Canine distemper virus (CDV) transit through the americas: need to assess the impact of CDV infection on species conservation

Canine Morbillivirus (also known as Canine Distemper Virus—CDV) is the causative agent of one of the most important diseases in domestic dogs and wild fauna. It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, order Mononegavirales, which has a non-segmented, single-stranded linear negative polarity RNA genom...

Full description

Autores:
Rendón Marín, Santiago
Martínez Gutiérrez, Marlén
Suárez, José Antonio
Ruiz Sáenz, Julián
Tipo de recurso:
Article of investigation
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UCC
Idioma:
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/33012
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/33012
Palabra clave:
Canine distemper
Conservation
Interspecies transmission
Morbillivirus
Wildlife corridors
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
id COOPER2_d2c46a8333418e65b92196e3b8408b23
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/33012
network_acronym_str COOPER2
network_name_str Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Canine distemper virus (CDV) transit through the americas: need to assess the impact of CDV infection on species conservation
title Canine distemper virus (CDV) transit through the americas: need to assess the impact of CDV infection on species conservation
spellingShingle Canine distemper virus (CDV) transit through the americas: need to assess the impact of CDV infection on species conservation
Canine distemper
Conservation
Interspecies transmission
Morbillivirus
Wildlife corridors
title_short Canine distemper virus (CDV) transit through the americas: need to assess the impact of CDV infection on species conservation
title_full Canine distemper virus (CDV) transit through the americas: need to assess the impact of CDV infection on species conservation
title_fullStr Canine distemper virus (CDV) transit through the americas: need to assess the impact of CDV infection on species conservation
title_full_unstemmed Canine distemper virus (CDV) transit through the americas: need to assess the impact of CDV infection on species conservation
title_sort Canine distemper virus (CDV) transit through the americas: need to assess the impact of CDV infection on species conservation
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Rendón Marín, Santiago
Martínez Gutiérrez, Marlén
Suárez, José Antonio
Ruiz Sáenz, Julián
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Rendón Marín, Santiago
Martínez Gutiérrez, Marlén
Suárez, José Antonio
Ruiz Sáenz, Julián
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Canine distemper
Conservation
Interspecies transmission
Morbillivirus
Wildlife corridors
topic Canine distemper
Conservation
Interspecies transmission
Morbillivirus
Wildlife corridors
description Canine Morbillivirus (also known as Canine Distemper Virus—CDV) is the causative agent of one of the most important diseases in domestic dogs and wild fauna. It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, order Mononegavirales, which has a non-segmented, single-stranded linear negative polarity RNA genome (Lamb and Parks, 2013). The clinical disease is characterized by moderate to severe respiratory signs, gastrointestinal issues, immune suppression, and/or neurological disease (De Vries et al., 2015; Pfeffermann et al., 2018).
publishDate 2020
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-05-21
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-01-28T22:09:48Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-01-28T22:09:48Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Artículos Científicos
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 1664-302X
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00810
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/33012
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv Rendon-Marin S, Martinez-Gutierrez M, Suarez JA and Ruiz-Saenz J (2020) Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) Transit Through the Americas: Need to Assess the Impact of CDV Infection on Species Conservation. Front. Microbiol. 11:810. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00810
identifier_str_mv 1664-302X
10.3389/fmicb.2020.00810
Rendon-Marin S, Martinez-Gutierrez M, Suarez JA and Ruiz-Saenz J (2020) Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) Transit Through the Americas: Need to Assess the Impact of CDV Infection on Species Conservation. Front. Microbiol. 11:810. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00810
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/33012
dc.relation.isversionof.spa.fl_str_mv https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00810/full
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Front Microbiol.
