Factores de riesgo involucrados en el Fracaso de los implantes dentales: Una revisión de literatura

las técnicas de elección para realizar la rehabilitación oral, en los casos donde se han perdido piezas dentarias. Este procedimiento aunque es ampliamente usado y existen varios reportes en la literatura, no se ha identificado de manera clara cuáles son los factores que se relacionan con el fracaso...

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Autores:
Gómez Gómez, Lina María
Pulgarin Silva, Diana Natalia
Restrepo Santacruz, Juan Camilo
Rocha Rodríguez, Magda Liliana
Sánchez, César Fernando
Gallego Gómez, Clara Liliana
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2010
Institución:
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UCC
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OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/44611
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/44611
Palabra clave:
Implante dental
Factor de riesgo
Fracaso
Éxito
Falla
TG 2010 ODO 44611
Dental implant
Risk factor
Failure
Success
Failure
Rights
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License
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oai_identifier_str oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/44611
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repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Factores de riesgo involucrados en el Fracaso de los implantes dentales: Una revisión de literatura
title Factores de riesgo involucrados en el Fracaso de los implantes dentales: Una revisión de literatura
spellingShingle Factores de riesgo involucrados en el Fracaso de los implantes dentales: Una revisión de literatura
Implante dental
Factor de riesgo
Fracaso
Éxito
Falla
TG 2010 ODO 44611
Dental implant
Risk factor
Failure
Success
Failure
title_short Factores de riesgo involucrados en el Fracaso de los implantes dentales: Una revisión de literatura
title_full Factores de riesgo involucrados en el Fracaso de los implantes dentales: Una revisión de literatura
title_fullStr Factores de riesgo involucrados en el Fracaso de los implantes dentales: Una revisión de literatura
title_full_unstemmed Factores de riesgo involucrados en el Fracaso de los implantes dentales: Una revisión de literatura
title_sort Factores de riesgo involucrados en el Fracaso de los implantes dentales: Una revisión de literatura
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Gómez Gómez, Lina María
Pulgarin Silva, Diana Natalia
Restrepo Santacruz, Juan Camilo
Rocha Rodríguez, Magda Liliana
Sánchez, César Fernando
Gallego Gómez, Clara Liliana
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Sánchez, César Fernando
Gallego Gómez, Clara Liliana
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Gómez Gómez, Lina María
Pulgarin Silva, Diana Natalia
Restrepo Santacruz, Juan Camilo
Rocha Rodríguez, Magda Liliana
Sánchez, César Fernando
Gallego Gómez, Clara Liliana
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Implante dental
Factor de riesgo
Fracaso
Éxito
Falla
topic Implante dental
Factor de riesgo
Fracaso
Éxito
Falla
TG 2010 ODO 44611
Dental implant
Risk factor
Failure
Success
Failure
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv TG 2010 ODO 44611
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv Dental implant
Risk factor
Failure
Success
Failure
description las técnicas de elección para realizar la rehabilitación oral, en los casos donde se han perdido piezas dentarias. Este procedimiento aunque es ampliamente usado y existen varios reportes en la literatura, no se ha identificado de manera clara cuáles son los factores que se relacionan con el fracaso del implante. Propósito: Esta revisión de literatura fue conducida con el fin de identificar los estudios publicados relacionados con los factores de riesgo para el fracaso de los implantes dentales. Materiales y métodos: Estudios clínicos relevantes escritos en inglés fueron identificados usando términos MeSH: failure, dental implants, implant success, survival implant en MEDLINE (Pubmed en formato electrónico). La búsqueda de artículos fue limitada a Journal Dentales que fueron publicadas entre 1991 y 2009 y que los tratamientos hubieran sido realizados en adultos. También se realizó una búsqueda manual con las referencias encontradas de manera electrónica. Conclusiones: Es importante identificar estos factores de riesgo, con el fin de controlarlos y realizar una apropiada intervención que aumente la tasa de supervivencia del implante
publishDate 2010
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2010-11-22
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-04-20T22:35:06Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-04-20T22:35:06Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
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dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/44611
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv Gómez Gómez, L. M., Pulgarin Silva, D. N., Restrepo Santacruz, J. C., Rocha Rodríguez, M. L. Sánchez, C. F. y Gallego, C. L. (2010). Factores de riesgo involucrados en el Fracaso de los implantes dentales: Una revisión de literatura. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/44611
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/44611
identifier_str_mv Gómez Gómez, L. M., Pulgarin Silva, D. N., Restrepo Santacruz, J. C., Rocha Rodríguez, M. L. Sánchez, C. F. y Gallego, C. L. (2010). Factores de riesgo involucrados en el Fracaso de los implantes dentales: Una revisión de literatura. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/44611
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Campos M, Santos M, Trevillatto P,Scarel-Caminaga R, Bezerra F, Line S. Evaluation of the relationship between interleukin-I gene cluster polymorphisms and early implant failure in non-smoking patients. Clin. Oral Impl. 2005; Res. 16: 194-201.
