Impact of a virtual learning environment on the conscious prescription of antibiotics among Colombian dentists
Appropriate antibiotic prescription contributes to reducing bacterial resistance; therefore, it is critical to provide training regarding this challenge. The objective of this study was to develop a virtual learning environment for antibiotic prescription and to determine its impact on dentists’ awa...
- Autores:
-
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Angarita-Díaz, María del Pilar
Bernal-Cepeda, Lilia
Bastidas-Legarda, Leidy
Forero-Escobar, Diana
Ricaurte-Avendaño, Angélica
Mora-Reina, Julián
Vergara-Mercado, Martha
Herrera-Herrera, Alejandra
Rodriguez-Paz, Martha
Cáceres- Matta, Sandra
Fortich-Mesa, Natalia
Ochoa-Acosta, Emilia M.
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UCC
- Idioma:
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/45854
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/45854
- Palabra clave:
- Antibacterianos
Farmacorresistencia bacteriana
Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud
Aprendizaje
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Impact of a virtual learning environment on the conscious prescription of antibiotics among Colombian dentists |
title |
Impact of a virtual learning environment on the conscious prescription of antibiotics among Colombian dentists |
spellingShingle |
Impact of a virtual learning environment on the conscious prescription of antibiotics among Colombian dentists Antibacterianos Farmacorresistencia bacteriana Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud Aprendizaje |
title_short |
Impact of a virtual learning environment on the conscious prescription of antibiotics among Colombian dentists |
title_full |
Impact of a virtual learning environment on the conscious prescription of antibiotics among Colombian dentists |
title_fullStr |
Impact of a virtual learning environment on the conscious prescription of antibiotics among Colombian dentists |
title_full_unstemmed |
Impact of a virtual learning environment on the conscious prescription of antibiotics among Colombian dentists |
title_sort |
Impact of a virtual learning environment on the conscious prescription of antibiotics among Colombian dentists |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Angarita-Díaz, María del Pilar Bernal-Cepeda, Lilia Bastidas-Legarda, Leidy Forero-Escobar, Diana Ricaurte-Avendaño, Angélica Mora-Reina, Julián Vergara-Mercado, Martha Herrera-Herrera, Alejandra Rodriguez-Paz, Martha Cáceres- Matta, Sandra Fortich-Mesa, Natalia Ochoa-Acosta, Emilia M. |
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Plos One |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Angarita-Díaz, María del Pilar Bernal-Cepeda, Lilia Bastidas-Legarda, Leidy Forero-Escobar, Diana Ricaurte-Avendaño, Angélica Mora-Reina, Julián Vergara-Mercado, Martha Herrera-Herrera, Alejandra Rodriguez-Paz, Martha Cáceres- Matta, Sandra Fortich-Mesa, Natalia Ochoa-Acosta, Emilia M. |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Antibacterianos Farmacorresistencia bacteriana Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud Aprendizaje |
topic |
Antibacterianos Farmacorresistencia bacteriana Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud Aprendizaje |
description |
Appropriate antibiotic prescription contributes to reducing bacterial resistance; therefore, it is critical to provide training regarding this challenge. The objective of this study was to develop a virtual learning environment for antibiotic prescription and to determine its impact on dentists’ awareness, attitudes, and intention to practice. First, the learning content on multimedia resources was developed and distributed into three challenges that participants had to overcome. Then, a quasi-experimental study was performed in which the virtual learning environment was implemented on dentists from seven Colombian cities. The median of correct answers and the levels of awareness, attitudes, and intention to practice were compared before, immediately after, and 6-months post-intervention. Wilcoxon signed-rank and McNemar’s tests were used to determine the differences. A total of 206 participants who finished the virtual learning environment activities exhibited a favorable and statistically significant impact on the median of correct answers of awareness (p < 0.001), attitudes (p < 0.001), and intention to practice (p = 0.042). A significant increase occurred in the number of participants with a high level of awareness (p < 0.001) and a non-significant increase in participants with high levels of attitudes (p = 0.230) and intention to practice (p = 0.286). At 6 months, the positive effect on the median of correct answers on awareness and intention to practice persisted (p < 0.001); however, this was not evident for attitudes (p = 0.105). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the number of participants who showed low levels of awareness (p = 0.019) and a slight increase in those with high levels of the same component (p = 0.161). The use of a virtual learning environment designed for dentists contributed to a rapid improvement in awareness and intention to practice antibiotic prescription; however, their attitudes and information retention need reinforcement. |
