Revisión sistemática con base a estudios sobre N. canium en la especie bovina en Latinoamérica
Neospora caninum es un protozoo asociado a pérdidas gestacionales, muerte embrionaria y neonatal en bovinos, considerándose como uno de los agentes etiológicos más importantes en los sistemas de producción bovina. El propósito de este trabajo fue ilustrar el estado actual de N. caninum en bovinos de...
- Autores:
-
Pelaez Castellanos, Maria José
Quintero Pabuence, Diana
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UCC
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/56153
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/56153
- Palabra clave:
- Aborto bovino
Neosporosis en vacas
Metaanálisis de Neospora
Bovine abortion
Neosporosis in cows
Neospora meta-analysis
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
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Revisión sistemática con base a estudios sobre N. canium en la especie bovina en Latinoamérica |
| title |
Revisión sistemática con base a estudios sobre N. canium en la especie bovina en Latinoamérica |
| spellingShingle |
Revisión sistemática con base a estudios sobre N. canium en la especie bovina en Latinoamérica Aborto bovino Neosporosis en vacas Metaanálisis de Neospora Bovine abortion Neosporosis in cows Neospora meta-analysis |
| title_short |
Revisión sistemática con base a estudios sobre N. canium en la especie bovina en Latinoamérica |
| title_full |
Revisión sistemática con base a estudios sobre N. canium en la especie bovina en Latinoamérica |
| title_fullStr |
Revisión sistemática con base a estudios sobre N. canium en la especie bovina en Latinoamérica |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Revisión sistemática con base a estudios sobre N. canium en la especie bovina en Latinoamérica |
| title_sort |
Revisión sistemática con base a estudios sobre N. canium en la especie bovina en Latinoamérica |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Pelaez Castellanos, Maria José Quintero Pabuence, Diana |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Crosby Granado, Rene Alejandro |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Pelaez Castellanos, Maria José Quintero Pabuence, Diana |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Aborto bovino Neosporosis en vacas Metaanálisis de Neospora |
| topic |
Aborto bovino Neosporosis en vacas Metaanálisis de Neospora Bovine abortion Neosporosis in cows Neospora meta-analysis |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Bovine abortion Neosporosis in cows Neospora meta-analysis |
| description |
Neospora caninum es un protozoo asociado a pérdidas gestacionales, muerte embrionaria y neonatal en bovinos, considerándose como uno de los agentes etiológicos más importantes en los sistemas de producción bovina. El propósito de este trabajo fue ilustrar el estado actual de N. caninum en bovinos de la región Latinoamericana durante los años 2000 y 2023. Se recopilaron 36 artículos, los países con mayores estudios fueron: Brasil (15), Argentina (8), Colombia (4), Uruguay (2), Perú (2), Paraguay (1), Ecuador (1), Chile (1), Venezuela (1) y México (1). La prevalencia de Neosporosis se estimó: Brasil (7,6 - 91,2%), Argentina (17,1 - 28,6%), Chile (17 - 21,1%), Perú (12 - 20,6%), Colombia (20,6 - 73,5%), Uruguay (22,3 - 61,3%), Venezuela (28,1 - 44%) y Ecuador (23,4%). Algunas variables asociadas al riesgo a la presencia del parásito fueron: abortos (OR: 5,3; IC: 2,8-9,9; p: <0,001), bovinos introducidos de otros predios (OR: 1,72; IC: 1,26-2,33; p: <0.001), ordeño manual (OR: 1,73; IC: 1,23-2,42; p: 0.001) y edad > 3 años (OR: 1,70; IC: 1,11-2,60; p: 0,038). Estudios de diversidad genética identificó 16 cepas en Latinoamérica; 9 en México, 4 en Argentina, 2 en Brasil y 1 en Uruguay. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de N. caninum en los sistemas de producción bovina en Latinoamérica. A pesar de los avances moleculares y el desarrollo de nuevas vacunas a través de dieciséis cepas identificadas en la región; no se ha logrado generar la inmunidad esperada para mitigar el impacto de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos se centran en diseñar programas que incluyan la adopción de medidas de prevención, control y mitigación de los factores de riesgo asociados a la manifestación de la neosporosis. Esta revisión sistemática consolida datos sobre la seroprevalencia y una amplia distribución en América Latina, es por ello por lo que se deben direccionar trabajos que permitan dilucidar aún más el rol ecosistémico de N. caninum para disminuir el impacto las pérdidas gestacionales. |
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2024 |
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2024-06-28T17:21:59Z |
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2024-06-28T17:21:59Z |
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2024-06-28 |
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Trabajo de grado - Pregrado |