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Afanador-Villamizar, A., Gomez-Romero, C., Diaz, A., and Ruiz-Saenz, J. (2017). Avian influenza in Latin America: a systematic review of serological and molecular studies from 2000-2015. PLoS ONE 12:e0179573. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179573
Avendano, R., Barrueta, F., Soto-Fournier, S., Chavarria, M., Monge, O., Gutierrez-Espeleta, G. A., et al. (2016). Canine distemper virus in wild felids of costa rica. J. Wildl. Dis. 52, 373–377. doi: 10.7589/2015-02-041
Beier, P., Majka, D. R., and Spencer, W. D. (2008). Forks in the road: choices in procedures for designing wildland linkages. Conserv. Biol. 22, 836–851. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00942.x
Cavalcanti, S. M., and Gese, E. M. (2010). Kill rates and predation patterns of jaguars (Panthera onca) in the southern Pantanal, Brazil. J. Mammal. 91, 722–736. doi: 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-171.1
Chetkiewicz, C.-L. B., St. Clair, C. C., and Boyce, M. S. (2006). Corridors for conservation: integrating pattern and process. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 37, 317–342. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110050
De Vries, R. D., Duprex, W. P., and De Swart, R. L. (2015). Morbillivirus infections: an introduction. Viruses 7, 699–706. doi: 10.3390/v7020699
Debesa Belizario Granjeiro, M., Lima Kavasaki, M., Morgado, T. O., Avelino Dandolini Pavelegini, L., Alves De Barros, M., Fontana, C., et al. (2020). First report of a canine morbillivirus infection in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in Brazil. Vet Med Sci. doi: 10.1002/vms3.246.
Duque-Valencia, J., Forero-Munoz, N. R., Diaz, F. J., Martins, E., Barato, P., and Ruiz-Saenz, J. (2019a). Phylogenetic evidence of the intercontinental circulation of a Canine distemper virus lineage in the Americas. Sci. Rep. 9:15747. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52345-9
Duque-Valencia, J., Sarute, N., Olarte-Castillo, X. A., and Ruiz-Saenz, J. (2019b). Evolution and interspecies transmission of canine distemper virus-an outlook of the diverse evolutionary landscapes of a multi-host virus. Viruses 11:582. doi: 10.3390/v11070582
Feng, N., Yu, Y., Wang, T., Wilker, P., Wang, J., Li, Y., et al. (2016). Fatal canine distemper virus infection of giant pandas in China. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–7. doi: 10.1038/srep27518
Furtado, M. M., Hayashi, E. M., Allendorf, S. D., Coelho, C. J., De Almeida Jacomo, A. T., Megid, J., et al. (2016). Exposure of free-ranging wild carnivores and domestic dogs to canine distemper virus and parvovirus in the cerrado of central Brazil. Ecohealth 13, 549–557. doi: 10.1007/s10393-016-1146-4
Gilbert, M., Miquelle, D. G., Goodrich, J. M., Reeve, R., Cleaveland, S., Matthews, L., et al. (2014). Estimating the potential impact of canine distemper virus on the Amur tiger population (Panthera tigris altaica) in Russia. PLoS ONE 9:e110811. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110811
Gilbert, M., Soutyrina, S. V., Seryodkin, I. V., Sulikhan, N., Uphyrkina, O. V., Goncharuk, M., et al. (2015). Canine distemper virus as a threat to wild tigers in Russia and across their range. Integr. Zool. 10, 329–343. doi: 10.1111/1749-4877.12137
Grootenhuis, J. G. (2000). “Wildlife, livestock and animal disease reservoirs,” in Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use, eds H. H. T. Prins, J. G. Grootenhuis, and T. T. Dolan (London, UK: Springer), 81–113. doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-4012-6_6
Hess, G. R. (1994). Conservation corridors and contagious disease: a cautionary note. Conserv. Biol. 8, 256–262. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08010256.x
Holland, M. B. (2012). “Mesoamerican biological corridor,” in Climate and Conservation, eds J. A. Hilty, C. C. Chester, and M. S. Cross (Washington, DC: Island Press), 56–66. doi: 10.5822/978-1-61091-203-7_5
Hukic, M., Numanovic, F., Sisirak, M., Moro, A., Dervovic, E., Jakovec, S., et al. (2010). Surveillance of wildlife zoonotic diseases in the Balkans Region. Med. Glas (Zenica). 7, 96–105.
