Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias

El aborto es uno de los problemas más preocupantes para los ganaderos, ya que se manifiesta de forma esporádica, su origen infeccioso y no infeccioso hace difícil que se establezca su agente causal. Los agentes más relevantes con predilección a la membrana fetal son: Brucella, Aspergillus sp, Leptos...

Full description

Autores:
Contreras Quijano, María Angélica
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UCC
Idioma:
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/12427
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/12427
Palabra clave:
Aborto
Diagnóstico
Infección
Neospora
IBR
Leptospira
Brucella
Patogenia
Bovino
TG 2019 MVZ 12427
Abortion
Diagnosis
Infection
Neospora
IBR
Leptospira
Brucella
Pathogenesis
Cattle
Rights
closedAccess
License
Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
id COOPER2_cef64a6d6db8bf853c883f14379363eb
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/12427
network_acronym_str COOPER2
network_name_str Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
title Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
spellingShingle Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
Aborto
Diagnóstico
Infección
Neospora
IBR
Leptospira
Brucella
Patogenia
Bovino
TG 2019 MVZ 12427
Abortion
Diagnosis
Infection
Neospora
IBR
Leptospira
Brucella
Pathogenesis
Cattle
title_short Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
title_full Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
title_fullStr Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
title_full_unstemmed Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
title_sort Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Contreras Quijano, María Angélica
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Ismael Monroy, Nestor
Lopera Vásquez, Ricaurte
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Contreras Quijano, María Angélica
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Aborto
Diagnóstico
Infección
Neospora
IBR
Leptospira
Brucella
Patogenia
Bovino
topic Aborto
Diagnóstico
Infección
Neospora
IBR
Leptospira
Brucella
Patogenia
Bovino
TG 2019 MVZ 12427
Abortion
Diagnosis
Infection
Neospora
IBR
Leptospira
Brucella
Pathogenesis
Cattle
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv TG 2019 MVZ 12427
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv Abortion
Diagnosis
Infection
Neospora
IBR
Leptospira
Brucella
Pathogenesis
Cattle
description El aborto es uno de los problemas más preocupantes para los ganaderos, ya que se manifiesta de forma esporádica, su origen infeccioso y no infeccioso hace difícil que se establezca su agente causal. Los agentes más relevantes con predilección a la membrana fetal son: Brucella, Aspergillus sp, Leptospira spp, Rinotraqueitis Infecciosa Bovina (IBR), diarrea viral bovina (vDVB) y Neospora caninum, los cuales suelen ocasionar problemas al embrión dependiendo la virulencia y el período de gestación en el cual se encuentre. El aborto se destaca por su gran impacto en las producciones bovinas, siendo uno de los factores más limitantes para la ganadería, generando un desafío enorme para los médicos veterinarios dedicados a la producción ganadera, el siguiente artículo contextualiza las principales causas, diagnósticos y consecuencias del aborto bovino.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-07-09T16:57:57Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-07-09T16:57:57Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019-07-09
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/12427
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv Contreras Quijano, M. A. (2019). Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causa, diagnóstico y consecuencias. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/ucc/12427
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/12427
identifier_str_mv Contreras Quijano, M. A. (2019). Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causa, diagnóstico y consecuencias. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/ucc/12427
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Adams, L. (2002). The pathology of brucellosis reflects the outcome of the battle between the host genome
Akcam, F., Yayli, G., Uskun, E., Kaya, O. & Demir, C. (2006). Evaluation of the Bactec microbial detection system for culturing miscellaneous sterile body fluids. Res. Microbiol. 157: 433–436.
Anderson, M. (2007). Infectious causes of bovine abortion during mid- to late gestation. Theriogenology. 68: 474-486.
Anderson, M., Blanchard, P., Barr, B. & Hoffman, R. (1990). A survey of causes of bovine abortion occurring in the San Joaquin Valley, California. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2: 283-287.
Anderson, M., Andrianarivo, Amy Conrad, P. (2000). Neosporosis in cattle. Animal Reproduction Science. V .60-61, P. 417-431.
Anonymous. (1986). California livestock statistics. California Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA, Pp 10. (Original no consultado, citado por: Thurmond M, J Picanso. (1990). A surveillance system for bovine abortion. Prev Vet Med 8, 41-53.
Antoniassi, N., Santos, A., Oliveira, E., Pescador, C., & Driemeier, D. (2007). Diagnóstico das causas infecciosas de aborto en bovinos. Biológico. V. 69, n.2, p. 69-72.
Baker, J. (1995). The clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea Infections. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11: 425 – 446.
Baumgarten, D. (2002). Brucellosis: a short review of the disease situation in Paraguay. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 63-69.
Bolin, C. (1998). Clinical signs, diagnosis, and prevention of bovine leptospirosis. The Bovine Practitioner 33, 50-55.