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Pelaez Castellanos, M. J. y Quintero Pabuence, D. (2024). Revisión sistemática con base a estudios sobre N. canium en la especie bovina en Latinoamérica. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/56153 |
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Pelaez Castellanos, M. J. y Quintero Pabuence, D. (2024). Revisión sistemática con base a estudios sobre N. canium en la especie bovina en Latinoamérica. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/56153 |
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Aquino, C., Ramírez, S., & Acuña, V. (2020). Seroprevalencia de Neospora caninum en ganado bovino de carne de establecimientos ganaderos del Departamento de Concepción - Paraguay en el año 2020. https://doi.org/10.18004/COMPEND.CIENC.VET.2020.10.02.46 Amdouni, Y., abedennebi, I., Amairia, S., Abdelkader, A., Chandoul, W., et al. (2022). First molecular detection of Neospora caninum from naturally infected slaughtered camels in Tunisia. https://doi.org/10.1002/VMS3.901 Calandra, P. M., Di Matía, J. M., Cano, D. B., Odriozola, E. R., et al. (2014). Neosporosis epidémica y endémica: descripción de dos eventos en bovinos para cría. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0325-7541(14)70089-6 Bartels, C. J. M., van Schaik, G., Veldhuisen, J. P., et al. (2006). Effect of Neospora caninum-serostatus on culling, reproductive performance and milk production in Dutch dairy herds with and without a history of Neospora caninum-associated abortion epidemics. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PREVETMED.2006.07.003 Cabrera, A., Fresia, P., Berná, L., Silveira, C., et al. (2019). Isolation and molecular characterization of four novel Neospora caninum strains. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00436-019-06474-9 Campero, L. M., Basso, W., Moré, G., et al. (2023). Neosporosis in Argentina: Past, present and future perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VPRSR.2023.100882 Campero, L. M., Gual, I., Dellarupe, A., Schares, G., et al. (2020). Isolation of Neospora caninum from a beef cattle fetus from Argentina: Immunopathological and molecular studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VPRSR.2020.100438 Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Calero-Bernal, R., Dubey, J. P., & Gennari, S. M. (2017). All about neosporosis in Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612017045 Corrales, J. C. G., González-Herrera, L. G., López-Herrera, A., & Florez, J. C. R. (2021). Antibody seropositivity for Neospora caninum in Blanco Orejinegro cattle in Colombia and factors associated with the infection. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11250-021-02827-8 da Costa, L. S., Withoeft, J. A., Bilicki, J., et al. (2022). Neospora caninum-associated abortions in cattle from Southern Brazil: Anatomopathological and molecular characterization. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VPRSR.2022.100802 da Silva Silveira, C., Armendano, J. I., Moore, D. P., et al. (2020). [A comparative study of commercial ELISAs for antibody detection in the diagnostic investigation of Neospora caninum-associated abortion in dairy cattle herds in Uruguay]. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RAM.2019.06.004 de Aquino Diniz, L. V., Minutti, A. F., et al. (2019). Vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in bovine fetuses from a slaughterhouse in Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11250-019-01828-Y de Barros, L. D., Bogado, A. L. G., Furlan, D., et al. (2021). Effects of Neospora caninum on reproductive parameters in dairy cows from a closed herd in Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VPRSR.2020.100524 de Oliveira, R. P., Soares, N. M., da Silva, J. G., et al. (2018). Occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle in the dairy farming region of the state of Piauí, Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-296120180046 Filho, P. C., Ribeiro-Andrade, M., Dos Santos, J. F., et al. (2021). Neospora caninum infection in cattle in the state of Amazonas, Brazil: seroprevalence, spatial distribution and risk factors. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-296120201083 Gädicke, P., & Monti, G. (2008). Aspectos epidemiológicos y de análisis del síndrome de aborto bovino. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0301-732X2008000300002 Goodswen, S. J., Kennedy, P. J., & Ellis, J. T. (2013). A review of the infection, genetics, and evolution of Neospora caninum: from the past to the present. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MEEGID.2012.08.012 Idarraga-Bedoya, S. E., Álvarez-Chica, J., Bonilla-Aldana, et al. (2020). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in cattle from Pereira, Colombia. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VPRSR.2020.100469 Linarez, N. M. (2012). Estudio de la neosporosis bovina en ganado lechero de venezuela. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=264218 Llano, H. A. B., Guimarães, M. S., Soares, R. M., et al. (2018). Seroprevalence and risk factors for Neospora caninum infection in cattle from the eastern Antioquia, Colombia. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VAS.2018.03.001 Locatelli Dittrich, R., Regidor-Cerrillo., et al. (2018). Isolation of Neospora caninum from kidney and brain of a bovine foetus and molecular characterization in Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EXPPARA.2018.01.004 Macchi, M. V., Suanes, A., Salaberry, X., et al. (2020). Epidemiological study of neosporosis in Uruguayan dairy herds. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PREVETMED.2020.105022 Macedo, C. A. B., De Macedo, M. F., et al (2017). Occurrence of abortions induced by Neospora caninum in dairy cattle from Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612017051 Magalhães, V. C. S., Oliveira, U. V., Costa, S. C. L., et al. (2014). Transmission paths of Neospora caninum in a dairy herd of crossbred cattle in the northeast of Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETPAR.2014.01.018 Maldonado Rivera, J. E., Vallecillo, A. J., Pérez, C. L., et al. (2020). Bovine neosporosis in dairy cattle from the southern highlands of Ecuador. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VPRSR.2020.100377 Marian, L., Withoeft, J. A., da Silva Costa, L., et al. (2023). Causes of fetal death in the Flemish cattle herd in Brazil. https://doi.org/10.14202/VETWORLD.2023.766-772 McAllister, M. M. (2016). Diagnosis and Control of Bovine Neosporosis. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CVFA.2016.01.012 Medina-Esparza, L., Regidor-Cerrillo, J., et al. (2016). Genetic characterization of Neospora caninum from aborted bovine foetuses in Aguascalientes, Mexico. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETPAR.2016.09.009 Méndez-Ramírez, P., Marín-Henao, J., Góngora-Orjuela, A., et al. (2020). Detection of antibodies against Neospora caninum in canines in the urban and rural area of Cumaral, Meta, Colombia. https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.1879 Monney, T., Grandgirard, D., Leib, S. L., & Hemphill, A. (2013). Use of a Th1 Stimulator Adjuvant for Vaccination against Neospora caninum Infection in the Pregnant Mouse Model. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens2020193 Moore, D. P., Echaide, I., Verna, A. E., Leunda, M. R., et al. (2011). Immune response to Neospora caninum native antigens formulated with immune stimulating complexes in calves. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETPAR.2010.10.020 Parrado, S. (2016). Prevención de la Neosporosis Bovina en Colombia. https://revistas.udca.edu.co/index.php/zoociencia/article/view/517 Pereyra, R., Mansilla, F. C., Petersen, M. I., et al. (2019). Evidence of reduced vertical transmission of Neospora caninum associated with higher IgG1 than IgG2 serum levels and presence of IFN-γ in non-aborting chronically infected cattle under natural condition. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETIMM.2019.01.001 Pereyra, W. R., Suarez, V. H., Cardoso, N., et al. (2021). [Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Neospora caninum in dairy farms from the Province of Salta, Argentina]. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RAM.2020.06.011 Perotta, J. H., de Freitas, Marcom, N. N., et al. (2021). An abortion storm in dairy cattle associated with neosporosis in southern Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612021045 Pessoa, G. A., Martini, A. P., Trentin, J. M., et al. (2016). Impact of spontaneous Neospora caninum infection on pregnancy loss and subsequent pregnancy in grazing lactating dairy cows. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.THERIOGENOLOGY.2015.09.034 Ramos, I. A., da Silva, R. J., Maciel, T. A., et al. (2016). Assessment of transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in the Agreste region of Pernambuco. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016055 Regidor-Cerrillo, J., Díez-Fuertes, F., García-Culebras, A., et al. (2013). Genetic diversity and geographic population structure of bovine Neospora caninum determined by microsatellite genotyping analysis. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0072678 Reichel, M. P., Alejandra Ayanegui-Alcérreca, M., Gondim, L. F. P., & Ellis, J. T. (2013). What is the global economic impact of Neospora caninum in cattle – The billion dollar question. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJPARA.2012.10.022 Ribeiro, C. M., Soares, I. R., Mendes, R. G., de Santis Bastos, P. A., et al. (2019). Meta-analysis of the prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine neosporosis. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01929-8 Rodríguez, A. M., Maresca, S., Cano, D. B., Armendano, J. I., et al. (2016). Frequency of Neospora caninum infections in beef cow-calf operations under extensive management. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETPAR.2016.02.002 Serrano-Martínez, M. E., Cisterna, C. A. B., Romero, R. C. E., et al. (2019). Evaluation of abortions spontaneously induced by Neospora caninum and risk factors in dairy cattle from Lima, Peru. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612019026 Schmidt, A. C., Pacheco, T. D. A., Barddal, J. E. I., et al. (2018). Seroprevalence, spatial analysis and risk factors of infection with Neospora caninum in cattle in Brazil’s northern Pantanal wetland. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-296120180058 Silva, R., & Machado, G. (2016). Canine neosporosis: perspectives on pathogenesis and management. https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S76969 Snak, A., Garcia, F. G., Lara, A. A., et al. (2018). Neospora caninum in properties in the west region of Paraná, Brazil: prevalence and risk factors. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612018001 Ståhl, K., Björkman, C., Emanuelson, U., et al. (2006). A prospective study of the effect of Neospora caninum and BVDV infections on bovine abortions in a dairy herd in Arequipa, Peru. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PREVETMED.2006.02.006 Tuemmers, C., Valenzuela, G., Nuñez, C., et al. (2017). Seroprevalencia de Neospora caninum en Bovinos de una Feria Ganadera de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile. https://doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v28i3.12680 Zambrano Varon, J y Thurmond, M. (2009). Aproximación epidemiológica para medir y entender el aborto bovino. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA. https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/28133 |
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Crosby Granado, Rene AlejandroPelaez Castellanos, Maria JoséQuintero Pabuence, Diana2024-06-28T17:21:59Z2024-06-28T17:21:59Z2024-06-28Pelaez Castellanos, M. J. y Quintero Pabuence, D. (2024). Revisión sistemática con base a estudios sobre N. canium en la especie bovina en Latinoamérica. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/56153https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/56153Neospora caninum es un protozoo asociado a pérdidas gestacionales, muerte embrionaria y neonatal en bovinos, considerándose como uno de los agentes etiológicos más importantes en los sistemas de producción bovina. El propósito de este trabajo fue ilustrar el estado actual de N. caninum en bovinos de la región Latinoamericana durante los años 2000 y 2023. Se recopilaron 36 artículos, los países con mayores estudios fueron: Brasil (15), Argentina (8), Colombia (4), Uruguay (2), Perú (2), Paraguay (1), Ecuador (1), Chile (1), Venezuela (1) y México (1). La prevalencia de Neosporosis se estimó: Brasil (7,6 - 91,2%), Argentina (17,1 - 28,6%), Chile (17 - 21,1%), Perú (12 - 20,6%), Colombia (20,6 - 73,5%), Uruguay (22,3 - 61,3%), Venezuela (28,1 - 44%) y Ecuador (23,4%). Algunas variables asociadas al riesgo a la presencia del parásito fueron: abortos (OR: 5,3; IC: 2,8-9,9; p: <0,001), bovinos introducidos de otros predios (OR: 1,72; IC: 1,26-2,33; p: <0.001), ordeño manual (OR: 1,73; IC: 1,23-2,42; p: 0.001) y edad > 3 años (OR: 1,70; IC: 1,11-2,60; p: 0,038). Estudios de diversidad genética identificó 16 cepas en Latinoamérica; 9 en México, 4 en Argentina, 2 en Brasil y 1 en Uruguay. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de N. caninum en los sistemas de producción bovina en Latinoamérica. A pesar de los avances moleculares y el desarrollo de nuevas vacunas a través de dieciséis cepas identificadas en la región; no se ha logrado generar la inmunidad esperada para mitigar el impacto de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos se centran en diseñar programas que incluyan la adopción de medidas de prevención, control y mitigación de los factores de riesgo asociados a la manifestación de la neosporosis. Esta revisión sistemática consolida datos sobre la seroprevalencia y una amplia distribución en América Latina, es por ello por lo que se deben direccionar trabajos que permitan dilucidar aún más el rol ecosistémico de N. caninum para disminuir el impacto las pérdidas gestacionales.Neospora caninum is a protozoan associated with gestational losses, embryonic and neonatal death in cattle, and is considered one of the most important etiological agents in bovine production systems. The purpose of this work was to illustrate the current status of N. caninum in cattle in the Latin American region during the years 2000 and 2023. 