Would the Cephalic Development in the Purebred Arabian Horse and Its Crosses Indicate a Paedomorphic Process?

This study examined paedomorphosis in PAH and F1 crossbreds. A sample of 99 horses was selected from 40 different breeders and consisted of three groups: stallions (n = 16), mares (n = 53), and geldings (n = 30), ranging from 10 months to 27 years in age. All horses presented a concave celloid later...

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Autores:: Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio
Parés Casanova, Pere Miquel
Monroy Ochoa, Néstor Ismael
Vélez Terranova, Oscar Mauricio

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2022

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

Idioma:

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repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Would the Cephalic Development in the Purebred Arabian Horse and Its Crosses Indicate a Paedomorphic Process?
title	Would the Cephalic Development in the Purebred Arabian Horse and Its Crosses Indicate a Paedomorphic Process?
spellingShingle	Would the Cephalic Development in the Purebred Arabian Horse and Its Crosses Indicate a Paedomorphic Process? Aloidismo Celoide Perfil nasofacial Gerontomorfia Neotenia Alloidism Celloid Nasofacial profile Gerontomorphy Neoteny
title_short	Would the Cephalic Development in the Purebred Arabian Horse and Its Crosses Indicate a Paedomorphic Process?
title_full	Would the Cephalic Development in the Purebred Arabian Horse and Its Crosses Indicate a Paedomorphic Process?
title_fullStr	Would the Cephalic Development in the Purebred Arabian Horse and Its Crosses Indicate a Paedomorphic Process?
title_full_unstemmed	Would the Cephalic Development in the Purebred Arabian Horse and Its Crosses Indicate a Paedomorphic Process?
title_sort	Would the Cephalic Development in the Purebred Arabian Horse and Its Crosses Indicate a Paedomorphic Process?
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio Parés Casanova, Pere Miquel Monroy Ochoa, Néstor Ismael Vélez Terranova, Oscar Mauricio
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio Parés Casanova, Pere Miquel Monroy Ochoa, Néstor Ismael Vélez Terranova, Oscar Mauricio
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Aloidismo Celoide Perfil nasofacial Gerontomorfia Neotenia
topic	Aloidismo Celoide Perfil nasofacial Gerontomorfia Neotenia Alloidism Celloid Nasofacial profile Gerontomorphy Neoteny
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv	Alloidism Celloid Nasofacial profile Gerontomorphy Neoteny
description	This study examined paedomorphosis in PAH and F1 crossbreds. A sample of 99 horses was selected from 40 different breeders and consisted of three groups: stallions (n = 16), mares (n = 53), and geldings (n = 30), ranging from 10 months to 27 years in age. All horses presented a concave celloid lateral left head profile in the acquired photographic images. The hypothesis proposed in this study suggested the lateral profile of the head in juveniles was representational in the adult form due to the neonate’s facial bones (part of the splanchnocranium) developing at a different rate to those of the skull. The methodology utilized geometric morphometrics to identify 23 landmarks so as to identify profile curvature indicative between the three groups (stallions, mares, and geldings). Principal component analysis reduced the number of variables to 14 examinable landmarks. Using a two-NPMANOVA and multivariate regression test, it was demonstrated that an isometric relationship between the concave celloid profile in the juvenile and its adult counterpart existed. This result supported the hypothesis that PAH and F1 crossbreds expressed a paedomorphic trait due to the adult form retaining the concave celloid profile identified in the juvenile.