publishDate |
2022 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-07-22T21:37:53Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-07-22T21:37:53Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-01-28 |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículos Científicos |
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
10.1371/journal.pone.0262731 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/45854 |
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Angarita-Díaz MDP, Bernal-Cepeda L, Bastidas-Legarda L, Forero-Escobar D, Ricaurte-Avendaño A, Mora-Reina J, Vergara-Mercado M, Herrera-Herrera A, Rodriguez-Paz M, Cáceres-Matta S, Fortich-Mesa N, Ochoa-Acosta EM. Impact of a virtual learning environment on the conscious prescription of antibiotics among Colombian dentists. PLoS One. 2022 Jan 28;17(1):e0262731. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262731. PMID: 35089952; PMCID: PMC8797226. |
identifier_str_mv |
10.1371/journal.pone.0262731 Angarita-Díaz MDP, Bernal-Cepeda L, Bastidas-Legarda L, Forero-Escobar D, Ricaurte-Avendaño A, Mora-Reina J, Vergara-Mercado M, Herrera-Herrera A, Rodriguez-Paz M, Cáceres-Matta S, Fortich-Mesa N, Ochoa-Acosta EM. Impact of a virtual learning environment on the conscious prescription of antibiotics among Colombian dentists. PLoS One. 2022 Jan 28;17(1):e0262731. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262731. PMID: 35089952; PMCID: PMC8797226. |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/45854 |
dc.relation.isversionof.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0262731 |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
PLOS ONE |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
World Health Organization. New report calls for urgent action to avert antimicrobial resistance crisis. 2019 April 19 [cited 2020 Dec 12]. In: World Health Organization [Internet]. New York: World Health O’Neil J. Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. [Internet]. London: HM Government; 2014 [cited 2020 Dec 20]. Available from: https://amr-review.org/sites/default/ files/160518_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf. World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 [cited 2020 Dec 20]. Available from: https://www.amcra.be/swfiles/files/ WHO%20actieplan_90.pdf. FDI World Dental Federation. Antibiotic Stewardship in Dentistry. 2019 Sep [cited 2020 Dec 20]. In: FDI World Dental Federation [Internet]. San Francisco: FDI 2019. [about 1 screen]. Available from: https:// www.fdiworlddental.org/antibiotic-stewardship-dentistry. Hoffman S, Caleo GM, Daulaire N, Elbe S, Matsoso P, Mossialos E, et al. Strategies for achieving global collective action on antimicrobial resistance. Bull World Health Organ. 2015; 93: 867–876. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.153171 PMID: 26668439 Robles Raya P, Javierre Miranda AP, Moreno Milla´n N, Mas Casals A, de Frutos Echa´niz E, Morato´ Agustı´ ML. Management of odontogenic infections in Primary Care: Antibiotic?. Aten Primaria. 2017; 49(10): 611–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2017.05.003 PMID: 28754576 Stein K, Farmer J, Singhal S, Marra F, Sutherland S, Quiñonez C. The use and misuse of antibiotics in dentistry: A scoping review. J Am Dent Assoc. 2018; 149(10): 869—884.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. adaj.2018.05.034 PMID: 30261952 Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, ErwinIII JP, Fleisher LA, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2017; 135(25): 1159–1195. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR. 0000000000000503 PMID: 33332150 American Dental Association. Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental procedures. Oral Health Topics. 