36 articles were compiled, the countries with the most studies were: Brazil (15), Argentina (8), Colombia (4), Uruguay (2), Peru (2), Paraguay (1), Ecuador (1), Chile (1), Venezuela (1) and Mexico (1). The prevalence of Neosporosis was estimated: Brazil (7.6 - 91.2%), Argentina (17.1 - 28.6%), Chile (17 - 21.1%), Peru (12 - 20.6%) , Colombia (20.6 - 73.5%), Uruguay (22.3 - 61.3%), Venezuela (28.1 - 44%) and Ecuador (23.4%). Some variables associated with the risk of the presence of the parasite were: abortions (OR: 5.3; CI: 2.8-9.9; p: <0.001), cattle introduced from other farms (OR: 1.72; CI: 1.26-2.33; p: <0.001), manual milking (OR: 1.73; CI: 1.23-2.42; p: 0.001) and age > 3 years (OR: 1.70; CI: : 1.11-2.60; p: 0.038). Genetic diversity studies identified 16 strains in Latin America; 9 in Mexico, 4 in Argentina, 2 in Brazil and 1 in Uruguay. The results demonstrate the importance of N. caninum in bovine production systems in Latin America. Despite molecular advances and the development of new vaccines through sixteen strains identified in the region; It has not been possible to generate the necessary protection to mitigate the impact of the disease. However, efforts are focused on designing programs that include the adoption of prevention and mitigation measures for the risk factors associated with the manifestation of neosporosis. This systematic review consolidates data on seroprevalence and a wide distribution in Latin America, which is why work should be directed to further elucidate the ecosystem role of N. caninum to reduce the impact of gestational losses.PregradoMedico Veterinario y Zootecnista14 p.application/pdfspaUniversidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, AraucaMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaCiencias de la SaludAraucaAraucahttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Revisión sistemática con base a estudios sobre N. canium en la especie bovina en LatinoaméricaTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesishttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAquino, C., Ramírez, S., & Acuña, V. (2020). 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Effect of Neospora caninum-serostatus on culling, reproductive performance and milk production in Dutch dairy herds with and without a history of Neospora caninum-associated abortion epidemics. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PREVETMED.2006.07.003Cabrera, A., Fresia, P., Berná, L., Silveira, C., et al. (2019). Isolation and molecular characterization of four novel Neospora caninum strains. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00436-019-06474-9Campero, L. M., Basso, W., Moré, G., et al. (2023). Neosporosis in Argentina: Past, present and future perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VPRSR.2023.100882Campero, L. M., Gual, I., Dellarupe, A., Schares, G., et al. (2020). Isolation of Neospora caninum from a beef cattle fetus from Argentina: Immunopathological and molecular studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VPRSR.2020.100438Cerqueira-Cézar, C. K., Calero-Bernal, R., Dubey, J. P., & Gennari, S. M. (2017). All about neosporosis in Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612017045Corrales, J. C. G., González-Herrera, L. G., López-Herrera, A., & Florez, J. C. R. (2021). Antibody seropositivity for Neospora caninum in Blanco Orejinegro cattle in Colombia and factors associated with the infection. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11250-021-02827-8da Costa, L. S., Withoeft, J. A., Bilicki, J., et al. (2022). Neospora caninum-associated abortions in cattle from Southern Brazil: Anatomopathological and molecular characterization. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VPRSR.2022.100802da Silva Silveira, C., Armendano, J. I., Moore, D. P., et al. (2020). [A comparative study of commercial ELISAs for antibody detection in the diagnostic investigation of Neospora caninum-associated abortion in dairy cattle herds in Uruguay]. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RAM.2019.06.004de Aquino Diniz, L. V., Minutti, A. F., et al. (2019). Vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in bovine fetuses from a slaughterhouse in Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11250-019-01828-Yde Barros, L. D., Bogado, A. L. G., Furlan, D., et al. 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Epidemiological study of neosporosis in Uruguayan dairy herds. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PREVETMED.2020.105022Macedo, C. A. B., De Macedo, M. F., et al (2017). Occurrence of abortions induced by Neospora caninum in dairy cattle from Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612017051Magalhães, V. C. S., Oliveira, U. V., Costa, S. C. L., et al. (2014). Transmission paths of Neospora caninum in a dairy herd of crossbred cattle in the northeast of Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETPAR.2014.01.018Maldonado Rivera, J. E., Vallecillo, A. J., Pérez, C. L., et al. (2020). Bovine neosporosis in dairy cattle from the southern highlands of Ecuador. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VPRSR.2020.100377Marian, L., Withoeft, J. A., da Silva Costa, L., et al. (2023). Causes of fetal death in the Flemish cattle herd in Brazil. https://doi.org/10.14202/VETWORLD.2023.766-772McAllister, M. M. (2016). Diagnosis and Control of Bovine Neosporosis. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CVFA.2016.01.012Medina-Esparza, L., Regidor-Cerrillo, J., et al. (2016). Genetic characterization of Neospora caninum from aborted bovine foetuses in Aguascalientes, Mexico. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETPAR.2016.09.009Méndez-Ramírez, P., Marín-Henao, J., Góngora-Orjuela, A., et al. (2020). Detection of antibodies against Neospora caninum in canines in the urban and rural area of Cumaral, Meta, Colombia. https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.1879Monney, T., Grandgirard, D., Leib, S. L., & Hemphill, A. (2013). Use of a Th1 Stimulator Adjuvant for Vaccination against Neospora caninum Infection in the Pregnant Mouse Model. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens2020193Moore, D. P., Echaide, I., Verna, A. E., Leunda, M. R., et al. (2011). Immune response to Neospora caninum native antigens formulated with immune stimulating complexes in calves. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETPAR.2010.10.020Parrado, S. (2016). Prevención de la Neosporosis Bovina en Colombia. https://revistas.udca.edu.co/index.php/zoociencia/article/view/517Pereyra, R., Mansilla, F. C., Petersen, M. I., et al. (2019). Evidence of reduced vertical transmission of Neospora caninum associated with higher IgG1 than IgG2 serum levels and presence of IFN-γ in non-aborting chronically infected cattle under natural condition. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETIMM.2019.01.001Pereyra, W. R., Suarez, V. H., Cardoso, N., et al. (2021). [Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Neospora caninum in dairy farms from the Province of Salta, Argentina]. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RAM.2020.06.011Perotta, J. H., de Freitas, Marcom, N. N., et al. (2021). An abortion storm in dairy cattle associated with neosporosis in southern Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612021045Pessoa, G. A., Martini, A. P., Trentin, J. M., et al. (2016). Impact of spontaneous Neospora caninum infection on pregnancy loss and subsequent pregnancy in grazing lactating dairy cows. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.THERIOGENOLOGY.2015.09.034Ramos, I. A., da Silva, R. J., Maciel, T. A., et al. (2016). Assessment of transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in the Agreste region of Pernambuco. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016055Regidor-Cerrillo, J., Díez-Fuertes, F., García-Culebras, A., et al. (2013). Genetic diversity and geographic population structure of bovine Neospora caninum determined by microsatellite genotyping analysis. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0072678Reichel, M. P., Alejandra Ayanegui-Alcérreca, M., Gondim, L. F. P., & Ellis, J. T. (2013). What is the global economic impact of Neospora caninum in cattle – The billion dollar question. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJPARA.2012.10.022Ribeiro, C. M., Soares, I. R., Mendes, R. G., de Santis Bastos, P. A., et al. (2019). Meta-analysis of the prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine neosporosis. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01929-8Rodríguez, A. M., Maresca, S., Cano, D. B., Armendano, J. I., et al. (2016). Frequency of Neospora caninum infections in beef cow-calf operations under extensive management. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETPAR.2016.02.002Serrano-Martínez, M. E., Cisterna, C. A. B., Romero, R. C. E., et al. (2019). Evaluation of abortions spontaneously induced by Neospora caninum and risk factors in dairy cattle from Lima, Peru. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612019026Schmidt, A. C., Pacheco, T. D. A., Barddal, J. E. I., et al. (2018). Seroprevalence, spatial analysis and risk factors of infection with Neospora caninum in cattle in Brazil’s northern Pantanal wetland. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-296120180058Silva, R., & Machado, G. (2016). Canine neosporosis: perspectives on pathogenesis and management. https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S76969Snak, A., Garcia, F. G., Lara, A. A., et al. (2018). Neospora caninum in properties in the west region of Paraná, Brazil: prevalence and risk factors. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612018001Ståhl, K., Björkman, C., Emanuelson, U., et al. (2006). A prospective study of the effect of Neospora caninum and BVDV infections on bovine abortions in a dairy herd in Arequipa, Peru. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PREVETMED.2006.02.006Tuemmers, C., Valenzuela, G., Nuñez, C., et al. (2017). Seroprevalencia de Neospora caninum en Bovinos de una Feria Ganadera de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile. https://doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v28i3.12680Zambrano Varon, J y Thurmond, M. (2009). Aproximación epidemiológica para medir y entender el aborto bovino. 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