Importancia clínica del distemper canino: una revisión

El VDC es causado por un Morbillivirus de la familia Paramyxoviridae similar al virus del sarampión humano, es una enfermedad grave y potencialmente mortal con distribución mundial. El agente causal del VDC puede llegar a infectar a caninos de todas las edades y razas, siendo más predisponentes los...

Full description

Autores:
Beltrán Jimenéz, David Alejandro
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2022
Institución:
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UCC
Idioma:
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/46450
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/46450
Palabra clave:
Virus del distemper canino (VDC)
Fiebre catarral infecciosa canina
Enfermedad viral
Inmunosupresión
TG 2022 MVZ 46450
Canine distemper virus (CDV)
Infectious canine catarrhal fever
Viral disease
Immunosuppression
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
id COOPER2_f49c7258f32ea3306c17326d98db4d96
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/46450
network_acronym_str COOPER2
network_name_str Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Importancia clínica del distemper canino: una revisión
title Importancia clínica del distemper canino: una revisión
spellingShingle Importancia clínica del distemper canino: una revisión
Virus del distemper canino (VDC)
Fiebre catarral infecciosa canina
Enfermedad viral
Inmunosupresión
TG 2022 MVZ 46450
Canine distemper virus (CDV)
Infectious canine catarrhal fever
Viral disease
Immunosuppression
title_short Importancia clínica del distemper canino: una revisión
title_full Importancia clínica del distemper canino: una revisión
title_fullStr Importancia clínica del distemper canino: una revisión
title_full_unstemmed Importancia clínica del distemper canino: una revisión
title_sort Importancia clínica del distemper canino: una revisión
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Beltrán Jimenéz, David Alejandro
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Padilla Barreto, Mónica Yamile
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Beltrán Jimenéz, David Alejandro
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Virus del distemper canino (VDC)
Fiebre catarral infecciosa canina
Enfermedad viral
Inmunosupresión
topic Virus del distemper canino (VDC)
Fiebre catarral infecciosa canina
Enfermedad viral
Inmunosupresión
TG 2022 MVZ 46450
Canine distemper virus (CDV)
Infectious canine catarrhal fever
Viral disease
Immunosuppression
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv TG 2022 MVZ 46450
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv Canine distemper virus (CDV)
Infectious canine catarrhal fever
Viral disease
Immunosuppression
description El VDC es causado por un Morbillivirus de la familia Paramyxoviridae similar al virus del sarampión humano, es una enfermedad grave y potencialmente mortal con distribución mundial. El agente causal del VDC puede llegar a infectar a caninos de todas las edades y razas, siendo más predisponentes los cachorros; la diseminación se realiza a través de las secreciones biológicas, siendo la puerta de entrada el epitelio respiratorio superior, afectando principalmente a los linfocitos y macrófagos, generando como resultado una fuerte inmunosupresión. Los signos clínicos presentados son esencialmente en los sistemas respiratorio, gastrointestinal y nervioso central. El virus se transmite fácilmente entre huéspedes susceptibles y el canino sigue siendo el reservorio más importante de la infección, convirtiéndose en la enfermedad viral más conocida, temida y con la más alta prevalencia en caninos, causando más morbilidad y mortalidad que cualquier otro virus en caninos.
publishDate 2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-09-20T18:17:46Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-09-20T18:17:46Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2022-09-09
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/46450
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv Beltrán Jiménez, D. A. (2022). Importancia clínica del distemper canino: una revisión. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/46450
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/46450
identifier_str_mv Beltrán Jiménez, D. A. (2022). Importancia clínica del distemper canino: una revisión. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/46450
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Guerrero Castro MC. Principales enfermedades Infecciosas de los mamíferos domésticos. Primera. del Tolima Universidad, editor. Bogota : 2009; 2009. 1–311 p.
Céspedes PF, Cruz P, Navarro CO. Modulación de la respuesta inmune durante la infección por virus distemper canino: implicancias terapéuticas y en el desarrollo de vacunas Modulation of immune response during canine distemper virus infection : therapeutic and vaccine development implica. Arch Med Vet [Internet]. 2010; 42:15–28. Available from: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/amv/v42n2/art03.pdf
Prager KC, Mazet JAK, Dubovi EJ, Frank LG, Munson L, Wagner AP, et al. Rabies virus and canine distemper virus in wild and domestic carnivores in Northern Kenya: Are domestic dogs the reservoir? Ecohealth. 2012;9(4).
Woma TY, van Vuuren M, Bosman AM, Quan M, Oosthuizen M. Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of current wild-type canine distemper viruses from South Africa: Lineage Africa. Vet Microbiol. 2010;143(2–4).
Viana M, Cleaveland S, Matthiopoulos J, Halliday J, Packer C, Craft ME, et al. Dynamics of a morbillivirus at the domestic -wildlife interface: Canine distemper virus in domestic dogs and lions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(5).
Davidson-Phillips S, Davidson-Phillips P, Canning G, Schroder B, Swart J, Burger A. Canine Distemper Virus Management in Lions (Panthera leo) on Welgevonden Game Reserve. Afr J Wildl Res. 2019;49(1).
