogs with diarrhea. Acta Vet Scand. 2013;55(1).Bacciarini LN, Boerlin P, Straub R, Frey J, Gröne A. Immunohistochemical Localization of Clostridium perfringens β2-Toxin in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Horses. Vet Pathol [Internet]. 2003 Jul 26;40(4):376–81. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1354/vp.40-4-376WAGGETT BE, McGORUM BC, WERNERY U, SHAW DJ, PIRIE RS. Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens in faeces and ileal contents from grass sickness affected horses: Comparisons with 3 control populations. Equine Vet J [Internet]. 2010 Sep;42(6):494–9. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00105.xHerholz C, Miserez R, Nicolet J, Frey J, Popoff M, Gibert M, et al. Prevalence of β2-Toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in Horses with Intestinal Disorders. J Clin Microbiol [Internet]. 1999;37(2):358–61. Available from: https://jcm.asm.org/content/37/2/358Li W, Zhang Y, Wang J, Ozaki A, Wang Q, Chen Y, et al. Association of Home Quarantine and Mental Health Among Teenagers in Wuhan, China, During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Pediatr [Internet]. 2021 Mar 1;175(3):313. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2775249Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile — More Difficult Than Ever. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2008 Oct 30;359(18):1932–40. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMra0707500Larson HE, Parry J V, Price AB, Davies DR, Dolby J, Tyrrell DA. Undescribed toxin in pseudomembranous colitis. BMJ [Internet]. 1977 May 14;1(6071):1246–8. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.1.6071.1246Bartlett JG, Moon N, Chang TW, Taylor N, Onderdonk AB. Role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Gastroenterology [Internet]. 1978 Nov;75(5):778–82. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0016508578904572Álvarez-Hernández DA, González-Chávez AM, González-Hermosillo-Cornejo D, Franyuti-Kelly GA, Díaz-Girón-Gidi A, Vázquez-López R. Perspectivas históricas y vigentes sobre la infección por Clostridium difficile. Rev Gastroenterol México [Internet]. 2018 Jan;83(1):41–50. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037509061730068XKachrimanidou M, Tzika E, Filioussis G. Clostridioides (Clostridium) Difficile in Food-Producing Animals, Horses and Household Pets: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms [Internet]. 2019 Dec 9;7(12):667. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/12/667Borriello SP, Wilcox MH. Clostridium difficile infections of the gut: The unanswered questions. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1998;41(SUPPL. C):67–9.Carter GP, Rood JI, Lyras D. The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Gut Microbes [Internet]. 2010 Jan 27;1(1):58–64. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.4161/gmic.1.1.10768Voth DE, Ballard JD. Clostridium difficile Toxins: Mechanism of Action and Role in Disease. Clin Microbiol Rev [Internet]. 2005 Apr;18(2):247–63. Available from: https://cmr.asm.org/content/18/2/247Davies AH, Roberts AK, Shone CC, Acharya KR. Super toxins from a super bug: structure and function of Clostridium difficile toxins. Biochem J [Internet]. 2011 Jun 15;436(3):517–26. Available from: https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article/436/3/517/45707/Super-toxins-from-a-super-bug-structure-andModi N, Gulati N, Solomon K, Monaghan T, Robins A, Sewell HF, et al. Differential Binding and Internalization of Clostridium difficile Toxin A by Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes, Neutrophils and Lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol [Internet]. 2011 Sep;74(3):264–71. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02578.xRodriguez C, Taminiau B, Van Broeck J, Avesani V, Delmée M, Daube G. Clostridium difficile in young farm animals and slaughter animals in Belgium. Anaerobe [Internet]. 2012 Dec;18(6):621–5. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1075996412001412Songer JG, Uzal FA. Clostridial Enteric Infections in Pigs. J Vet Diagnostic Investig [Internet]. 2005 Nov 25;17(6):528–36. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/104063870501700602Bauer MP, Notermans DW, van Benthem BH, Brazier JS, Wilcox MH, Rupnik M, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey. Lancet [Internet]. 2011 Jan;377(9759):63–73. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673610612664Yaeger M, Funk N, Hoffman L. A Survey of Agents Associated with Neonatal Diarrhea in Iowa Swine Including Clostridium Difficile and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. J Vet Diagnostic Investig [Internet]. 2002 Jul 25;14(4):281–7. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/104063870201400402Keel MK, Songer JG. The Attachment, Internalization, and Time-Dependent, Intracellular Distribution of Clostridium difficile Toxin A in Porcine Intestinal Explants. Vet Pathol [Internet]. 2011 Mar 22;48(2):369–80. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0300985810380395Keessen EC, Hopman NEM, van Leengoed LAMG, van Asten AJAM, Hermanus C, Kuijper EJ, et al. Evaluation of Four Different Diagnostic Tests To Detect Clostridium difficile in Piglets. J Clin Microbiol [Internet]. 2011 May 1;49(5):1816–21. Available from: https://jcm.asm.org/content/49/5/1816Diab SS, Songer G, Uzal FA. Clostridium difficile infection in horses : A review. Vet Microbiol [Internet]. 2013; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.032Hammitt MC, Bueschel DM, Keel MK, Glock RD, Cuneo P, DeYoung DW, et al. A possible role for Clostridium difficile in the etiology of calf enteritis. Vet Microbiol [Internet]. 2008 Mar 18;127(3–4):343–52. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378113507004385Debast SB, van Leengoed LAMG, Goorhuis A, Harmanus C, Kuijper EJ, Bergwerff AA. Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078 toxinotype V found in diarrhoeal pigs identical to isolates from affected humans. Environ Microbiol [Internet]. 2009 Feb;11(2):505–11. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01790.xGoorhuis A, Bakker D, Corver J, Debast SB, Harmanus C, Notermans DW, et al. Emergence of Clostridium difficile Infection Due to a New Hypervirulent Strain, Polymerase Chain Reaction Ribotype 078. Clin Infect Dis [Internet]. 2008 Nov;47(9):1162–70. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-lookup/doi/10.1086/592257Medina-torres CE, Weese JS, Staempfli HR. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in horses §. Vet Microbiol [Internet]. 2011;152(1–2):212–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.012Robles, C. A., Paván, M. E., Chapero, C., Marcellino, R., Cairó, F. A., & Mignaqui AC. Enteritis hemorrágica en un equino atribuida a Clostridium perfringens tipo A. Rev Vet argentina. 2016;1–12.Schoster A, Kunz T, Lauper M, Graubner C, Schmitt S, Weese JS. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in Swiss horses with and without gastrointestinal disease and microbiota composition in relation to Clostridium difficile shedding. Vet Microbiol [Internet]. 2019 Dec;239:108433. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378113519303876McKenzie H. Diagnosis of Enteritis and Colitis in the Horse [Internet]. Abdomen he EA, editor. 2017. Available from: https://books.google.com.co/books?hl=es&lr=&id=VLo7DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA376&dq=McKenzie+III+Harold+C.+(2017).+Diagnosis+of+Enteritis+and+Colitis+in+the+Horse.+The+Equine+Acute+Abdomen,+Third+Edition,+30,+(355-381).+1/12/2019,+De+wiley+online+library.+BaseKeyburn AL, Boyce JD, Vaz P, Bannam TL, Ford ME, Parker D, et al. NetB, a New Toxin That Is Associated with Avian Necrotic Enteritis Caused by Clostridium perfringens. Bradley K, editor. PLoS Pathog [Internet]. 2008 Feb 8;4(2):e26. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0040026Sayeed S, Uzal FA, Fisher DJ, Saputo J, Vidal JE, Chen Y, et al. Beta toxin is essential for the intestinal virulence of Clostridium perfringens type C disease isolate CN3685 in a rabbit ileal loop model. Mol Microbiol [Internet]. 2007 Dec 7;67(1):15–30. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.06007.xGarcia JP, Adams V, Beingesser J, Hughes ML, Poon R, Lyras D, et al. Epsilon Toxin Is Essential for the Virulence of Clostridium perfringens Type D Infection in Sheep, Goats, and Mice. Bliska JB, editor. Infect Immun [Internet]. 2013 Jul;81(7):2405–14. Available from: https://iai.asm.org/content/81/7/2405Li J, Adams V, Bannam TL, Miyamoto K, Garcia JP, Uzal FA, et al. Toxin Plasmids of Clostridium perfringens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev [Internet]. 2013 Jun 1;77(2):208–33. Available from: https://mmbr.asm.org/content/77/2/208Amaya JMC, Flórez LMM. Caso Clínico Toxicity with phenylbutazone in a horse : a case report *. Rev CES Med Vet y Zootec. 2011;Knottenbelt, D. C., Holdstock, N., & Madigan, J. E. (2004). Equine Neonatal Medicine and Surgery E-Book: Medicine and Surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences.TORRES IVP. REPORTE DE UN CASO CLÍNICO, TRATAMIENTO DE COLITIS EN CABALLO CRIOLLO COLOMBIANO [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://repository.udca.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11158/3408/TRABAJO DE GRADO CORREGIDO. DEFINITIVO.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=ySmith, B., 2010. Medicina interna de grandes animales. 5th ed. Barcelona: Elsevier, p.315.PublicationLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84334https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/897202d2-f452-4a2f-8208-30f15fc90a81/download3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45MD53ORIGINAL2021_AngelyMolina_enteritis_manejo_tratamiento.pdf2021_AngelyMolina_enteritis_manejo_tratamiento.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf254021https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/48af9513-3589-481c-9190-408aab7ae03b/downloade83f388ebcbcefbd06e723697b77475bMD542021-AngelyMolina_enteritis_manejo_tratamiento-licenciauso.pdf2021-AngelyMolina_enteritis_manejo_tratamiento-licenciauso.pdfLicencia de usoapplication/pdf212213https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/944b5e4c-0f87-4bb1-8bb1-4ab06fd63439/download9cdc0bdd6867d92a997f574a0c9109f9MD55THUMBNAIL2021_AngelyMolina_enteritis_manejo_tratamiento.pdf.jpg2021_AngelyMolina_enteritis_manejo_tratamiento.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg2861https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/8df0f0a1-a3a7-41e8-bbcf-0cde06ae6716/download6af0b7a0c0db4ddb85d2ceb91a7a8500MD562021-AngelyMolina_enteritis_manejo_tratamiento-licenciauso.pdf.jpg2021-AngelyMolina_enteritis_manejo_tratamiento-licenciauso.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5201https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/a7a0d38d-b5ad-4193-94c3-af3eba8e8b04/download86c55d687cffbd2070a93c8b063197a9MD57TEXT2021_AngelyMolina_enteritis_manejo_tratamiento.pdf.txt2021_AngelyMolina_enteritis_manejo_tratamiento.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain32364https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/371d0ab1-7289-439c-b555-28149c7f0652/download85ba42ff4ed76ac3a058b20b2d00a7f5MD582021-AngelyMolina_enteritis_manejo_tratamiento-licenciauso.pdf.txt2021-AngelyMolina_enteritis_manejo_tratamiento-licenciauso.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain5882https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/00be91b0-f1bc-4bb6-a3d8-3c5140fa23a8/downloadfd4c354d717a5ec5307f69f46d54abc5MD5920.500.12494/35693oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/356932024-08-09 12:57:55.596open.accesshttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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

Publicaciones similares