Bain CA, Moy PK. The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants .1993;8:609-15.
Heitz -Mayfield L, Huynh-Ba G. History of treated periodontitis and smoking as risk of implant therapy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009; 24(suppl): 39-68.
Ataullah K, Chee L, Peng L, Lung H. Management of retrograde peri- implantitis: A clinical case report. Journal of Oral Implantology .2006; 32(6): 308-312.
Wallace S. Effect of maxillary sinus augementation on the Survival of endosseous dental implants,.Journal Maxillofac Implants. 2002; 87 (5) 485-489.
Johnson G, Hill M. Cigarette smoking and the periodontal patient. Journal oral Maxillofac Implants. 2004; 19(6):861-86.
Esposito M, Grusovin M, Coulhart P, Thompsen P,Worthington H. A 5-year follow-up comparative analysis of the efficacy of various osseointegrated dental implant system: A systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2005; 20: 557-568.
Nitzan D, Mamlider A, Levin L, Schwartz- Arad D. Impact of smoking bone loss. J. Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2005; 20(4): 605-609.
Hakobyan G. Bone grafting procedures for osseous defects associated with dental implant. Journal of Oral Implantology. 2005; 31 (6):145-152.
Degidi M, Piattelli A, Lezzi G, Carinci F. Inmediately loaded short implants: Analysis of a case series of 133 implants. Quintessence International. 2007; 38 (3): 193-201.
Herrmann I, Lekholm U, Holm S, Kultje C . Evaluation of patient and implant characteristics as potential prognostic factors for oral implant failure . Int J Oral Maxillofacial Implants .2005; 20: 220-230.
Renouard F, Nisand D. Impact of implant length and diameter on survival rates. Clin Oral Implants .2006;17:35-51.
Junger M, Lundqvist P, Lundgren S. Oxidized titanium implants (nobel biocare tiunite) compare whit turned titanium implants ( nobel biocare mark III) whit respect to implants failure in a group of consecutive patients treated with early fuctional loading and two-stage protocol. Clin. Oral Impl.2005; Res. I6:308-312.
Hruska A, Borelli P,Bordanaro A,Marzaduri E, Hruska K. Inmediate loading implants: a clinical report of 1301 implants.Journal of Implantology. 2002; 28(4):308-312.
Knauf M, Gerds T, Muche R, Srtub R. Survival and success rates of 3i implants in partially edentulous patients: results of a prospective study with up to 84-months follow up. Quintessence International.2007; 38 (8):200-206.
Misch C, Perel M, Wang H, Sammartino G, Galindo P, Trisi P, et al . Implant success, survival, and failure: The international congress of oral implantologist (ICOI) Pisa consensus conference. Implant Dentistry.2008; 17(1):5-15.
Kinsel R, Liss M. Retrospective analysis of 56 edentulous dental arches restored with 344 single stage implants using an immediate loading fixed provisional protocol: statistical predictors of implant failure. International Journals of oral & maxillofacial Implant. 2007; 22 (5) 823-830.
Susarla S, Chuang S, Dodson T. Delayed versus immediate loading of implants: survival analysis and risk factors for dental implant failure. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008; 66: 251-255.
Smith D, Zarb G. Criteria for success of osseointegrated endosseous implants. J Prosthet Dent. 1989; 62(5)71
Martin W, Lewis E, Nicol A. Local risk factors implant therapy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009; 24 (suppl)28-38.
Huang M, Tsai C, Chang C, Lin C, Lee S. Evaluation of loading condition on fatigue failed implants by fracture surface analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2005; 20: 854-859.
Rosenberg E, Choon S, Elian N,Jalbout Z, Froum S,Evian C. A Comparasion of Characteristics of implant failure and survival in periodontally compromised and periodontally healthy patients: A clinical Report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2004;19:873-879.
Friberg B, Jemt T, Lekholm U. Early Faylures in 4,641 consecutively Placed Branemark Dental Implants: A Study From Stage 1 Surgery to the Connection of Completed Prostheses. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1991; 6:142-146.
Wenz H, Bartsch J, Wolfart S, Kern M. Osseointegration and clinical success of zirconia Dental Implants: A Systematic Review. Int J Prosthodont . 2008; 21:27-36.