2021 May 14 [cited 2021 Jun 18]. In: ADA [Internet]. Chicago: American Dental Association. [about 6 screens]. Available from: https://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/antibioticprophylaxis. American Association of Endodontists. Antibiotic Prophylaxis 2017 Update. [Internet]. Chicago: American Association of Endodontists; 2017 [cited 2021 Jun 18] Available from: https://www.aae.org/ specialty/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/aae_antibiotic-prophylaxis-2017update.pdf. Dar-Odeh NS, Abu-Hammad OA, Al-Omiri MK, Khraisat AS, Shehabi AA. Antibiotic prescribing practices by dentists: a review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2010; 6: 301–306. https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm. s9736 PMID: 20668712 Thompson W, Tonkin-Crine S, Pavitt SH, McEachan RRC, Douglas GVA, Aggarwal VR, et al. Factors associated with antibiotic prescribing for adults with acute conditions: an umbrella review across primary care and a systematic review focusing on primary dental care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019; 74(8): 2139–2152. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz152 PMID: 31002336 Trevethan R. Deconstructing and assessing knowledge and awareness in public health research. Front Public Health. 2017; 5: 194. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00194 PMID: 28824900 Bohner G, Dickel N. Attitudes and attitude change. Annu Rev Psychol. 2011; 62: 391–417. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131609 PMID: 20809791 Sofhauser C. Intention in nursing practice. Nurs Sci Q. 2016; 29(1): 31–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0894318415614629 PMID: 26660773 Derakhshanrad SA, Piven E, Hosseini SA, Shahboulaghi FM, Nazeran H, Rassafiani M. Exploring the nature of the intention, meaning and perception process of the neuro-occupation model to understand adaptation to change. Occup Ther Int. 2016; 23(1): 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/oti.1402 PMID: 26234718 Roque F, Herdeiro MT, Soares S, Teixeira Rodrigues A, Breitenfeld L, Figueiras A. Educational interventions to improve prescription and dispensing of antibiotics: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14: 1276. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1276 PMID: 25511932 Aboalshamat KT, Banjar AM, Al-Jaber MI, Turkistani NM, Al-Amoudi MT. The effectiveness of online course intervention to improve knowledge of antimicrobial resistance among dental students, in comparison to reference group using a randomized controlled trial. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019; 7 (17): 2917–2923. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.723 PMID: 31844458 Teoh L, Stewart K, Marino RJ, McCullough MJ. Improvement of dental prescribing practices using education and a prescribing tool: A pilot intervention study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021; 87(1): 152–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14373 PMID: 32436349 Kyaw BM, Tudor Car L, van Galen LS, van Agtmael MA, Costelloe CE, Ajuebor O, et al. Health professions digital education on antibiotic management: systematic review and meta-analysis by the digital health education collaboration. J Med Internet Res. 2019; 21(9): e14984. https://doi.org/10.2196/14984 PMID: 31516125 Xu D, Wang H, Wang M. A conceptual model of personalized virtual learning environments. Expert Mu¨ ller D, Strohmeier S. Design characteristics of virtual learning environments: state of research. Comput. Educ. 2011; 57(4): 2505–2516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.06.017 Asthana A. Multimedia in Education. 2008 [cited 2020 Dec 21] In: Furht B. (eds). Encyclopedia of Multimedia [Internet]. Boston: Springer 2008. Available from: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/ 10.1007%2F978-0-387-78414-4_140. Mayer R. The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014. Lozano A, Za´rate JF, Llaven MI. Uso de Recursos Educativos en Lı´nea en el nivel medio superior: Desarrollo de competencias dida´cticas del docente. CPU-e. Rev. de Investig. Educ. 2018; 26: 114– 135. Angarita-Dı´az MDP, Bernal-Cepeda L, Rodriguez-Paz M, Vergara-Mercado M, Herrera-Herrera A, Forero-Escobar D, et al. Prescribing antibiotics by dentists in Colombia: Toward a conscientious prescription. J Public Health Dent. 2020; 81(2): 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphd.12416 PMID: 33104249 Angarita-Dı´az MP, Forero-Escobar D, Mora-Reina JE, Go´mez-Trujillo RN, Torre-Gaona LP. Development and validation of a questionnaire to determine knowledge, attitudes, and practices in antibiotics prescription in dentistry. Rev Fac Odontol Univ Antioq. 2019; 31(1–2): 112–121. https://doi.org/10. 17533/udea.rfo.v31n1-2a10 Sikkens JJ, Caris MG, Schutte T, Kramer MHH, Tichelaar J, van Agtmael MA. Improving antibiotic prescribing skills in medical students: the effect of e-learning after 6 months. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018; 73(8): 2243–2246. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky163 PMID: 29746682 Soltanimehr E, Bahrampour E, Imani MM, Rahimi F, Almasi B, Moattari M. Effect of virtual versus traditional education on theoretical knowledge and reporting skills of dental students in radiographic interpretation of bony lesions of the jaw. BMC Med Educ. 2019; 19(1): 233. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909- 019-1649-0 PMID: 31238927 Berr L, Donaldson N, Hatzipanagos S, Paganelli C, Reynolds PA. The impact on dental students’ knowledge in three European countries through an online module on antibiotic prescribing: a preliminary study. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol. 2013; 51(3): e25–6. PMID: 25461126 Suda KJ, Calip GS, Zhou J, Rowan S, Gross AE, Hershow RC, et al. Assessment of the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for infection prophylaxis before dental procedures, 2011 to 2015. JAMA Netw Open. 2019; 2(5): e193909. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3909 PMID: 31150071 Chen C, Gilpin N, Walsh L. Discrepancy in therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotic prescribing in general dentists and maxillofacial specialists in Australia. Antibiotics. 2020; 9(8): 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ antibiotics9080492 PMID: 32784644 Daly CG. Antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures. Aust Prescr. 2017; 40(5): 184–188. https://doi. org/10.18773/austprescr.2017.054 PMID: 29109602 Sgolastra F, Gatto R, Petrucci A, Monaco A. Effectiveness of systemic amoxicillin/metronidazole as adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2012; 83(10): 1257–1269. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2012. 110625 PMID: 22220767 Durkin MJ, Hsueh K, Sallah YH, Feng Q, Jafarzadeh SR, Munshi KD, et al. An evaluation of dental antibiotic prescribing practices in the United States. J Am Dent Assoc. 2017; 148(12): 878—886.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2017.07.019 PMID: 28941554 Stevens NT, Bruen C, Boland F, Pawlikowska T, Fitzpatrick F, Humphreys H. Is online case-based learning effective in helping undergraduate medical students choose the appropriate antibiotics to treat important infections? JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2019; 1(3): dlz08.1. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/ dlz081 PMID: 34222954 Hyde S, Flatau A, Wilson D. Integrating threshold concepts with reflective practice: Discussing a theorybased approach for curriculum refinement in dental education. Eur J Dent Educ. 2018; 22(4): e687— e697. https://doi.org/10.1111/eje.12380 PMID: 29962018 Tudor Car L, Soong A, Kyaw BM, Chua KL, Low-Beer N, Majeed A. Health professions digital education on clinical practice guidelines: a systematic review by Digital Health Education collaboration. BMC Med. 2019; 17(1): 139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1370-1 PMID: 31315642 Caris MG, Sikkens JJ, Kusurkar RA, van Agtmael MA. E-learning on antibiotic prescribing-the role of autonomous motivation in participation: a prospective cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018; 73(8): 2247–2251. pmid:29757387 Gross AE, Suda KJ, Zhou J, Calip GS, Rowan SA, Hershow RC, et al. Serious antibiotic-related adverse effects following unnecessary dental prophylaxis in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021; 42(1): 110–112. pmid:33172505 Goff DA, Mangino JE, Glassman AH, Goff D, Larsen P, Scheetz R. Review of guidelines for dental antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of endocarditis and prosthetic joint infections and need for dental stewardship. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 71(2): 455–462. pmid:31728507 |
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Plos OneUniversidad Cooperativa de ColombiaAngarita-Díaz, María del PilarBernal-Cepeda, LiliaBastidas-Legarda, LeidyForero-Escobar, DianaRicaurte-Avendaño, AngélicaMora-Reina, JuliánVergara-Mercado, MarthaHerrera-Herrera, AlejandraRodriguez-Paz, MarthaCáceres- Matta, SandraFortich-Mesa, NataliaOchoa-Acosta, Emilia M.172022-07-22T21:37:53Z2022-07-22T21:37:53Z2022-01-2810.1371/journal.pone.0262731https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/45854Angarita-Díaz MDP, Bernal-Cepeda L, Bastidas-Legarda L, Forero-Escobar D, Ricaurte-Avendaño A, Mora-Reina J, Vergara-Mercado M, Herrera-Herrera A, Rodriguez-Paz M, Cáceres-Matta S, Fortich-Mesa N, Ochoa-Acosta EM. Impact of a virtual learning environment on the conscious prescription of antibiotics among Colombian dentists. PLoS One. 2022 Jan 28;17(1):e0262731. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262731. PMID: 35089952; PMCID: PMC8797226.Appropriate antibiotic prescription contributes to reducing bacterial resistance; therefore, it is critical to provide training regarding this challenge. The objective of this study was to develop a virtual learning environment for antibiotic prescription and to determine its impact on dentists’ awareness, attitudes, and intention to practice. First, the learning content on multimedia resources was developed and distributed into three challenges that participants had to overcome. Then, a quasi-experimental study was performed in which the virtual learning environment was implemented on dentists from seven Colombian cities. The median of correct answers and the levels of awareness, attitudes, and intention to practice were compared before, immediately after, and 6-months post-intervention. Wilcoxon signed-rank and McNemar’s tests were used to determine the differences. A total of 206 participants who finished the virtual learning environment activities exhibited a favorable and statistically significant impact on the median of correct answers of awareness (p < 0.001), attitudes (p < 0.001), and intention to practice (p = 0.042). A significant increase occurred in the number of participants with a high level of awareness (p < 0.001) and a non-significant increase in participants with high levels of attitudes (p = 0.230) and intention to practice (p = 0.286). At 6 months, the positive effect on the median of correct answers on awareness and intention to practice persisted (p < 0.001); however, this was not evident for attitudes (p = 0.105). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the number of participants who showed low levels of awareness (p = 0.019) and a slight increase in those with high levels of the same component (p = 0.161). The use of a virtual learning environment designed for dentists contributed to a rapid improvement in awareness and intention to practice antibiotic prescription; however, their attitudes and information retention need reinforcement.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=00015613820000-0002-5435-3456GIOMETmaria.angaritad@campusucc.edu.co17Universidad Cooperativa de ColombiaAndrej M. KielbassaOdontologíaVillavicenciohttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0262731PLOS ONEWorld Health Organization. New report calls for urgent action to avert antimicrobial resistance crisis. 2019 April 19 [cited 2020 Dec 12]. In: World Health Organization [Internet]. New York: World HealthO’Neil J. Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. [Internet]. London: HM Government; 2014 [cited 2020 Dec 20]. Available from: https://amr-review.org/sites/default/ files/160518_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf.World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 [cited 2020 Dec 20]. Available from: https://www.amcra.be/swfiles/files/ WHO%20actieplan_90.pdf.FDI World Dental Federation. Antibiotic Stewardship in Dentistry. 2019 Sep [cited 2020 Dec 20]. In: FDI World Dental Federation [Internet]. San Francisco: FDI 2019. [about 1 screen]. Available from: https:// www.fdiworlddental.org/antibiotic-stewardship-dentistry.Hoffman S, Caleo GM, Daulaire N, Elbe S, Matsoso P, Mossialos E, et al. Strategies for achieving global collective action on antimicrobial resistance. Bull World Health Organ. 2015; 93: 867–876. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.153171 PMID: 26668439Robles Raya P, Javierre Miranda AP, Moreno Milla´n N, Mas Casals A, de Frutos Echa´niz E, Morato´ Agustı´ ML. Management of odontogenic infections in Primary Care: Antibiotic?. Aten Primaria. 2017; 49(10): 611–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2017.05.003 PMID: 28754576Stein K, Farmer J, Singhal S, Marra F, Sutherland S, Quiñonez C. The use and misuse of antibiotics in dentistry: A scoping review. J Am Dent Assoc. 2018; 149(10): 869—884.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. adaj.2018.05.034 PMID: 30261952Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, ErwinIII JP, Fleisher LA, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2017; 135(25): 1159–1195. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR. 0000000000000503 PMID: 33332150American Dental Association. Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental procedures. Oral Health Topics. 2021 May 14 [cited 2021 Jun 18]. In: ADA [Internet]. 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