publishDate	2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2022-11-17T18:29:49Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2022-11-17T18:29:49Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2022-11-16
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Artículo
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv	20762615
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223168
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/47095
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv	Salamanca-Carreño et al., (2022)
identifier_str_mv	20762615 Salamanca-Carreño et al., (2022)
url	https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223168 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/47095
dc.relation.isversionof.spa.fl_str_mv	https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/22/3168
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv	Animals
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Godfrey, L.R.; Sutherland, M.R. Paradox of peramorphic paedomorphosis: Heterochrony and human evolution. Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1996, 99, 17–42. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Heck, L.; Sanchez-Villagra, M.R.; Stange, M. Why the long face? Comparative shape analysis of miniature, pony, and other horse skulls reveals changes in ontogenetic growth. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7678. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 3. Galán, C. Evolución de la fauna cavernícola: Mecanismos y procesos que explican el origen de las especies troglobias. Bol. SVE 2010, 44, 1–31. 4. Price, E.O. Behavioral development in animals undergoing domestication. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sc. 1999, 65, 245–271. [CrossRef] 5. Goodwin, D.; Levine, M.; McGreevy, P.D. Preliminary investigation of morphological differences between ten breeds of hors-es suggests selection for paedomorphosis. J. Appl. Anim. Welf 2008, 11, 204–212. [CrossRef] 6. Skulachev, V.P.; Holtze, S.; Vyssokikh, M.Y.; Bakeeva, L.E.; Skulachev, M.V.; Markov, A.V.; Hildebrandt, T.B.; Sadovnichii, V.A. Neoteny, Prolongation of Youth: From Naked Mole Rats to “Naked Apes” (Humans). Phys. Rev. 2017, 97, 699–720. [CrossRef] 7. Chemisquy, M.A. Peramorphic males and extreme sexual dimorphism in Monodelphis dimidiata (Didelphidae). Zoomorphology 2015, 134, 587–599. [CrossRef] 8. Denoël, M.; Joly, P. Neoteny and progenesis as two heterochronic processes involved in paedomorphosis in Triturus alpestris (Amphibia: Caudata). Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2000, 265, 1481–1485. [CrossRef] 9. Ivanovic, A.; Cvijanovic, M.; Denoël, M.; Slijepcevic, M.; Kalezic, M.L. Facultative paedomorphosis and the pattern of intraand interspecific variation in cranial skeleton: Lessons from European newts (Ichthyosaura alpestris and Lissotriton vulgaris). Zoomorphology 2014, 133, 99–109. [CrossRef] 10. Mathiron, A.G.E.; Lena, J.-P.; Baouch, S.; Denoel, M. The ‘male escape hypothesis’: Sex-biased metamorphosis in response to climatic drivers in a facultatively paedomorphic amphibian. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2017, 284, 20170176. [CrossRef] 11. Waller, B.M.; Peirce, K.; Caeiro, C.C.; Scheider, L.; Burrows, A.M.; McCune, S.; Kaminski, J. Paedomorphic facial expressions give dogs a selective advantage. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, 82686. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 12. Parés-Casanova, P.M.; Sofiane, K.; Medina, A. Diferente desarrollo cefálico según tipo de conejo. Rev. Cienc. Vet. 2018, 36, 15–21. [CrossRef] 13. Liuti, T.; Dixon, P.M. The use of the geometric morphometric method to illustrate shape difference in the skulls of differ-ent-aged horses. Vet. Res. Commun. 2020, 44, 137–145. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 14. Geiger, M.; Haussman, S. Cranial Suture Closure in Domestic Dog Breeds and Its Relationships to Skull Morphology. Anat. Rec. 2016, 299, 412–420. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 15. Brooks, S.A.; Makvandi-Nejad, S.; Chu, E.; Allen, J.J.; Streeter, C.; Gu, E.; McCleery, B.; Murphy, B.A.; Bellone, R.; Sutter, N.B. Morphological variation in the horse: Defining complex traits of body size and shape. Anim. Genet. 2010, 41, 159–165. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 16. Evans, K.E.; McGreevy, P.D. Conformation of the Equine Skull: A Morphometric Study. Anat. Hystol. Embryol. 2006, 35, 221–227. [CrossRef] 17. Parés–Casanova, P.M. El método de Evans & Mcgreevy como herramienta para el estudio aloídico in vivo y post mortem. Una aplicación en caballos. RedVet 2007, 8, 1–7. 18. Ma´sko, M.;Wierzbicka, M.; Zdrojkowski, Ł.; Jasinski, T.; Sikorska, U.; Pawlinski, B.; Domino, M. Comparison of Donkey, Pony, and Horse Dorsal Profiles and Head Shapes Using Geometric Morphometrics. Animals 2022, 12, 931. [CrossRef] 19. Bookstein, F.L. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1991. 20. Toro Ibacache, M.V.; Manriquez, S.G.; Suazo, G.I. Morfometría geométrica y el estudio de las formas biológicas: De la mor-fología descriptiva a la morfología cuantitativa geométrica. Int. J. Morphol. 2010, 28, 977–990. [CrossRef] 21. Salamanca-Carreño, A.; Parés-Casanova, P.M.; Cantón, C.; Monroy-Ochoa, N.I. Evaluación aloídica de la cabeza. Un ejemplo en el caballo árabe. Actas Iberoam. Conserv. Anim. 2022, 17, 29–33. 22. Parés-Casanova, P.M.; Cantón, C. Sexual head profile differences in celoid horses assessed by geometric morphometrics. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 2022, 1, 1–3. Rohlf, F.J. The Tps Series of Software. Hystrix 2015, 26, 9–12. 24. Klingenberg, C.P. MorphoJ: An Integrated Software Package for Geometric Morphometrics. Mol. Ecol. Res. 2011, 11, 353–357. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 25. Hammer, Ø.; Harper, D.A.T.; Ryan, P.D. PAST v. 2.17c. Palaeontol. Electron 2001, 4, 1–229. 26. Borgi, M.; Cirulli, F. Children’s Preferences for Infantile Features in Dogs and Cats. Hum.-Anim. Interact. Bull. 2013, 1, 1–15. [CrossRef] 27. Sierra Alfranca, I. El concepto de raza: Evolución y realidad. Arch. Zootec. 2001, 50, 547–564. 28. Künzel, W.; Breit, S.; Oppel, M. Morphometric investigations of breed-specific features in feline skulls and considerations on their functional implications. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 2003, 32, 218–223. [CrossRef] 29. Sañudo, C. Valoración Morfológica de Los Animales Domésticos; Madrid: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Ma-rino. Fecha De Consult. 2009, 11, 235–266. 30. Sambraus, H.H. A Colour Atlas of Livestock Breeds; Wolfe Publishing Ltd.: London, UK, 1992.
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spelling	Salamanca Carreño, ArcesioParés Casanova, Pere MiquelMonroy Ochoa, Néstor IsmaelVélez Terranova, Oscar Mauricio12(22)2022-11-17T18:29:49Z2022-11-17T18:29:49Z2022-11-1620762615https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223168https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/47095Salamanca-Carreño et al., (2022)This study examined paedomorphosis in PAH and F1 crossbreds. A sample of 99 horses was selected from 40 different breeders and consisted of three groups: stallions (n = 16), mares (n = 53), and geldings (n = 30), ranging from 10 months to 27 years in age. All horses presented a concave celloid lateral left head profile in the acquired photographic images. The hypothesis proposed in this study suggested the lateral profile of the head in juveniles was representational in the adult form due to the neonate’s facial bones (part of the splanchnocranium) developing at a different rate to those of the skull. The methodology utilized geometric morphometrics to identify 23 landmarks so as to identify profile curvature indicative between the three groups (stallions, mares, and geldings). Principal component analysis reduced the number of variables to 14 examinable landmarks. Using a two-NPMANOVA and multivariate regression test, it was demonstrated that an isometric relationship between the concave celloid profile in the juvenile and its adult counterpart existed. This result supported the hypothesis that PAH and F1 crossbreds expressed a paedomorphic trait due to the adult form retaining the concave celloid profile identified in the juvenile.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001022903https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5416-5906https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000009387pmpares@gencat.catarcesio.salamanca@campusucc.edu.coasaca_65@yahoo.eshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=es&user=EqGLQZUAAAAJ1-9 p.Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Cooperativa de ColombiaMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaVillavicenciohttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/22/3168AnimalsGodfrey, L.R.; Sutherland, M.R. Paradox of peramorphic paedomorphosis: Heterochrony and human evolution. Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1996, 99, 17–42. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Heck, L.; Sanchez-Villagra, M.R.; Stange, M. Why the long face? Comparative shape analysis of miniature, pony, and other horse skulls reveals changes in ontogenetic growth. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7678. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 3. Galán, C. Evolución de la fauna cavernícola: Mecanismos y procesos que explican el origen de las especies troglobias. Bol. SVE 2010, 44, 1–31. 4. Price, E.O. Behavioral development in animals undergoing domestication. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sc. 1999, 65, 245–271. [CrossRef] 5. Goodwin, D.; Levine, M.; McGreevy, P.D. Preliminary investigation of morphological differences between ten breeds of hors-es suggests selection for paedomorphosis. J. Appl. Anim. Welf 2008, 11, 204–212. [CrossRef] 6. Skulachev, V.P.; Holtze, S.; Vyssokikh, M.Y.; Bakeeva, L.E.; Skulachev, M.V.; Markov, A.V.; Hildebrandt, T.B.; Sadovnichii, V.A. Neoteny, Prolongation of Youth: From Naked Mole Rats to “Naked Apes” (Humans). Phys. Rev. 2017, 97, 699–720. [CrossRef] 7. Chemisquy, M.A. Peramorphic males and extreme sexual dimorphism in Monodelphis dimidiata (Didelphidae). Zoomorphology 2015, 134, 587–599. [CrossRef] 8. Denoël, M.; Joly, P. Neoteny and progenesis as two heterochronic processes involved in paedomorphosis in Triturus alpestris (Amphibia: Caudata). Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2000, 265, 1481–1485. [CrossRef] 9. Ivanovic, A.; Cvijanovic, M.; Denoël, M.; Slijepcevic, M.; Kalezic, M.L. Facultative paedomorphosis and the pattern of intraand interspecific variation in cranial skeleton: Lessons from European newts (Ichthyosaura alpestris and Lissotriton vulgaris). Zoomorphology 2014, 133, 99–109. [CrossRef] 10. Mathiron, A.G.E.; Lena, J.-P.; Baouch, S.; Denoel, M. The ‘male escape hypothesis’: Sex-biased metamorphosis in response to climatic drivers in a facultatively paedomorphic amphibian. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2017, 284, 20170176. [CrossRef] 11. Waller, B.M.; Peirce, K.; Caeiro, C.C.; Scheider, L.; Burrows, A.M.; McCune, S.; Kaminski, J. Paedomorphic facial expressions give dogs a selective advantage. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, 82686. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 12. Parés-Casanova, P.M.; Sofiane, K.; Medina, A. Diferente desarrollo cefálico según tipo de conejo. Rev. Cienc. Vet. 2018, 36, 15–21. [CrossRef] 13. Liuti, T.; Dixon, P.M. The use of the geometric morphometric method to illustrate shape difference in the skulls of differ-ent-aged horses. Vet. Res. Commun. 2020, 44, 137–145. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 14. Geiger, M.; Haussman, S. Cranial Suture Closure in Domestic Dog Breeds and Its Relationships to Skull Morphology. Anat. Rec. 2016, 299, 412–420. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 15. Brooks, S.A.; Makvandi-Nejad, S.; Chu, E.; Allen, J.J.; Streeter, C.; Gu, E.; McCleery, B.; Murphy, B.A.; Bellone, R.; Sutter, N.B. Morphological variation in the horse: Defining complex traits of body size and shape. Anim. Genet. 2010, 41, 159–165. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 16. Evans, K.E.; McGreevy, P.D. Conformation of the Equine Skull: A Morphometric Study. Anat. Hystol. Embryol. 2006, 35, 221–227. [CrossRef] 17. Parés–Casanova, P.M. El método de Evans & Mcgreevy como herramienta para el estudio aloídico in vivo y post mortem. Una aplicación en caballos. RedVet 2007, 8, 1–7. 18. Ma´sko, M.;Wierzbicka, M.; Zdrojkowski, Ł.; Jasinski, T.; Sikorska, U.; Pawlinski, B.; Domino, M. Comparison of Donkey, Pony, and Horse Dorsal Profiles and Head Shapes Using Geometric Morphometrics. Animals 2022, 12, 931. [CrossRef] 19. Bookstein, F.L. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1991. 