Bondurant, R. (2005). Venereal diseases of cattle: natural history, diagnosis, and the role of vaccines control. Vet Clin North Am Food LAnim Pract. 21(2): 383-408.w
Boschiroli, ML., Foulogne, V., y Callaghan, D. (2001). Brucellosis: a worldwide zoonosis. Current opinion in brucellosis. 4: 58-64
Bricker, B. (2002). PCR as a diagnostic tool for brucellosis. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 435-446.
Carpenter, T., Chriel, M., Anderson, M., Wulfson, L., Jensen, A., & Hove, H. (2006). An epidemiologic study of late term abortions in dairy cattle in Denmark. Prev Vet Med; 77(3-4):215-229.
Carvalho, N., Mol, J., Xavier, M., Paixao, T., Lage, A., & Santos R. (2010). Pathogenesis of bovine brucellosis. Vet. J. 184: 146-155.
Carlos M. Campero (2005). INIA Tacuarembó enfermedades que afectan reproduccion en bovinos.
Celli, J. (2006). Surviving inside a macrophage: The many ways of Brucella. Res.Microbiol. 157: 93–98.
Cobo, E., Cipolla, A., Morsella, C., Cano, D., & Campero, C. (2003). Effect of two commercial vaccines to Campylobacter fetus subspecies on heifers naturally challenged. J. Vet. Med. series B, 50, 75-80.
Corbellini, L., Driemeier, D., Cruz, C., Gondim, L. & Wald, V. (2002). Neosporosis as a cause of abortion in dairy cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Vet.Parásitol. 103: 195-202.
Cortez, A., Scarcelli, E. y Soares, R. (2001). Detection of Brucella DNA from aborted bovine foetuses by polymerase chain reaction. Aust. Vet. J. 79: 500501.
Drost, M., Jousan, F., y Hansen, P. (2004). Factors associated with early and mid-to-late fetal loss in lactating and nonlactating Holstein cattle in a hot climate. Gainesville: Departments of Animal Sciences and Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida.
Dubey, J. (1999). Neosporosis in cattle: biology and economic impact. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214, 1160-1163.
Foster, G., MacMillan, A., Godfroid, J., Howie, F., Ross, H., Cloeckaert, A., Reid, R., Brew, S. & Patterson, I. (2002). A review of Brucella sp. Infection of sea mammals with particular emphasis on isolates from Scotland. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 563-580.
Givens, M. (2006). A clinical, evidence-based approach to infectious causes of infertility in beef cattle. Theriogenology. 66:648-654.
Hum, S., Quinn, K., Brunner, J. & On, S. (1997). Evaluation of a PCR assay for identification and differentiation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies. Aust. Vet. J. 75: 827-830.
Jarret, I., Mcorist, S., Waddington, J., Browning, J., Malecki, J., & McCausland, I. (1984). Diagnostic studies of the fetus, placenta and maternal blood from bovine abortions. Cornell Veterinary. V.74, n.1; p. 8-20.
Kirkbride, C. (1999). Etiologic agents detected in a 10-year study of bovine abortions and stillbirths. J Vet Diagn Invest; 4:175-180.
Lee, B., Higgins, I., Moon, O., Clegg, T., McGrath, G., Collins, D., Park, J., Yoon, H., Lee, S., & More, S. (2009). Surveillance and control of bovine brucellosis in the Republic of Korea during 2000-2006. Prev.Vet. Med. 90: 66-79.
Lértora, W.J. (2003). Diarrea viral bovina: actualización. Revista Veterinaria. 14:1
Lilenbaum, W., Vargas, R., Brandao, F., Cortez, A., de Souza, S.O., Brandão, P.E., Richtzenhain, L., & Vasconcellos, S.A. (2008) Detection of Leptospira spp. in semen and vaginal fluids of goats and sheep by polymerase chain reaction. Theriogenology. 69(7): 837-842.
Lindberg, A., y Alenius, S. (1999). Principles for eradication of bovine virus diarrhoea virus infections in cattle populations. Vet Microbiol 64,197-222.
Lindsay, D., Butler, J. Rippey, N. y Blagburn, B. (1996). Demonstration of synergistic effects of sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase inhibitors against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cultured cells,and characterization of mutants resistant to pyrimethamine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57: 68-72.
Lopez, A. y Bildfell, R. (1992). Pulmonary inflammation associated with aspirated meconium and epithelial cells in calves. Vet. Pathol. 29: 104-111.
López, A., Santolaria, J., Yaniz, J., Rutllant, J., & López, M. (2002). Factors affecting pregnancy loss from gestation day 38 to 90 in lactating dairy cows from a single herd. Theriogenology. 57: 1251-1261.