Butina T v., Denikina NN, Belikov SI. Canine distemper virus diversity in Lake Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica) population. Vet Microbiol. 2010;144(1–2).
Bauer KL, Goertz CEC, Belovarac JA, Walton RW, Lawrence Dunn J, Tuomi P. Infectious disease and toxicological monitoring of stranded pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) in cook inlet as surrogates for monitoring endangered belugas (Delphinapterus leucas). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2016;47(3).
Stokholm I, Puryear W, Sawatzki K, Knudsen SW, Terkelsen T, Becher P, et al. Emergence and radiation of distemper viruses in terrestrial and marine mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2021;288(1961).
Pinotti MA. Distemper Canino: Evaluación De Dos Alternativas Terapéuticas Y Caracterización De Aspectos Clínico-Epidemiológico En La Ciudad De Santa Fe. Universidad Nacional del Litorial. 2011;1–114.
Rohowsky-Kochan C, Davidow A, Dowling P, Cook SD. Increased frequency of canine distemper virus-specific antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav. 2021;11(1):1–9.
The Center for Food Security and Public Health. Peste De Los Pequeños Rumiantes (Ppr). Iowa State University. 2010;(17).
Quintero-Gil C, Rendon-Marin S, Martinez-Gutierrez M, Ruiz-Saenz J. Origin of canine distemper virus: Consolidating evidence to understand potential zoonoses. Front Microbiol. 2019;10(AUG):1–5.
Soto AR, Luna LRE, Rosadio RA, Maturrano LH. Molecular detection of canine distemper virus in clinical cases from unvaccinated domestic dogs and assessment of risk factors. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Peru. 2018;29(3):964–71.
de Vries RD, Paul Duprex W, de Swart RL. Morbillivirus infections: An introduction. Viruses. 2015;7(2):699–706.
Hospital XR, Molins V, Feliz G. Actualización en el diagnóstico del moquillo canino neurológico. 2018 Dec 24 [cited 2022 Aug 23]; Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329894324
Lempp C, Spitzbarth I, Puff C, Cana A, Kegler K, Techangamsuwan S, et al. New aspects of the pathogenesis of canine distemper leukoencephalitis. Viruses. 2014;6(7).
Loots AK, Mitchell E, Dalton DL, Kotzé A, Venter EH. Advances in canine distemper virus pathogenesis research: A wildlife perspective. Journal of General Virology. 2017;98(3):311–21.
Garde E, Pérez G, Acosta-Jamett G, Bronsvoort BM. Characteristics of a canine distemper virus outbreak in Dichato, Chile following the February 2010 earthquake. Animals. 2013;3(3):843–54.
Sanekata T, Fukuda T, Miura T, Morino H, Lee C, Maeda K, et al. Evaluation of the antiviral activity of chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite against feline calicivirus, human influenza virus, measles virus, canine distemper virus, human herpesvirus, human adenovirus, canine adenovirus and canine parvovirus. Vol. 15, Biocontrol Science. 2010. p. 45–9.
Canales K´ana DH. Virus del distemper canino: Revisión actualizada del agente y la patogenia de la enfermedad. 2020;46. Available from: https://cybertesis.unmsm.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.12672/12267/Canales_kd.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Codina MG, de Cueto M, Vicente D, Echevarría JE, Prats G. Microbiological diagnosis of central nervous system infections. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2011;29(2):127–34.
Zachary JF. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. 2017.
Headley SA, Shirota K, Baba T, Ikeda T, Sukura A. Diagnostic exercise: Tyzzer’s disease, distemper, and coccidiosis in a pup. Vet Pathol. 2010;46(1):151–4.
Åkerstedt J, Lillehaug A, Larsen IL, Eide NE, Arnemo JM, Handeland K. Serosurvey for canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus, leptospira interrogans, andtoxoplasma gondii in free-ranging canids in Scandinavia And Svalbard. J Wildl Dis. 2010;46(2):474–80.
Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Wohlsein P. Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus-an update. One Health [Internet]. 2015; 1:49–59. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.09.002
Megid J, Teixeira CR, Cortez A, Heinemann MB, Antunes JMAP, Fornazari F, et al. Canine distemper virus infection in a lesser grison (Galictis cuja): First report and virus phylogeny. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira. 2013;33(2):247–50.
Zhao N, Li M, Luo J, Wang S, Liu S, Wang S, et al. Impacts of canine distemper virus infection on the giant panda population from the perspective of gut microbiota. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2017;7(November 2016):1–10. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep39954
Bunting B. Canine Distemper and Raccoons. 2019;15–8. Available from: https://cwhl.vet.cornell.edu/article/canine-distemper-and-raccoons
Debesa Belizário Granjeiro M, Lima Kavasaki M, Morgado TO, Avelino Dandolini Pavelegini L, Alves de Barros M, Fontana C, et al. First report of a canine morbillivirus infection in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in Brazil. Vet Med Sci. 2020;6(3):606–11.