Wenz H, Bartsch J, Wolfart S, Kern M. Osseointegration and clinical success of zirconia Dental Implants: A Systematic Review. Int J Prosthodont . 2008; 21:27-36
Ingeborg K, Chang S, Moriarty J, Cooper L. A retrospective analysis of Peri-implants tissue responses at immediate load/ provisionalized microthreaded implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants. 2006; 405-412.
Sverzut A, Stabile G, Moraes M, Mazzonetto R, Moreira R. The influence of tobacco on early dental implant failure. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008; 66:1004-1009
Misch C,Endosteal implantsfor posteriorsingle tooth replacement: alternatives,indications,contraindications, and limitations. Journal of Oral Implantology.1999; 25:80-94.
Dos Santos M,Campos M, Souza A, Caminaga R, Mazzonetto R, Line S. Analysis of the transforming growth factor-B1 gene promoter polymorphisms in early osseointegrated implant failure. Implant Dentistry. 2004; 13(3):262-269.
Flanagan D. Apical (retrograde) Peri-implantitis: A case Report of an active lesion.Journal of Oral Implantology.2002; 28 (2): 92-96.
Baig M, Rajan M. Effects of smoking on the outcome of implant treatment: A literature review. Indian J Dent Res. 2007, 18 (4): 190-195.
Morris H, Ochi S, Crum P, Orenstein I, Winkler S. AICRG, Part I : a 6 year multicentered, multidisciplinary clinical study of a new and innovative implant desing. Journal of Oral Implantology. 2004;30 (3): 125-133.
Verhoeven J,Cune M, Jvanss R. An unusual case of implant failure. The International Journal of Prosthodontics. 2007; 20 (1): 51-45.
Salonen M, Oikarinen K, Virtanen K, Pernu H. Failures in the osseointegration of endosseous implants. Int J. Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1993; 8: 92-96.
Huynh-Ba G, Friedberg J, Vogiatzi D, Loannidou E. Implant failure predictors in the posterior maxilla: A retrospective study of 273 consecutive implants. J Periodontol. 2008; 79: 2256-2261
McDermott N , Chuang S, Woo V, Dodson T. Complications of dental implants: Identification, frequency, and associated risk factors. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants . 2003; 18( 6): 848-855.
Woo V,Chuang S,Daher S, Muftu A, Dodson T. Dentoalveolar reconstructive procedures as a risk factor for implant failure. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62: 773-780.
Carinci F,Guidi R, Franco M, Viscioni A, Rigo L, Santis B,Tropina E. Implants inserted in fresh-frozen bone: A restrospective analysis of 88 implants loaded 4 months after insertion. Quintessence International. 2009; 40:413-419.
Atsumi M, Park S,Wang H. Methods used to assess implants stability: current status. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2007; 22: 743-754.
Gray C, Redpath T, Smith F, Staff R. Advanced imaging: Magnetic resonance imaging in implant dentistry , a review. Clin Oral Impl. 2003; 14: 18-27.
Karl M, Kelly J. Influence of loading frequency on implant failure under cyclic fatigue conditions. J Dental .2009; 6:1426-1432.
Caglar A, Aydin C, Ozen J, Yilmaz C, Korkmaz T. Effects of mesiodistal inclination of implants on stress distribution in implant- supported fixed prostheses. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants.2006; 21: 36-44.
Shimizu H, Hisama K, Kurtz K, Takahashi Y, Sato H. Failure probability of implant-supported restorations using highly filled all-composite crowns. Quintessence International. 2007; 38: 374-378.
Kinsel R, Liss M. Retrospective analysis of 56 edentulous dental arches restored with 344 single-stage implants using an inmediate loading fixed provisional protocol: statistical predictors of implant failure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2007; 22: 823-830.
Elkhoury J, Mc Glumphy E, Tatakis D, Beck F. Clinical parameters associated with success and failure of single-tooth titanium plasma- sprayed cylindric implants under stricter criteria: a 5 year retrospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants . 2005; 20: 687-694.
Guindy J, Schiel H,Schmidli F, Wirz J. Corrosion at the marginal gap of implant-supported suprastructures and implant failure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants . 2004; 19: 826-831.
Grossmann Y, Levin L, Sadan A. A retrospective case series of implants used to restore partially edentulous patients with implant-supported removable partial dentures: 31-month mean follow-up results. Quintessences International.2008; 39: 665-671.
Degidi M, Petrone G, Lezzi G, Piattelli A. Histologic evaluation of 2 human immediately loaded and 1 submeged titanium implants inserted in the posterior mandible and retrieved after 6 months. Journal of Oral Implantology. 2003; 29(5): 223-243.