Low, J., y Donachie, W. (1997). A Review of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeriosis. Vet. J. 153: 9-29.
Martin, S., Aziz, A., Sandals, W., & Curtis, R. (1982). The association between clinical disease, production and culling of Holstein Friesian cows. Can J Anim Sci 62, 633-640.
McAllister, M., Dubey, M., LIndsay, D., Jolley, W., Wills, R., McGuire, V. (1998). Dogs are definitive host of Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol 28, 1473-1478.
Meador, V., Hagemoser, W., y Deyoe, B. (1988). Histopathologic findings in Brucella abortus-infected, pregnant goats. Am J Vet Res. 49(2): 274-280.
Miller, R. (1986). Bovine Abortion. In: Morrow D (ed). Current Therapy In Theriogenology. WB Saunders Company, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA.
Miller, R., y Quinn, P. (1975). Observations on Abortions in Cattle: A Comparison of Pathological, microbiological and Immunological Findings in Aborted Foetuses and Foetuses Collected at Abattoirs. Can. J. Comp. Med. 39: 270 290.
Moennig, V. y Liess, B. (1995). Pathogenesis of intrauterine infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food. Anim. Pract. 11: 477-487.
Nielsen, K., Kelly, L., Gall, D., Balsevicius, S., Bosse, J., Nicoletti, P. & Kelly, W. (1996). Comparison of enzyme immunoassays for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Prev. Vet.Med. 26: 17-32.
Nielsen, K., Kelly, L., Gall, D., Nicoletti, P. & Kelly, W. (1995). Improved competitive enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 46: 285-291.
OIE. (2008). Manual de las Pruebas de Diagnóstico y de las Vacunas para los Animales Terrestres. Recuperado de http://www.oie.int/esp/normes/mmanual/e_summry.htm
Orellano, R.I. 2016. Agentes infecciosos causales de aborto de presentación frecuente en bovinos. Tesis de grado UNCPBA. 113 p.
Osburn, B. y Kennedy, P. (1981). Abortion and prenatal disease. Current Veterinary Therapy 1. Food Animal. Published by W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA. 997-1000.
Quinn, H., Ellis, J. y Smith, N. (2002). Neospora caninum: a cause of immune mediated failure of pregnancy? Trends Parasitology 18: 391-394.
Richtzenhain, L., Cortez, A., Heinemann, M., Soares, R., Sakamoto, S., Vasconcellos, S., Morais, M., Scarcelli, E. & Genovez, M. (2002). A multiplex PCR for the detection of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. DNA from aborted bovine fetuses. Vet. Microbiol. 87: 139-147.
Ridpath JF, Bolin SR, Dubovi E (1994). Segregation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus into genotypes. Virology 205: 66-74
Samartino, L. (2002). Brucellosis in Argentina. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 71-80.
Samartino, L. y Enright, F. (1993). Pathogenesis of abortion of bovine brucellosis. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 16: 95-101.
Sanz A., Bruñes A., Villalba D. (2004). Influence of management and nutrition on pospartum interval in Brown Swiss and Pirenaica cows. Livestook Production Science 86, 179-191.
Saravi, M., Wright, P., Gregoret, R. & Gall, D. (1995). Comparative performance of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and conventional assays in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in Argentina. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 47: 93-99.
Seleem, M., Boyle, S. y Sr Ranganathan, N. (2010). Brucellosis: a re- emerging zoonosis. Vet. Microbiol. 140:392-398.
Serrano R. y Salazar M. (1996). Evaluación de una inmunización contra Leptospira sobre parámetros productivos y reproductivos en hatos del piedemonte llanero.
Thurmond, M., Johnson, W., Muñoz, C., Su, C., & Hietala, S. (2002). A method of probability diagnostic assignment that applies bayes theorem for use in serologic diagnostics, using an example of Neospora caninum infection in cattle. Am J Vet Res 63, 318-325.
Uzal, F., Carrasco, A., Nielsen, K., Echaide, S. & Cabrera, R. (1996). An indirect ELISA using a monoclonal anti IgG1, enzyme conjugate for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Vet. Microbiol. 52: 175 180.
Vargas, A., Costa, M., Vainstein, M., Kreutz, L. & Neves, J. (2003). Phenotypic and molecular characterization of bovine Campylobacter fetus strains isolated in Brazil. Vet. Microbiol. 93: 121-132.
Vargas, O. y Francisco, J. (2002). Brucellosis in Venezuela. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 39 44.
Vargas D, Jaime J,Vera V. Perspectivas para el control del virus de la diarrhea viral bovina (DVB). Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2009; 22:677-688.
Wounda, W., Bartels, C. y Moen, A. (1997). Characteristics of Neospora caninum associated abortion storms in dairy herds in the Netherlands (1995 to 1997). Theriogenology. 52: 233- 245.