Michelazzo M de MZ, de Oliveira TES, Viana NE, de Moraes W, Cubas ZS, Headley SA. Immunohistochemical evidence of canine morbillivirus (canine distemper) infection in coatis (Nasua nasua) from Southern Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020;67(S2):178–84.
Jubb K& P. Pathology of domestic animals: Sixth edition. Vol. 1, Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer’s Pathology of Domestic Animals: Sixth Edition. 2015. 1–798 p.
Abdullah N, Kelly JT, Graham SC, Birch J, Gonçalves-Carneiro D, Mitchell T, et al. Structure-Guided Identification of a Nonhuman Morbillivirus with Zoonotic Potential. J Virol. 2018;92(23).
Schumaker BA, Miller MM, Grosdidier P, Cavender JL, Montgomery DL, Cornish TE, et al. Canine distemper outbreak in pet store puppies linked to a high-volume dog breeder. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2012;24(6):1094–8.
Vila Nova B, Cunha E, Sepúlveda N, Oliveira M, São Braz B, Tavares L, et al. Evaluation of the humoral immune response induced by vaccination for canine distemper and parvovirus: A pilot study. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):1–8.
Cunha RDS, da Silva Junior CL, Costa CA, de Aguiar HM, Junqueira Júnior DG. Comparison of immunity against canine distemper, adenovirus and parvovirus after vaccination with two multivalent canine vaccines. Vet Med Sci. 2020;6(3):330–4.
Headley SA, Oliveira TES, Pereira AHT, Moreira JR, Michelazzo MMZ, Pires BG, et al. Canine morbillivirus (canine distemper virus) with concomitant canine adenovirus, canine parvovirus-2, and Neospora caninum in puppies: a retrospective immunohistochemical study. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1–16.
Amude AM, Alfieri AA, Arias MVB, Alfieri AF. Clinical syndromes of nervous distemper in dogs initially presented without conventional evidences of CDV infection. Semina:Ciencias Agrarias. 2012;33(6):2347–57.
Awad R. Rapid Approaches for Diagnosis of Canine Distemper Virus in Live and Dead Dogs in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2019;50(1):47–56.
Taques IIGG, Morgado TO, Braga ÍA, Paz RCR, Corrêa SHR, Fritzen JTT, et al. Antibodies against canine distemper virus, parvovirus and Ehrlichia spp. in wild captive carnivores in midwestern Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira. 2018;38(8):1681–4.
Vergara-Wilson V, Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Sanchez CR, Abarca MJ, Navarro C, Celis-Diez S, et al. Canine distemper outbreak by natural infection in a group of vaccinated maned wolves in captivity. Pathogens. 2021;10(1):1–8.
Tozato C de C, Zadra VF, Basso CR, Araújo Junior JP. Canine distemper virus detection by different methods of One-Step RT-qPCR. Ciência Rural. 2016;46(9):1601–6.
M. Asok Kumar BMI, N. R. Senthil AR, T. Devi KS, Revathi P. Kinetics of Maternal Derived Antibody Status against Canine Distemper in Pups. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2021;10(11).
Segura-Ochoa JJ, García-Díaz JR, Aldaz-Cardenas JW, Fimia-Duarte R, Iannacone J, Aldaz-Cardenas NG, et al. INCIDENCIA CLÍNICO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DEL DISTEMPER CANINO EN EL CANTÓN GUARANDA, PROVINCIA BOLÍVAR, ECUADOR. The Biologist. 2017;1(2).
Raurell X, Laporta M. MENINGO-ENCÉFAlO-MIElITIS PROVOCADA POR El VIRUS DEL MOQUIllO: 5 CASOS CLÍNICOS.
Munson L, Terio KA, Kock R, Mlengeya T, Roelke ME, Dubovi E, et al. Climate extremes promote fatal co-infections during canine distemper epidemics in African lions. PLoS One. 2008;3(6):5–10.
Carvalho OV, Botelho CV, Ferreira CGT, Scherer PO, Soares-Martins JAP, Almeida MR, et al. Immunopathogenic and neurological mechanisms of canine distemper virus. Adv Virol. 2021;2012(October 2014).
Buña T. Diagnóstico comparativo de moquillo en caninos (Canis lupus familiaris) machos y hembras mediante la técnica ELISA cuantitativa y ELISA cualitativa. Universidad Politécnica Salesiana De Cuenca [Internet]. 2019; Available from: https://dspace.ups.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/17819/1/UPS-CT008428.pdf
Fernandes Alfieri A, Mendes Amude A, Alcindo Alfier A. The nervous form of canine distemper. Veterinária e Zootecnia. 2018;13(2):125–36.
Maboni G, Seguel M, Lorton A, Berghaus R, Sanchez S. Canine infectious respiratory disease: New insights into the etiology and epidemiology of associated pathogens. PLoS One. 2019;14(4).
Torres González-Chávez M, Peraza-González B, Díaz-Rodríguez S, Camacho-Socarrás C, Vega-Rodríguez N, Vega-Cañizares E. Clinical characterization of the canine distemper in two municipalities of Havana. Rev Salud Anim. 2017;39(1):2224–4697.