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 810
dc.coverage.temporal.spa.fl_str_mv 11
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, Bucaramanga
Frontier media
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Medicina veterinaria y zootecnia
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Bucaramanga
institution Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/257ce331-ad13-4566-b46b-32a4651b43e3/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/de3fa7c7-457f-4b9a-8ecc-da869909b1f4/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/4f56ee9c-a46a-45ce-9db0-bf233a8703b8/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/2b7e6b0e-ebd1-4f74-a11b-56666b36a7f2/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/ffd9902a-b28a-47b9-9972-f2ed278813f8/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/76228345-2320-438e-bd3b-e723b2b09850/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/82573319-0d62-496c-95fa-49f1bc8eb41a/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45
57914eb5ce3bd30e1d191e03c626f530
512ded0a1d6680333e563ff7c5a7d349
7a077e695225387e132890c32ea89382
03fffe2cdf14793f2ba3c58239467764
d6361d6e2cd861b95f711a07474b2088
e4e7e8c55b74c20d7915e6e4a86e0dc9
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_ 1811565201758093312
spelling Rendón Marín, SantiagoMartínez Gutiérrez, MarlénSuárez, José Antonio Ruiz Sáenz, Julián112021-01-28T22:09:48Z2021-01-28T22:09:48Z2020-05-211664-302X10.3389/fmicb.2020.00810https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/33012Rendon-Marin S, Martinez-Gutierrez M, Suarez JA and Ruiz-Saenz J (2020) Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) Transit Through the Americas: Need to Assess the Impact of CDV Infection on Species Conservation. Front. Microbiol. 11:810. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00810Canine Morbillivirus (also known as Canine Distemper Virus—CDV) is the causative agent of one of the most important diseases in domestic dogs and wild fauna. It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, order Mononegavirales, which has a non-segmented, single-stranded linear negative polarity RNA genome (Lamb and Parks, 2013). The clinical disease is characterized by moderate to severe respiratory signs, gastrointestinal issues, immune suppression, and/or neurological disease (De Vries et al., 2015; Pfeffermann et al., 2018).http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000153095https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000213748https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1447-1458https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000000695Marlen.martinezg@campusucc.edu.cojulian.ruizs@campusucc.edu.cohttps://scholar.google.com/citations?user=o3Y7mZwAAAAJ&hl=es810Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, BucaramangaFrontier mediaMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaBucaramangahttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00810/fullFront Microbiol.Afanador-Villamizar, A., Gomez-Romero, C., Diaz, A., and Ruiz-Saenz, J. (2017). Avian influenza in Latin America: a systematic review of serological and molecular studies from 2000-2015. PLoS ONE 12:e0179573. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179573Avendano, R., Barrueta, F., Soto-Fournier, S., Chavarria, M., Monge, O., Gutierrez-Espeleta, G. A., et al. (2016). Canine distemper virus in wild felids of costa rica. J. Wildl. Dis. 52, 373–377. doi: 10.7589/2015-02-041Beier, P., Majka, D. R., and Spencer, W. D. (2008). Forks in the road: choices in procedures for designing wildland linkages. Conserv. Biol. 22, 836–851. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00942.xCavalcanti, S. M., and Gese, E. M. (2010). Kill rates and predation patterns of jaguars (Panthera onca) in the southern Pantanal, Brazil. J. Mammal. 91, 722–736. doi: 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-171.1Chetkiewicz, C.-L. B., St. Clair, C. C., and Boyce, M. S. (2006). Corridors for conservation: integrating pattern and process. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 37, 317–342. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110050De Vries, R. D., Duprex, W. P., and De Swart, R. L. (2015). Morbillivirus infections: an introduction. Viruses 7, 699–706. doi: 10.3390/v7020699Debesa Belizario Granjeiro, M., Lima Kavasaki, M., Morgado, T. O., Avelino Dandolini Pavelegini, L., Alves De Barros, M., Fontana, C., et al. (2020). First report of a canine morbillivirus infection in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in Brazil. Vet Med Sci. doi: 10.1002/vms3.246.Duque-Valencia, J., Forero-Munoz, N. R., Diaz, F. J., Martins, E., Barato, P., and Ruiz-Saenz, J. (2019a). Phylogenetic evidence of the intercontinental circulation of a Canine distemper virus lineage in the Americas. Sci. Rep. 9:15747. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52345-9Duque-Valencia, J., Sarute, N., Olarte-Castillo, X. A., and Ruiz-Saenz, J. (2019b). Evolution and interspecies transmission of canine distemper virus-an outlook of the diverse evolutionary landscapes of a multi-host virus. Viruses 11:582. doi: 10.3390/v11070582Feng, N., Yu, Y., Wang, T., Wilker, P., Wang, J., Li, Y., et al. (2016). Fatal canine distemper virus infection of giant pandas in China. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–7. doi: 10.1038/srep27518Furtado, M. M., Hayashi, E. M., Allendorf, S. D., Coelho, C. J., De Almeida Jacomo, A. T., Megid, J., et al. (2016). Exposure of free-ranging wild carnivores and domestic dogs to canine distemper virus and parvovirus in the cerrado of central Brazil. Ecohealth 13, 549–557. doi: 10.1007/s10393-016-1146-4Gilbert, M., Miquelle, D. G., Goodrich, J. M., Reeve, R., Cleaveland, S., Matthews, L., et al. (2014). Estimating the potential impact of canine distemper virus on the Amur tiger population (Panthera tigris altaica) in Russia. PLoS ONE 9:e110811. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110811Gilbert, M., Soutyrina, S. V., Seryodkin, I. V., Sulikhan, N., Uphyrkina, O. V., Goncharuk, M., et al. (2015). Canine distemper virus as a threat to wild tigers in Russia and across their range. Integr. Zool. 10, 329–343. doi: 10.1111/1749-4877.12137Grootenhuis, J. G. (2000). “Wildlife, livestock and animal disease reservoirs,” in Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use, eds H. H. T. Prins, J. G. Grootenhuis, and T. T. Dolan (London, UK: Springer), 81–113. doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-4012-6_6Hess, G. R. (1994). Conservation corridors and contagious disease: a cautionary note. Conserv. Biol. 8, 256–262. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08010256.xHolland, M. B. (2012). “Mesoamerican biological corridor,” in Climate and Conservation, eds J. A. Hilty, C. C. Chester, and M. S. Cross (Washington, DC: Island Press), 56–66. doi: 10.5822/978-1-61091-203-7_5Hukic, M., Numanovic, F., Sisirak, M., Moro, A., Dervovic, E., Jakovec, S., et al. (2010). Surveillance of wildlife zoonotic diseases in the Balkans Region. Med. Glas (Zenica). 7, 96–105.Canine distemperConservationInterspecies transmissionMorbillivirusWildlife corridorsCanine distemper virus (CDV) transit through the americas: need to assess the impact of CDV infection on species conservationArtículos Científicoshttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2PublicationLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84334https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/257ce331-ad13-4566-b46b-32a4651b43e3/download3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45MD54ORIGINAL2021_canine_distemper_virus.pdf2021_canine_distemper_virus.pdfapplication/pdf486835https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/de3fa7c7-457f-4b9a-8ecc-da869909b1f4/download57914eb5ce3bd30e1d191e03c626f530MD512021_canine_distemper_virus-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf2021_canine_distemper_virus-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdfapplication/pdf217874https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/4f56ee9c-a46a-45ce-9db0-bf233a8703b8/download512ded0a1d6680333e563ff7c5a7d349MD53THUMBNAIL2021_canine_distemper_virus.pdf.jpg2021_canine_distemper_virus.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5690https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/2b7e6b0e-ebd1-4f74-a11b-56666b36a7f2/download7a077e695225387e132890c32ea89382MD552021_canine_distemper_virus-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.jpg2021_canine_distemper_virus-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5460https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/ffd9902a-b28a-47b9-9972-f2ed278813f8/download03fffe2cdf14793f2ba3c58239467764MD56TEXT2021_canine_distemper_virus.pdf.txt2021_canine_distemper_virus.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain25888https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/76228345-2320-438e-bd3b-e723b2b09850/downloadd6361d6e2cd861b95f711a07474b2088MD572021_canine_distemper_virus-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.txt2021_canine_distemper_virus-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain6036https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/82573319-0d62-496c-95fa-49f1bc8eb41a/downloade4e7e8c55b74c20d7915e6e4a86e0dc9MD5820.500.12494/33012oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/330122024-08-09 12:27:30.534open.accesshttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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