Xavier, M., Paixao, T., Poester, F., Lage, A. & Santos, R. (2009). Pathological, immunohistochemical, and bacteriological study of tissues and milk of cows and fetuses experimentally infected with Brucella abortus. J. Comp. Pathol. 140: 149-157.
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
eu_rights_str_mv closedAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 19 p.
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, Villavicencio
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Medicina veterinaria y zootecnia
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Villavicencio
institution Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/8417db90-d3f4-40b2-8028-e9651bdc9cee/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/23425169-e48a-4d21-88a7-ceb5a496e408/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/9ab0b6db-2770-49b3-b27c-d49c58758525/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/571cbb12-fa9e-481c-af02-c694815eb559/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45
a054bccf3b3088f4a5e27c1d91eaa729
a4a94409b96b1874b255c37c022c7121
e16cf7afc9c606e183085e33bcdc7155
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_ 1814246950531235840
spelling Ismael Monroy, NestorLopera Vásquez, RicaurteContreras Quijano, María Angélica2019-07-09T16:57:57Z2019-07-09T16:57:57Z2019-07-09https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/12427Contreras Quijano, M. A. (2019). Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causa, diagnóstico y consecuencias. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/ucc/12427El aborto es uno de los problemas más preocupantes para los ganaderos, ya que se manifiesta de forma esporádica, su origen infeccioso y no infeccioso hace difícil que se establezca su agente causal. Los agentes más relevantes con predilección a la membrana fetal son: Brucella, Aspergillus sp, Leptospira spp, Rinotraqueitis Infecciosa Bovina (IBR), diarrea viral bovina (vDVB) y Neospora caninum, los cuales suelen ocasionar problemas al embrión dependiendo la virulencia y el período de gestación en el cual se encuentre. El aborto se destaca por su gran impacto en las producciones bovinas, siendo uno de los factores más limitantes para la ganadería, generando un desafío enorme para los médicos veterinarios dedicados a la producción ganadera, el siguiente artículo contextualiza las principales causas, diagnósticos y consecuencias del aborto bovino.The abortion is one of the most important problems for the breeders, demonstrated of sporadic form, and their infectious and not infectious origin, become difficult that his causal agent establishes. The most relevant agents with predilection to the foetal membrane are: Brucella, Aspergillus sp, Leptospira spp, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), viral bovine diarrhea (vDVB) and Neospora caninum, that cause problems to the embryo depending the virulence and the period of gestation in which they are. The abortion are important for his great impact in the bovine productions, being one of the most bounding factors for the breeding, constituting a challenge veterinarians dedicated to cattle production, The following document connect on the principal reasons, diagnoses and consequences of the bovine abortion.1. Resumen -- 2. Abstract -- 3. Inroducción -- 4. Patogenia del aborto bovino -- 6. Impacto consecuencia del aborto bovino -- 6. Causas infecciosas del aborto bovino -- 9. Bacterias oportunistas secundarias que generan abortos en bovinos -- 10. Virus que generan aborto en bovinos -- 12. Protozoos que causan aborto en Bovinos -- 14. Abortos micóticos en Bovinos -- 15. Conclusiones -- 16. Referencias bibliográficas.angela-994@hotmail.com19 p. Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, VillavicencioMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaVillavicencioAbortoDiagnósticoInfecciónNeosporaIBRLeptospiraBrucellaPatogeniaBovinoTG 2019 MVZ 12427AbortionDiagnosisInfectionNeosporaIBRLeptospiraBrucellaPathogenesisCattleAborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuenciasTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Sin Derivarinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbAdams, L. (2002). The pathology of brucellosis reflects the outcome of the battle between the host genomeAkcam, F., Yayli, G., Uskun, E., Kaya, O. & Demir, C. (2006). Evaluation of the Bactec microbial detection system for culturing miscellaneous sterile body fluids. Res. Microbiol. 157: 433–436.Anderson, M. (2007). Infectious causes of bovine abortion during mid- to late gestation. Theriogenology. 68: 474-486.Anderson, M., Blanchard, P., Barr, B. & Hoffman, R. (1990). A survey of causes of bovine abortion occurring in the San Joaquin Valley, California. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2: 283-287.Anderson, M., Andrianarivo, Amy Conrad, P. (2000). Neosporosis in cattle. Animal Reproduction Science. V .60-61, P. 417-431.Anonymous. (1986). California livestock statistics. California Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA, Pp 10. (Original no consultado, citado por: Thurmond M, J Picanso. (1990). A surveillance system for bovine abortion. Prev Vet Med 8, 41-53.Antoniassi, N., Santos, A., Oliveira, E., Pescador, C., & Driemeier, D. (2007). Diagnóstico das causas infecciosas de aborto en bovinos. Biológico. V. 69, n.2, p. 69-72.Baker, J. (1995). The clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea Infections. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11: 425 – 446.Baumgarten, D. (2002). Brucellosis: a short review of the disease situation in Paraguay. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 63-69.Bolin, C. (1998). Clinical signs, diagnosis, and prevention of bovine leptospirosis. The Bovine Practitioner 33, 50-55.Bondurant, R. (2005). Venereal diseases of cattle: natural history, diagnosis, and the role of vaccines control. Vet Clin North Am Food LAnim Pract. 21(2): 383-408.wBoschiroli, ML., Foulogne, V., y Callaghan, D. (2001). Brucellosis: a worldwide zoonosis. Current opinion in brucellosis. 4: 58-64Bricker, B. (2002). PCR as a diagnostic tool for brucellosis. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 435-446.Carpenter, T., Chriel, M., Anderson, M., Wulfson, L., Jensen, A., & Hove, H. (2006). An epidemiologic study of late term abortions in dairy cattle in Denmark. Prev Vet Med; 77(3-4):215-229.Carvalho, N., Mol, J., Xavier, M., Paixao, T., Lage, A., & Santos R. (2010). Pathogenesis of bovine brucellosis. Vet. J. 184: 146-155.Carlos M. Campero (2005). INIA Tacuarembó enfermedades que afectan reproduccion en bovinos.Celli, J. (2006). Surviving inside a macrophage: The many ways of Brucella. Res.Microbiol. 157: 93–98.Cobo, E., Cipolla, A., Morsella, C., Cano, D., & Campero, C. (2003). Effect of two commercial vaccines to Campylobacter fetus subspecies on heifers naturally challenged. J. Vet. Med. series B, 50, 75-80.Corbellini, L., Driemeier, D., Cruz, C., Gondim, L. & Wald, V. (2002). Neosporosis as a cause of abortion in dairy cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Vet.Parásitol. 103: 195-202.Cortez, A., Scarcelli, E. y Soares, R. (2001). Detection of Brucella DNA from aborted bovine foetuses by polymerase chain reaction. Aust. Vet. J. 79: 500501.Drost, M., Jousan, F., y Hansen, P. (2004). Factors associated with early and mid-to-late fetal loss in lactating and nonlactating Holstein cattle in a hot climate. Gainesville: Departments of Animal Sciences and Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida.Dubey, J. (1999). Neosporosis in cattle: biology and economic impact. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214, 1160-1163.Foster, G., MacMillan, A., Godfroid, J., Howie, F., Ross, H., Cloeckaert, A., Reid, R., Brew, S. & Patterson, I. (2002). A review of Brucella sp. Infection of sea mammals with particular emphasis on isolates from Scotland. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 563-580.Givens, M. (2006). A clinical, evidence-based approach to infectious causes of infertility in beef cattle. Theriogenology. 66:648-654.Hum, S., Quinn, K., Brunner, J. & On, S. (1997). Evaluation of a PCR assay for identification and differentiation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies. Aust. Vet. J. 75: 827-830.Jarret, I., Mcorist, S., Waddington, J., Browning, J., Malecki, J., & McCausland, I. (1984). Diagnostic studies of the fetus, placenta and maternal blood from bovine abortions. Cornell Veterinary. V.74, n.1; p. 8-20.Kirkbride, C. (1999). Etiologic agents detected in a 10-year study of bovine abortions and stillbirths. J Vet Diagn Invest; 4:175-180.Lee, B., Higgins, I., Moon, O., Clegg, T., McGrath, G., Collins, D., Park, J., Yoon, H., Lee, S., & More, S. (2009). Surveillance and control of bovine brucellosis in the Republic of Korea during 2000-2006. Prev.Vet. Med. 90: 66-79.Lértora, W.J. (2003). Diarrea viral bovina: actualización. Revista Veterinaria. 14:1Lilenbaum, W., Vargas, R., Brandao, F., Cortez, A., de Souza, S.O., Brandão, P.E., Richtzenhain, L., & Vasconcellos, S.A. (2008) Detection of Leptospira spp. in semen and vaginal fluids of goats and sheep by polymerase chain reaction. Theriogenology. 69(7): 837-842.Lindberg, A., y Alenius, S. (1999). Principles for eradication of bovine virus diarrhoea virus infections in cattle populations. Vet Microbiol 64,197-222.Lindsay, D., Butler, J. Rippey, N. y Blagburn, B. (1996). Demonstration of synergistic effects of sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase inhibitors against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cultured cells,and characterization of mutants resistant to pyrimethamine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57: 68-72.Lopez, A. y Bildfell, R. (1992). Pulmonary inflammation associated with aspirated meconium and epithelial cells in calves. Vet. Pathol. 29: 104-111.López, A., Santolaria, J., Yaniz, J., Rutllant, J., & López, M. (2002). Factors affecting pregnancy loss from gestation day 38 to 90 in lactating dairy cows from a single herd. Theriogenology. 57: 1251-1261.Low, J., y Donachie, W. (1997). A Review of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeriosis. Vet. J. 153: 9-29.Martin, S., Aziz, A., Sandals, W., & Curtis, R. (1982). The association between clinical disease, production and culling of Holstein Friesian cows. Can J Anim Sci 62, 633-640.McAllister, M., Dubey, M., LIndsay, D., Jolley, W., Wills, R., McGuire, V. (1998). Dogs are definitive host of Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol 28, 1473-1478.Meador, V., Hagemoser, W., y Deyoe, B. (1988). Histopathologic findings in Brucella abortus-infected, pregnant goats. Am J Vet Res. 49(2): 274-280.Miller, R. (1986). Bovine Abortion. In: Morrow D (ed). Current Therapy In Theriogenology. WB Saunders Company, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA.Miller, R., y Quinn, P. (1975). Observations on Abortions in Cattle: A Comparison of Pathological, microbiological and Immunological Findings in Aborted Foetuses and Foetuses Collected at Abattoirs. Can. J. Comp. Med. 39: 270 290.Moennig, V. y Liess, B. (1995). Pathogenesis of intrauterine infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food. Anim. Pract. 11: 477-487.Nielsen, K., Kelly, L., Gall, D., Balsevicius, S., Bosse, J., Nicoletti, P. & Kelly, W. (1996). Comparison of enzyme immunoassays for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Prev. Vet.Med. 26: 17-32.Nielsen, K., Kelly, L., Gall, D., Nicoletti, P. & Kelly, W. (1995). Improved competitive enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 46: 285-291.OIE. (2008). Manual de las Pruebas de Diagnóstico y de las Vacunas para los Animales Terrestres. Recuperado de http://www.oie.int/esp/normes/mmanual/e_summry.htmOrellano, R.I. 2016. Agentes infecciosos causales de aborto de presentación frecuente en bovinos. Tesis de grado UNCPBA. 