Vielmo A, Schwertz CI, Piva MM, Echenique JVZ, de Lorenzo C, Surita LE, et al. Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) migration in a white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) with concurrent distemper virus in southern Brazil. Parasitol Res. 2022;121(5).
GÜLERSOY E, OK M, SEVİNÇ M, DURGUT MK, NASERİ A. A Case of A 13-Year-Old Dog with Old Dog Encephalitis: A Rare Form of Canine Distemper. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal. 2020;
Seehusen F, Al-Azreg SA, Raddatz BB, Haist V, Puff C, Spitzbarth I, et al. Accumulation of extracellular matrix in advanced lesions of canine distemper demyelinating encephalitis. PLoS One. 2016;11(7).
Pan Y, Wang S, Li P, Yue F, Zhang Y, Pan B, et al. Apoptotic investigation of brain tissue cells in dogs naturally infected by canine distemper virus. Virol J. 2021;18(1).
augusto plazas Hernandez F. Incidencia de algunas enfermedades sistemicas en el cambio de la presión intraocular (PIO) en caninos. Vol. 3, Repositorio universidad del tolima. Universidad del Tolima; 2007.
Coyo N, Leiva M, Peña MT. Abordaje clínico de la ceguera aguda en el perro. Barcelona, España; 2011.
Smith SM, Westermeyer HD, Mariani CL, Gilger BC, Davidson MG. Optic neuritis in dogs: 96 cases (1983-2016). Vet Ophthalmol. 2018;21(5):442–51.
Martella V, Elia G, Buonavoglia C. Vaccination Guidelines Group. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice [Internet]. 2014;38(4):787–97. Available from: https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/WSAVA-VGG-Pictorial-Fact-Sheets-June-2015.pdf
Trogu T, Canziani S, Salvato S, Bianchi A, Bertoletti I, Gibelli LR, et al. Canine distemper outbreaks in wild carnivores in Northern Italy. Viruses. 2021;13(1).
Ricci I, Cersini A, Manna G, Marcario GA, Conti R, Brocherel G, et al. A canine distemper virus retrospective study conducted from 2011 to 2019 in central italy (Latium and tuscany regions). Viruses. 2021;13(2).
Hayet S, Sujan KM, Mustari A, Miah MA. Hemato-biochemical profile of turkey birds selected from Sherpur district of Bangladesh. Int J Adv Res Biol Sci [Internet]. 2021;8(6):1–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2021.08.06.001
Moises G. Caracterización clínica y de laboratorio de pacientes sugerentes a distemper canino. Universidad de San Carlos; 2017.
Geering WA, Smith FS. Canine Distemper. Aust Vet J. 2015;44(1):14.
Sánchez Sharon Elizabeth Murillo. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA SOBRE LAS DOS PRINCIPALES ENFERMEDADES VIRALES QUE AFECTAN A CANINOS EN ECUADOR : ACTUALIZACIÓN DE TRATAMIENTOS. MACHALA; 2021 Oct.
Ángel M, Hidalgo G, Rubio MO. Estrés oxidativo y antioxidantes. Av Investig Agropecu. 2018;22(1).
Feijoo S, Ricart MC, Marina L, Passeri MC, Suraniti A. Vómito, sialorrea y regurgitación como signos clínicos de convulsiones epilépticas focales autonómicas en tres perros. Rev Med Vet (Bogota). 2020;1(41).
Le V, Dolganyuk V, Sukhikh A, Babich O, Ivanova S, Prosekov A, et al. Phytochemical analysis of symphytum officinale root culture extract. Applied Sciences (Switzerland). 2021;11(10).
Smith GP, Chan ESL. Fármacos inmunomoduladores. In: Inmunología Clínica: principios y práctica. 2020.
Li S fang, Zhao F rong, Shao J jun, Xie Y li, Chang H yun, Zhang Y guang. Interferon-omega: Current status in clinical applications. Vol. 52, International Immunopharmacology. 2017.
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 29 p.