Solakoglu O, Cooper L. Immediate implant placement and restoration in the anterior maxilla: a tissue-related approach. Observations at 12 months after loading. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent . 2006; 26(6): 571-579.
Simon H, Yanase R. Terminology for implant prostheses. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2003; 18: 539-543.
Oh T, Yoon J, Misch C, Wang H. The causes of early implant bone loss: myth or science?. J Periodontol . 2002; 73(3): 322-333.
Ekfeldt A, Christiansson U,Eriksson T, Linden U,Lundqvist S,Rundcrantz T,et al. A retrospective analysis of factors associated with multiple implant failures in maxillae. Clin Oral Impl. 2001; 12: 462-467.
Mc Dermott N, Chuang S, Woo V, Dodson T. Maxillary sinus augmentation as a risk factor for implant failure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants .2006; 21: 366-374
Zaag J, Lobbezzo F. Efectos sobre bruxismo nocturno severo en pacientes experimentando fracasos de implantes orales. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2007; 34: 317-332.
Oliva J, Oliva X, Oliva J D . Ovoid zirconia implants . anatomic desing for premolar replacement. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent . 2008; 28: 609-615.
Romanos G, Nentwing G. Inmediate versus delayed functional loading of implants in the posterior mandible: A 2 year prospective clinical study of 12 consecutive cases. Intl J Periodontics Restorative Dent.2006; 26: 459-469.
DeLuca S, Habsha E, Zarb G. The effects of smoking on osseointegrated dental implants. Part I: implant survival. Int J Prosthodont . 2006; 19: 491-498.
Bertil F, Ekestubbe A, Sennerby L. Clinical outcome of branemark system implants of varius diameters: a retrospective study.Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants . 2002; 17: 671-677.
Eckert S, Choi Y, Sanchez A, Koka S. Comparison of dental implant systems: quality of clinical evidence and prediction of 5 year survival. Int J oral Maxillofac Implants. 2005; 20: 406-415.
Moy P, Medina D, Shetty V, Aghaloo T. Dental Implant failure rates and associated risk factors.Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants . 2005; 20: 569-577.
Schropp L, Isidor F, Kostopoulos L, Wenzel A. Interproximal papilla levels following early versus delayed placement of single-tooth implants: a controlled clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants .2005; 20: 753-761.
Roccuzzo M, Wilson T.A prospective study of 3 weeks loading of chemically modified titanium implants in the maxillary molar region:1 year results. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009; 224: 65-72.
Gil F,Aparicio C, Manero J,Padros A.Influence of the height of the external hexagon and surface treatment on fatigue life of commercially pure titanium dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants.2009; 24: 583-590.
Salvi G, Bragger U. Mechanical and technical risk in implant therapy.Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009; 24 (suppl): 69-85.
Glosary of implant terms. J Oral Implantol. 2003; 29(1): 29-40.
Langer B, Sulivan Dy. Osseointegration: its impact on the interrelationship of periodontics and restorative dentistry. Part I. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1989; 9(2): 84-105.
Moy P, Medina D, Shetty V, Aghaloo T. Dental Implant failure rates and associated risk factors.Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants . 2005; 20: 569-577.
Schropp L, Isidor F, Kostopoulos L, Wenzel A. Interproximal papilla levels following early versus delayed placement of single-tooth implants: a controlled clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants .2005; 20: 753-761.
Roccuzzo M, Wilson T.A prospective study of 3 weeks loading of chemically modified titanium implants in the maxillary molar region:1 year results. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009; 224: 65-72.
Gil F,Aparicio C, Manero J,Padros A.Influence of the height of the external hexagon and surface treatment on fatigue life of commercially pure titanium dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants.2009; 24: 583-590.
Salvi G, Bragger U. Mechanical and technical risk in implant therapy.Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009; 24 (suppl): 69-85.
Glosary of implant terms. J Oral Implantol. 2003; 29(1): 29-40.
Langer B, Sulivan Dy. Osseointegration: its impact on the interrelationship of periodontics and restorative dentistry. Part I. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1989; 9(2): 84-105.