113 p.Osburn, B. y Kennedy, P. (1981). Abortion and prenatal disease. Current Veterinary Therapy 1. Food Animal. Published by W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA. 997-1000.Quinn, H., Ellis, J. y Smith, N. (2002). Neospora caninum: a cause of immune mediated failure of pregnancy? Trends Parasitology 18: 391-394.Richtzenhain, L., Cortez, A., Heinemann, M., Soares, R., Sakamoto, S., Vasconcellos, S., Morais, M., Scarcelli, E. & Genovez, M. (2002). A multiplex PCR for the detection of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. DNA from aborted bovine fetuses. Vet. Microbiol. 87: 139-147.Ridpath JF, Bolin SR, Dubovi E (1994). Segregation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus into genotypes. Virology 205: 66-74Samartino, L. (2002). Brucellosis in Argentina. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 71-80.Samartino, L. y Enright, F. (1993). Pathogenesis of abortion of bovine brucellosis. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 16: 95-101.Sanz A., Bruñes A., Villalba D. (2004). Influence of management and nutrition on pospartum interval in Brown Swiss and Pirenaica cows. Livestook Production Science 86, 179-191.Saravi, M., Wright, P., Gregoret, R. & Gall, D. (1995). Comparative performance of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and conventional assays in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in Argentina. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 47: 93-99.Seleem, M., Boyle, S. y Sr Ranganathan, N. (2010). Brucellosis: a re- emerging zoonosis. Vet. Microbiol. 140:392-398.Serrano R. y Salazar M. (1996). Evaluación de una inmunización contra Leptospira sobre parámetros productivos y reproductivos en hatos del piedemonte llanero.Thurmond, M., Johnson, W., Muñoz, C., Su, C., & Hietala, S. (2002). A method of probability diagnostic assignment that applies bayes theorem for use in serologic diagnostics, using an example of Neospora caninum infection in cattle. Am J Vet Res 63, 318-325.Uzal, F., Carrasco, A., Nielsen, K., Echaide, S. & Cabrera, R. (1996). An indirect ELISA using a monoclonal anti IgG1, enzyme conjugate for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Vet. Microbiol. 52: 175 180.Vargas, A., Costa, M., Vainstein, M., Kreutz, L. & Neves, J. (2003). Phenotypic and molecular characterization of bovine Campylobacter fetus strains isolated in Brazil. Vet. Microbiol. 93: 121-132.Vargas, O. y Francisco, J. (2002). Brucellosis in Venezuela. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 39 44.Vargas D, Jaime J,Vera V. Perspectivas para el control del virus de la diarrhea viral bovina (DVB). Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2009; 22:677-688.Wounda, W., Bartels, C. y Moen, A. (1997). Characteristics of Neospora caninum associated abortion storms in dairy herds in the Netherlands (1995 to 1997). Theriogenology. 52: 233- 245.Xavier, M., Paixao, T., Poester, F., Lage, A. & Santos, R. (2009). Pathological, immunohistochemical, and bacteriological study of tissues and milk of cows and fetuses experimentally infected with Brucella abortus. J. Comp. Pathol. 140: 149-157.PublicationLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84334https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/8417db90-d3f4-40b2-8028-e9651bdc9cee/download3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45MD52ORIGINAL2019_aborto_infeccioso_bovinos.pdf2019_aborto_infeccioso_bovinos.pdfprincipales infecciones que causan aborto en bovinosapplication/pdf257080https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/23425169-e48a-4d21-88a7-ceb5a496e408/downloada054bccf3b3088f4a5e27c1d91eaa729MD51THUMBNAIL2019_aborto_infeccioso_bovinos.pdf.jpg2019_aborto_infeccioso_bovinos.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4112https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/9ab0b6db-2770-49b3-b27c-d49c58758525/downloada4a94409b96b1874b255c37c022c7121MD53TEXT2019_aborto_infeccioso_bovinos.pdf.txt2019_aborto_infeccioso_bovinos.