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, Ibagué
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Medicina veterinaria y zootecnia
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Ibagué
institution Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/0a4c30d2-dbb9-4d2a-8208-1761fd1ab5a0/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/3e7d555a-4f9d-4a86-8145-7b3186362eb7/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/1a0dd62d-e978-4568-bb73-fcc1b3738c67/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/b446217a-4d07-4b68-8b32-793c342fb2c0/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/7253f444-2e80-4d92-96df-bbfeb24e42d9/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/a8d31566-25d4-480e-a520-54c012a29e92/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/2dda001b-a562-44f4-8e59-837948b9b899/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/c2ea3348-b714-42bd-b136-ca3228a161b1/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/dfc2cae7-4a3d-41e0-8c4a-addf415632ee/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/4c3eb2e9-dcf1-460e-bd66-93f1b6e5363f/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv e75cf1cd3f46c49496bc30ce4bcbac32
8480dd60298e9ac4d51d1ea77441b158
8d4f7ac2ba0d80662359d943f9696508
8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33
aff77011cd956519c6d0fa72ae29c82d
8c78accfd8aa719e547c624f1786b018
52e96337457895bfc26d8f8b37431cd7
9d49af3d78409705e221db7279b4ef00
da393513b6ad2e3b5bfbe2777bfd5d37
d0137d04d6bd41c29c71d3f01b1971b0
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_ 1814246685458563072
spelling Padilla Barreto, Mónica YamileBeltrán Jimenéz, David Alejandro2022-09-20T18:17:46Z2022-09-20T18:17:46Z2022-09-09https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/46450Beltrán Jiménez, D. A. (2022). Importancia clínica del distemper canino: una revisión. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/46450El VDC es causado por un Morbillivirus de la familia Paramyxoviridae similar al virus del sarampión humano, es una enfermedad grave y potencialmente mortal con distribución mundial. El agente causal del VDC puede llegar a infectar a caninos de todas las edades y razas, siendo más predisponentes los cachorros; la diseminación se realiza a través de las secreciones biológicas, siendo la puerta de entrada el epitelio respiratorio superior, afectando principalmente a los linfocitos y macrófagos, generando como resultado una fuerte inmunosupresión. Los signos clínicos presentados son esencialmente en los sistemas respiratorio, gastrointestinal y nervioso central. El virus se transmite fácilmente entre huéspedes susceptibles y el canino sigue siendo el reservorio más importante de la infección, convirtiéndose en la enfermedad viral más conocida, temida y con la más alta prevalencia en caninos, causando más morbilidad y mortalidad que cualquier otro virus en caninos.CDV is caused by a Morbillivirus of the Paramyxoviridae family like to the human measles virus, it is a serious and deadly disease with worldwide distribution. The causal agent of CDV can infect canines of all ages and breeds, with puppies being more predisposed; the dissemination is carried out through biological secretions, the entrance door being the upper respiratory epithelium, hitting mainly the lymphocytes and macrophages, discovering as a result a strong immunosuppression. The clinical signs presented are frequent in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems. The virus is easily transmitted between susceptible hosts and the canine remains the most important reservoir of infection, becoming the most well-known, feared and most prevalent viral disease in canines, causing more morbidity and mortality than any other virus in canines1. Resumen. -- 2. Abstract. -- 3. Introducción. -- 4. Historia. -- 5. Etiología. -- 6. Epidemiologia. -- 7. Patogenia. -- 8. Signos clínicos. -- 9. Signos sistémicos. -- 10. Signos neurológicos. -- 11. Signos oculares. -- 12. Tipos de infección. -- 13. Infección neonatal. -- 14. Infección transplacentaria. -- 15. Diagnóstico. -- 16. Curso y pronostico. -- 17. Tratamiento. -- 18. Discusión. -- 19. Referencias.david.beltranj@campusucc.edu.co29 p.Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, IbaguéMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaIbaguéVirus del distemper canino (VDC)Fiebre catarral infecciosa caninaEnfermedad viralInmunosupresiónTG 2022 MVZ 46450Canine distemper virus (CDV)Infectious canine catarrhal feverViral diseaseImmunosuppressionImportancia clínica del distemper canino: una revisiónTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Guerrero Castro MC. Principales enfermedades Infecciosas de los mamíferos domésticos. Primera. del Tolima Universidad, editor. Bogota : 2009; 2009. 1–311 p.Céspedes PF, Cruz P, Navarro CO. Modulación de la respuesta inmune durante la infección por virus distemper canino: implicancias terapéuticas y en el desarrollo de vacunas Modulation of immune response during canine distemper virus infection : therapeutic and vaccine development implica. Arch Med Vet [Internet]. 2010; 42:15–28. Available from: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/amv/v42n2/art03.pdfPrager KC, Mazet JAK, Dubovi EJ, Frank LG, Munson L, Wagner AP, et al. Rabies virus and canine distemper virus in wild and domestic carnivores in Northern Kenya: Are domestic dogs the reservoir? Ecohealth. 2012;9(4).Woma TY, van Vuuren M, Bosman AM, Quan M, Oosthuizen M. Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of current wild-type canine distemper viruses from South Africa: Lineage Africa. Vet Microbiol. 2010;143(2–4).Viana M, Cleaveland S, Matthiopoulos J, Halliday J, Packer C, Craft ME, et al. Dynamics of a morbillivirus at the domestic -wildlife interface: Canine distemper virus in domestic dogs and lions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(5).Davidson-Phillips S, Davidson-Phillips P, Canning G, Schroder B, Swart J, Burger A. Canine Distemper Virus Management in Lions (Panthera leo) on Welgevonden Game Reserve. Afr J Wildl Res. 2019;49(1).Butina T v., Denikina NN, Belikov SI. Canine distemper virus diversity in Lake Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica) population. Vet Microbiol. 2010;144(1–2).Bauer KL, Goertz CEC, Belovarac JA, Walton RW, Lawrence Dunn J, Tuomi P. Infectious disease and toxicological monitoring of stranded pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) in cook inlet as surrogates for monitoring endangered belugas (Delphinapterus leucas). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2016;47(3).Stokholm I, Puryear W, Sawatzki K, Knudsen SW, Terkelsen T, Becher P, et al. Emergence and radiation of distemper viruses in terrestrial and marine mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2021;288(1961).Pinotti MA. Distemper Canino: Evaluación De Dos Alternativas Terapéuticas Y Caracterización De Aspectos Clínico-Epidemiológico En La Ciudad De Santa Fe. Universidad Nacional del Litorial. 2011;1–114.Rohowsky-Kochan C, Davidow A, Dowling P, Cook SD. Increased frequency of canine distemper virus-specific antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav. 2021;11(1):1–9.The Center for Food Security and Public Health. Peste De Los Pequeños Rumiantes (Ppr). Iowa State University. 2010;(17).Quintero-Gil C, Rendon-Marin S, Martinez-Gutierrez M, Ruiz-Saenz J. Origin of canine distemper virus: Consolidating evidence to understand potential zoonoses. Front Microbiol. 2019;10(AUG):1–5.Soto AR, Luna LRE, Rosadio RA, Maturrano LH. Molecular detection of canine distemper virus in clinical cases from unvaccinated domestic dogs and assessment of risk factors. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Peru. 2018;29(3):964–71.de Vries RD, Paul Duprex W, de Swart RL. Morbillivirus infections: An introduction. Viruses. 2015;7(2):699–706.Hospital XR, Molins V, Feliz G. Actualización en el diagnóstico del moquillo canino neurológico. 2018 Dec 24 [cited 2022 Aug 23]; Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329894324Lempp C, Spitzbarth I, Puff C, Cana A, Kegler K, Techangamsuwan S, et al. New aspects of the pathogenesis of canine distemper leukoencephalitis. Viruses. 2014;6(7).Loots AK, Mitchell E, Dalton DL, Kotzé A, Venter EH. Advances in canine distemper virus pathogenesis research: A wildlife perspective. Journal of General Virology. 2017;98(3):311–21.Garde E, Pérez G, Acosta-Jamett G, Bronsvoort BM. Characteristics of a canine distemper virus outbreak in Dichato, Chile following the February 2010 earthquake. Animals. 2013;3(3):843–54.Sanekata T, Fukuda T, Miura T, Morino H, Lee C, Maeda K, et al. Evaluation of the antiviral activity of chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite against feline calicivirus, human influenza virus, measles virus, canine distemper virus, human herpesvirus, human adenovirus, canine adenovirus and canine parvovirus. Vol. 15, Biocontrol Science. 2010. p. 45–9.Canales K´ana DH. Virus del distemper canino: Revisión actualizada del agente y la patogenia de la enfermedad. 2020;46. Available from: https://cybertesis.unmsm.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.12672/12267/Canales_kd.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yCodina MG, de Cueto M, Vicente D, Echevarría JE, Prats G. Microbiological diagnosis of central nervous system infections. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2011;29(2):127–34.Zachary JF. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. 2017.Headley SA, Shirota K, Baba T, Ikeda T, Sukura A. Diagnostic exercise: Tyzzer’s disease, distemper, and coccidiosis in a pup. Vet Pathol. 2010;46(1):151–4.Åkerstedt J, Lillehaug A, Larsen IL, Eide NE, Arnemo JM, Handeland K. Serosurvey for canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus, leptospira interrogans, andtoxoplasma gondii in free-ranging canids in Scandinavia And Svalbard. J Wildl Dis. 2010;46(2):474–80.Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Wohlsein P. Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus-an update. One Health [Internet]. 2015; 1:49–59. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.09.002Megid J, Teixeira CR, Cortez A, Heinemann MB, Antunes JMAP, Fornazari F, et al. Canine distemper virus infection in a lesser grison (Galictis cuja): First report and virus phylogeny. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira. 2013;33(2):247–50.Zhao N, Li M, Luo J, Wang S, Liu S, Wang S, et al. Impacts of canine distemper virus infection on the giant panda population from the perspective of gut microbiota. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2017;7(November 2016):1–10. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep39954Bunting B. Canine Distemper and Raccoons. 