20. Toro Ibacache, M.V.; Manriquez, S.G.; Suazo, G.I. Morfometría geométrica y el estudio de las formas biológicas: De la mor-fología descriptiva a la morfología cuantitativa geométrica. Int. J. Morphol. 2010, 28, 977–990. [CrossRef] 21. Salamanca-Carreño, A.; Parés-Casanova, P.M.; Cantón, C.; Monroy-Ochoa, N.I. Evaluación aloídica de la cabeza. Un ejemplo en el caballo árabe. Actas Iberoam. Conserv. Anim. 2022, 17, 29–33. 22. Parés-Casanova, P.M.; Cantón, C. Sexual head profile differences in celoid horses assessed by geometric morphometrics. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 2022, 1, 1–3. Rohlf, F.J. The Tps Series of Software. Hystrix 2015, 26, 9–12. 24. Klingenberg, C.P. MorphoJ: An Integrated Software Package for Geometric Morphometrics. Mol. Ecol. Res. 2011, 11, 353–357. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 25. Hammer, Ø.; Harper, D.A.T.; Ryan, P.D. PAST v. 2.17c. Palaeontol. Electron 2001, 4, 1–229. 26. Borgi, M.; Cirulli, F. Children’s Preferences for Infantile Features in Dogs and Cats. Hum.-Anim. Interact. Bull. 2013, 1, 1–15. [CrossRef] 27. Sierra Alfranca, I. El concepto de raza: Evolución y realidad. Arch. Zootec. 2001, 50, 547–564. 28. Künzel, W.; Breit, S.; Oppel, M. Morphometric investigations of breed-specific features in feline skulls and considerations on their functional implications. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 2003, 32, 218–223. [CrossRef] 29. Sañudo, C. Valoración Morfológica de Los Animales Domésticos; Madrid: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Ma-rino. Fecha De Consult. 2009, 11, 235–266. 30. Sambraus, H.H. A Colour Atlas of Livestock Breeds; Wolfe Publishing Ltd.: London, UK, 1992.AloidismoCeloidePerfil nasofacialGerontomorfiaNeoteniaAlloidismCelloidNasofacial profileGerontomorphyNeotenyWould the Cephalic Development in the Purebred Arabian Horse and Its Crosses Indicate a Paedomorphic Process?Artículohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Sin Derivarinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2PublicationORIGINAL2022_would_cephalic_development.pdf2022_would_cephalic_development.pdfapplication/pdf846382https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/68ac927b-84b1-4d6f-b063-7b1cc32fade3/download9f88e662e12417fb2a3b37bb87fb21edMD512022_would_cephalic_development-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf2022_would_cephalic_development-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdfapplication/pdf197875https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/d5403ac6-fc6a-485f-aba8-d8a55f600b96/download2455bf8319dea2f157f0b5cf9892269fMD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/0a32bf40-d552-4ad2-8413-817d54a37371/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53THUMBNAIL2022_would_cephalic_development.pdf.jpg2022_would_cephalic_development.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5651https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/deeaf05e-ff8d-44f6-baff-475a73376b01/downloaddac701af3647af4bfb4aac6b1edbe390MD542022_would_cephalic_development-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.jpg2022_would_cephalic_development-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5345https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/8ab7f9a0-eee5-435e-8e68-6368b29020af/download015725b346874969e5b8540c9ec494cdMD55TEXT2022_would_cephalic_development.pdf.txt2022_would_cephalic_development.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain32114https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/ede0c11b-b838-4dbc-a3e4-b54ed605059c/downloadc052a3a077a52bb2eefc659f51a419e9MD562022_would_cephalic_development-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.txt2022_would_cephalic_development-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain6197https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/944c4ae2-a522-47e2-91d2-a1cefcc9ecc9/downloadca72ece8761bbab863d944e86feaadccMD5720.500.12494/47095oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/470952024-08-09 12:12:37.397open.accesshttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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

Would the Cephalic Development in the Purebred Arabian Horse and Its Crosses Indicate a Paedomorphic Process?

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