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spelling Sánchez, César FernandoGallego Gómez, Clara LilianaGómez Gómez, Lina MaríaPulgarin Silva, Diana NataliaRestrepo Santacruz, Juan CamiloRocha Rodríguez, Magda LilianaSánchez, César FernandoGallego Gómez, Clara Liliana2022-04-20T22:35:06Z2022-04-20T22:35:06Z2010-11-22https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/44611Gómez Gómez, L. M., Pulgarin Silva, D. N., Restrepo Santacruz, J. C., Rocha Rodríguez, M. L. Sánchez, C. F. y Gallego, C. L. (2010). Factores de riesgo involucrados en el Fracaso de los implantes dentales: Una revisión de literatura. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/44611las técnicas de elección para realizar la rehabilitación oral, en los casos donde se han perdido piezas dentarias. Este procedimiento aunque es ampliamente usado y existen varios reportes en la literatura, no se ha identificado de manera clara cuáles son los factores que se relacionan con el fracaso del implante. Propósito: Esta revisión de literatura fue conducida con el fin de identificar los estudios publicados relacionados con los factores de riesgo para el fracaso de los implantes dentales. Materiales y métodos: Estudios clínicos relevantes escritos en inglés fueron identificados usando términos MeSH: failure, dental implants, implant success, survival implant en MEDLINE (Pubmed en formato electrónico). La búsqueda de artículos fue limitada a Journal Dentales que fueron publicadas entre 1991 y 2009 y que los tratamientos hubieran sido realizados en adultos. También se realizó una búsqueda manual con las referencias encontradas de manera electrónica. Conclusiones: Es importante identificar estos factores de riesgo, con el fin de controlarlos y realizar una apropiada intervención que aumente la tasa de supervivencia del implanteState the problem: the use of implants osseointegration is now considered one of the techniques of choice for oral rehabilitation in cases where teeth have been lost. This procedure is widely used but has not been clearly identified the factors that are related to implant failure. Purpose: This systematic literature review was conducted to identify published studies related to risk factors for failure of dental implants. Materials and methods: A systematic review of literature on clinical studies were identified using relevant MeSH terms: failure, dental implants, implant success, implant survival in MEDLINE (Pubmed electronic format). The search was limited to Dental Journal that were published between 1991 and 2009 and that the treatments had been conducted in adults. Also hand searched the references found electronically. Conclusions: Risk factors for implant failure can be categorized according to biomechanical factors, systemic factors, local factors and periodontal factors associated with cigarette consumption habit. According to the findings reported implant failure is a multifactorial phenomenon, which is why it is important that the practitioner make a proper selection of patients who may be subjected to this treatment at an early stage to identify these risk factors and increase the survival rate the implant11 p.Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Odontología, Medellín y EnvigadoOdontologíaMedellínImplante dentalFactor de riesgoFracasoÉxitoFallaTG 2010 ODO 44611Dental implantRisk factorFailureSuccessFailureFactores de riesgo involucrados en el Fracaso de los implantes dentales: Una revisión de literaturaTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionNINGUNAinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbCampos M, Santos M, Trevillatto P,Scarel-Caminaga R, Bezerra F, Line S. Evaluation of the relationship between interleukin-I gene cluster polymorphisms and early implant failure in non-smoking patients. Clin. Oral Impl. 2005; Res. 16: 194-201.Bain CA, Moy PK. The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants .1993;8:609-15.Heitz -Mayfield L, Huynh-Ba G. History of treated periodontitis and smoking as risk of implant therapy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009; 24(suppl): 39-68.Ataullah K, Chee L, Peng L, Lung H. Management of retrograde peri- implantitis: A clinical case report. Journal of Oral Implantology .2006; 32(6): 308-312.Wallace S. Effect of maxillary sinus augementation on the Survival of endosseous dental implants,.Journal Maxillofac Implants. 2002; 87 (5) 485-489.Johnson G, Hill M. Cigarette smoking and the periodontal patient. Journal oral Maxillofac Implants. 2004; 19(6):861-86.Esposito M, Grusovin M, Coulhart P, Thompsen P,Worthington H. A 5-year follow-up comparative analysis of the efficacy of various osseointegrated dental implant system: A systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2005; 20: 557-568.Nitzan D, Mamlider A, Levin L, Schwartz- Arad D. Impact of smoking bone loss. J. Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2005; 20(4): 605-609.Hakobyan G. Bone grafting procedures for osseous defects associated with dental implant. Journal of Oral Implantology. 2005; 31 (6):145-152.Degidi M, Piattelli A, Lezzi G, Carinci F. Inmediately loaded short implants: Analysis of a case series of 133 implants. Quintessence International. 2007; 38 (3): 193-201.Herrmann I, Lekholm U, Holm S, Kultje C . Evaluation of patient and implant characteristics as potential prognostic factors for oral implant failure . Int J Oral Maxillofacial Implants .2005; 20: 220-230.Renouard F, Nisand D. Impact of implant length and diameter on survival rates. 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