2019;15–8. Available from: https://cwhl.vet.cornell.edu/article/canine-distemper-and-raccoonsDebesa Belizário Granjeiro M, Lima Kavasaki M, Morgado TO, Avelino Dandolini Pavelegini L, Alves de Barros M, Fontana C, et al. First report of a canine morbillivirus infection in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in Brazil. Vet Med Sci. 2020;6(3):606–11.Michelazzo M de MZ, de Oliveira TES, Viana NE, de Moraes W, Cubas ZS, Headley SA. Immunohistochemical evidence of canine morbillivirus (canine distemper) infection in coatis (Nasua nasua) from Southern Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020;67(S2):178–84.Jubb K& P. Pathology of domestic animals: Sixth edition. Vol. 1, Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer’s Pathology of Domestic Animals: Sixth Edition. 2015. 1–798 p.Abdullah N, Kelly JT, Graham SC, Birch J, Gonçalves-Carneiro D, Mitchell T, et al. Structure-Guided Identification of a Nonhuman Morbillivirus with Zoonotic Potential. J Virol. 2018;92(23).Schumaker BA, Miller MM, Grosdidier P, Cavender JL, Montgomery DL, Cornish TE, et al. Canine distemper outbreak in pet store puppies linked to a high-volume dog breeder. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2012;24(6):1094–8.Vila Nova B, Cunha E, Sepúlveda N, Oliveira M, São Braz B, Tavares L, et al. Evaluation of the humoral immune response induced by vaccination for canine distemper and parvovirus: A pilot study. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):1–8.Cunha RDS, da Silva Junior CL, Costa CA, de Aguiar HM, Junqueira Júnior DG. Comparison of immunity against canine distemper, adenovirus and parvovirus after vaccination with two multivalent canine vaccines. Vet Med Sci. 2020;6(3):330–4.Headley SA, Oliveira TES, Pereira AHT, Moreira JR, Michelazzo MMZ, Pires BG, et al. Canine morbillivirus (canine distemper virus) with concomitant canine adenovirus, canine parvovirus-2, and Neospora caninum in puppies: a retrospective immunohistochemical study. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1–16.Amude AM, Alfieri AA, Arias MVB, Alfieri AF. Clinical syndromes of nervous distemper in dogs initially presented without conventional evidences of CDV infection. Semina:Ciencias Agrarias. 2012;33(6):2347–57.Awad R. Rapid Approaches for Diagnosis of Canine Distemper Virus in Live and Dead Dogs in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2019;50(1):47–56.Taques IIGG, Morgado TO, Braga ÍA, Paz RCR, Corrêa SHR, Fritzen JTT, et al. Antibodies against canine distemper virus, parvovirus and Ehrlichia spp. in wild captive carnivores in midwestern Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira. 2018;38(8):1681–4.Vergara-Wilson V, Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Sanchez CR, Abarca MJ, Navarro C, Celis-Diez S, et al. Canine distemper outbreak by natural infection in a group of vaccinated maned wolves in captivity. Pathogens. 2021;10(1):1–8.Tozato C de C, Zadra VF, Basso CR, Araújo Junior JP. Canine distemper virus detection by different methods of One-Step RT-qPCR. Ciência Rural. 2016;46(9):1601–6.M. Asok Kumar BMI, N. R. Senthil AR, T. Devi KS, Revathi P. Kinetics of Maternal Derived Antibody Status against Canine Distemper in Pups. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2021;10(11).Segura-Ochoa JJ, García-Díaz JR, Aldaz-Cardenas JW, Fimia-Duarte R, Iannacone J, Aldaz-Cardenas NG, et al. INCIDENCIA CLÍNICO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DEL DISTEMPER CANINO EN EL CANTÓN GUARANDA, PROVINCIA BOLÍVAR, ECUADOR. The Biologist. 2017;1(2).Raurell X, Laporta M. MENINGO-ENCÉFAlO-MIElITIS PROVOCADA POR El VIRUS DEL MOQUIllO: 5 CASOS CLÍNICOS.Munson L, Terio KA, Kock R, Mlengeya T, Roelke ME, Dubovi E, et al. Climate extremes promote fatal co-infections during canine distemper epidemics in African lions. PLoS One. 2008;3(6):5–10.Carvalho OV, Botelho CV, Ferreira CGT, Scherer PO, Soares-Martins JAP, Almeida MR, et al. Immunopathogenic and neurological mechanisms of canine distemper virus. Adv Virol. 2021;2012(October 2014).Buña T. Diagnóstico comparativo de moquillo en caninos (Canis lupus familiaris) machos y hembras mediante la técnica ELISA cuantitativa y ELISA cualitativa. Universidad Politécnica Salesiana De Cuenca [Internet]. 2019; Available from: https://dspace.ups.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/17819/1/UPS-CT008428.pdfFernandes Alfieri A, Mendes Amude A, Alcindo Alfier A. The nervous form of canine distemper. Veterinária e Zootecnia. 2018;13(2):125–36.Maboni G, Seguel M, Lorton A, Berghaus R, Sanchez S. Canine infectious respiratory disease: New insights into the etiology and epidemiology of associated pathogens. PLoS One. 2019;14(4).Torres González-Chávez M, Peraza-González B, Díaz-Rodríguez S, Camacho-Socarrás C, Vega-Rodríguez N, Vega-Cañizares E. Clinical characterization of the canine distemper in two municipalities of Havana. Rev Salud Anim. 2017;39(1):2224–4697.Vielmo A, Schwertz CI, Piva MM, Echenique JVZ, de Lorenzo C, Surita LE, et al. Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) migration in a white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) with concurrent distemper virus in southern Brazil. Parasitol Res. 2022;121(5).GÜLERSOY E, OK M, SEVİNÇ M, DURGUT MK, NASERİ A. A Case of A 13-Year-Old Dog with Old Dog Encephalitis: A Rare Form of Canine Distemper. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal. 2020;Seehusen F, Al-Azreg SA, Raddatz BB, Haist V, Puff C, Spitzbarth I, et al. Accumulation of extracellular matrix in advanced lesions of canine distemper demyelinating encephalitis. PLoS One. 2016;11(7).Pan Y, Wang S, Li P, Yue F, Zhang Y, Pan B, et al. Apoptotic investigation of brain tissue cells in dogs naturally infected by canine distemper virus. Virol J. 2021;18(1).augusto plazas Hernandez F. Incidencia de algunas enfermedades sistemicas en el cambio de la presión intraocular (PIO) en caninos. Vol. 3, Repositorio universidad del tolima. Universidad del Tolima; 2007.Coyo N, Leiva M, Peña MT. Abordaje clínico de la ceguera aguda en el perro. Barcelona, España; 2011.Smith SM, Westermeyer HD, Mariani CL, Gilger BC, Davidson MG. Optic neuritis in dogs: 96 cases (1983-2016). Vet Ophthalmol. 2018;21(5):442–51.Martella V, Elia G, Buonavoglia C. Vaccination Guidelines Group. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice [Internet]. 2014;38(4):787–97. Available from: https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/WSAVA-VGG-Pictorial-Fact-Sheets-June-2015.pdfTrogu T, Canziani S, Salvato S, Bianchi A, Bertoletti I, Gibelli LR, et al. Canine distemper outbreaks in wild carnivores in Northern Italy. Viruses. 2021;13(1).Ricci I, Cersini A, Manna G, Marcario GA, Conti R, Brocherel G, et al. A canine distemper virus retrospective study conducted from 2011 to 2019 in central italy (Latium and tuscany regions). Viruses. 2021;13(2).Hayet S, Sujan KM, Mustari A, Miah MA. Hemato-biochemical profile of turkey birds selected from Sherpur district of Bangladesh. Int J Adv Res Biol Sci [Internet]. 2021;8(6):1–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2021.08.06.001Moises G. Caracterización clínica y de laboratorio de pacientes sugerentes a distemper canino. Universidad de San Carlos; 2017.Geering WA, Smith FS. Canine Distemper. Aust Vet J. 2015;44(1):14.Sánchez Sharon Elizabeth Murillo. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA SOBRE LAS DOS PRINCIPALES ENFERMEDADES VIRALES QUE AFECTAN A CANINOS EN ECUADOR : ACTUALIZACIÓN DE TRATAMIENTOS. MACHALA; 2021 Oct.Ángel M, Hidalgo G, Rubio MO. Estrés oxidativo y antioxidantes. Av Investig Agropecu. 2018;22(1).Feijoo S, Ricart MC, Marina L, Passeri MC, Suraniti A. Vómito, sialorrea y regurgitación como signos clínicos de convulsiones epilépticas focales autonómicas en tres perros. Rev Med Vet (Bogota). 2020;1(41).Le V, Dolganyuk V, Sukhikh A, Babich O, Ivanova S, Prosekov A, et al. Phytochemical analysis of symphytum officinale root culture extract. Applied Sciences (Switzerland). 2021;11(10).Smith GP, Chan ESL. Fármacos inmunomoduladores. In: Inmunología Clínica: principios y práctica. 2020.Li S fang, Zhao F rong, Shao J jun, Xie Y li, Chang H yun, Zhang Y guang. Interferon-omega: Current status in clinical applications. Vol. 52, International Immunopharmacology. 2017.PublicationORIGINAL2022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino.pdf2022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino.pdfapplication/pdf459503https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/0a4c30d2-dbb9-4d2a-8208-1761fd1ab5a0/downloade75cf1cd3f46c49496bc30ce4bcbac32MD512022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino-ActaGrado.pdf2022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino-ActaGrado.pdfapplication/pdf142477https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/3e7d555a-4f9d-4a86-8145-7b3186362eb7/download8480dd60298e9ac4d51d1ea77441b158MD522022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf2022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdfapplication/pdf212121https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/1a0dd62d-e978-4568-bb73-fcc1b3738c67/download8d4f7ac2ba0d80662359d943f9696508MD53LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/b446217a-4d07-4b68-8b32-793c342fb2c0/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD54THUMBNAIL2022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino.pdf.jpg2022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg2873https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/7253f444-2e80-4d92-96df-bbfeb24e42d9/downloadaff77011cd956519c6d0fa72ae29c82dMD552022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino-ActaGrado.pdf.jpg2022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino-ActaGrado.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4801https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/a8d31566-25d4-480e-a520-54c012a29e92/download8c78accfd8aa719e547c624f1786b018MD562022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.jpg2022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5275https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/2dda001b-a562-44f4-8e59-837948b9b899/download52e96337457895bfc26d8f8b37431cd7MD57TEXT2022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino.pdf.txt2022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain58064https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/c2ea3348-b714-42bd-b136-ca3228a161b1/download9d49af3d78409705e221db7279b4ef00MD582022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino-ActaGrado.pdf.txt2022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino-ActaGrado.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain2024https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/dfc2cae7-4a3d-41e0-8c4a-addf415632ee/downloadda393513b6ad2e3b5bfbe2777bfd5d37MD592022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.txt2022_BeltránDavid_Importancia_clínica_distemper_canino-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain5773https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/4c3eb2e9-dcf1-460e-bd66-93f1b6e5363f/downloadd0137d04d6bd41c29c71d3f01b1971b0MD51020.500.12494/46450oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/464502024-08-09 12:54:23.966open.accesshttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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