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain43422https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/571cbb12-fa9e-481c-af02-c694815eb559/downloade16cf7afc9c606e183085e33bcdc7155MD5420.500.12494/12427oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/124272024-08-09 12:32:43.65restrictedhttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.comVU5JVkVSU0lEQUQgQ09PUEVSQVRJVkEgREUgQ09MT01CSUEKUkVQT1NJVE9SSU9TIElOU1RJVFVDSU9OQUxFUwpMSUNFTkNJQSBERSBVU08KClBvciBtZWRpbyBkZWwgcHJlc2VudGUgZG9jdW1lbnRvLCBlbCBBdXRvcihlcyksIG1heW9yIChlcykgZGUgZWRhZCwgcXVpZW4gZW4gYWRlbGFudGUgc2UgZGVub21pbmFyw6EgZWwgQVVUT1IsIGNvbmZpZXJlIGEgbGEgVU5JVkVSU0lEQUQgQ09PUEVSQVRJVkEgREUgQ09MT01CSUEsIGNvbiBOSVQuIDg2MC0wMjk5MjQtNywgdW5hIExJQ0VOQ0lBIERFIFVTTyBkZSBvYnJhLCBiYWpvIGxhcyBzaWd1aWVudGVzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzLgoKQ0zDgVVTVUxBUwoKUFJJTUVSQS4gT2JqZXRvLiBFTCBBVVRPUiBwb3IgZXN0ZSBhY3RvIGF1dG9yaXphIGxhIHV0aWxpemFjacOzbiBkZSBsYSBvYnJhLCBkZSBjb25mb3JtaWRhZCBjb24gbG8gZXN0aXB1bGFkbyBhIGNvbnRpbnVhY2nDs246IAoKKGEpIFBhcmEgZWZlY3RvcyBkZSBsYSBwcmVzZW50ZSBsaWNlbmNpYSBzZSBhdXRvcml6YSBsYSByZXByb2R1Y2Npw7NuIGRlIGxhIG9icmEgYW50ZXJpb3JtZW50ZSBjaXRhZGEsIGxhIGN1YWwgc2UgYWxvamFyw6EgZW4gZm9ybWF0byBkaWdpdGFsIGVuIGxhcyBwbGF0YWZvcm1hcyBvIHJlcG9zaXRvcmlvcyBhZG1pbmlzdHJhZG9zIHBvciBsYSBVTklWRVJTSURBRCBvIGVuIG90cm8gdGlwbyBkZSByZXBvc2l0b3Jpb3MgZXh0ZXJub3MgbyBww6FnaW5hcyB3ZWIgZXNjb2dpZG9zIHBvciBsYSBVTklWRVJTSURBRCwgcGFyYSBmaW5lcyBkZSBkaWZ1c2nDs24geSBkaXZ1bGdhY2nDs24uIEFkaWNpb25hbG1lbnRlLCBzZSBhdXRvcml6YSBhIHF1ZSBsb3MgdXN1YXJpb3MgaW50ZXJub3MgeSBleHRlcm5vcyBkZSBkaWNoYXMgcGxhdGFmb3JtYXMgbyByZXBvc2l0b3Jpb3MgcmVwcm9kdXpjYW4gbyBkZXNjYXJndWVuIGxhIG9icmEsIHNpbiDDoW5pbW8gZGUgbHVjcm8sIHBhcmEgZmluZXMgcHJpdmFkb3MsIGVkdWNhdGl2b3MgbyBhY2Fkw6ltaWNvczsgc2llbXByZSB5IGN1YW5kbyBubyBzZSB2aW9sZW4gYWN1ZXJkb3MgY29uIGVkaXRvcmVzLCBwZXJpb2RvcyBkZSBlbWJhcmdvIG8gYWN1ZXJkb3MgZGUgY29uZmlkZW5jaWFsaWRhZCBxdWUgYXBsaXF1ZW4uCgooYikgU2UgYXV0b3JpemEgbGEgY29tdW5pY2FjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSB5IGxhIHB1ZXN0YSBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIG1lbmNpb25hZGEsIGVuIGFjY2VzbyBhYmllcnRvLCBwYXJhIHN1IHV0aWxpemFjacOzbiBlbiBsYXMgcGxhdGFmb3JtYXMgbyByZXBvc2l0b3Jpb3MgYWRtaW5pc3RyYWRvcyBwb3IgbGEgVU5JVkVSU0lEQUQuCgooYykgTG8gYW50ZXJpb3IgZXN0YXLDoSBzdWpldG8gYSBsYXMgZGVmaW5pY2lvbmVzIGNvbnRlbmlkYXMgZW4gbGEgRGVjaXNpw7NuIEFuZGluYSAzNTEgZGUgMTk5MyB5IGxhIExleSAyMyBkZSAxOTgyLgoKClNFR1VOREEuIE9yaWdpbmFsaWRhZCB5IHJlY2xhbWFjaW9uZXMuIEVsIEFVVE9SIGRlY2xhcmEgcXVlIGxhIE9CUkEgZXMgb3JpZ2luYWwgeSBxdWUgZXMgZGUgc3UgY3JlYWNpw7NuIGV4Y2x1c2l2YSwgbm8gZXhpc3RpZW5kbyBpbXBlZGltZW50byBkZSBjdWFscXVpZXIgbmF0dXJhbGV6YSAoZW1iYXJnb3MsIHVzbyBkZSBtYXRlcmlhbCBwcm90ZWdpZG8gcG9yIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yKSBwYXJhIGxhIGNvbmNlc2nDs24gZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIHByZXZpc3RvcyBlbiBlc3RlIGFjdWVyZG8uIEVsIEFVVE9SIHJlc3BvbmRlcsOhIHBvciBjdWFscXVpZXIgYWNjacOzbiBkZSByZWl2aW5kaWNhY2nDs24sIHBsYWdpbyB1IG90cmEgY2xhc2UgZGUgcmVjbGFtYWNpw7NuIHF1ZSBhbCByZXNwZWN0byBwdWRpZXJhIHNvYnJldmVuaXIuCgpURVJDRVJBLiBDb250cmFwcmVzdGFjacOzbi4gRWwgQVVUT1IgYXV0b3JpemEgYSBxdWUgc3Ugb2JyYSBzZWEgdXRpbGl6YWRhIGRlIGNvbmZvcm1pZGFkIGNvbiBsYSBjbMOhdXN1bGEgUFJJTUVSQSBkZSBmb3JtYSBncmF0dWl0YSwgZXMgZGVjaXIsIHF1ZSBsYSB1dGlsaXphY2nDs24gZGUgbGEgbWlzbWEgbm8gZ2VuZXJhIG5pbmfDum4gcGFnbyBvIHJlZ2Fsw61hcyBlbiBmYXZvciBkZSBlc3RlLgoKQ1VBUlRBLiBUaXR1bGFyaWRhZCBkZSBkZXJlY2hvcy4gRWwgcHJlc2VudGUgY29udHJhdG8gbm8gdHJhbnNmaWVyZSBsYSB0aXR1bGFyaWRhZCBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWxlcyBzb2JyZSBsYXMgb2JyYXMgYW50ZXJpb3JtZW50ZSBtZW5jaW9uYWRhcyBhIGxhIFVOSVZFUlNJREFELiDDmm5pY2FtZW50ZSBoYWNlIHJlbGFjacOzbiBhIHVuYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBubyBleGNsdXNpdmEgZW4gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyB5IGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGFudGVyaW9ybWVudGUgcGFjdGFkb3MuCgpRVUlOVEEuIENyw6lkaXRvcy4gTGEgVU5JVkVSU0lEQUQgc2UgY29tcHJvbWV0ZSBhIGRhciBhbCBBVVRPUiwgZWwgcmVjb25vY2ltaWVudG8gZGVudHJvIGNhZGEgZm9ybWEgZGUgdXRpbGl6YWNpw7NuIGVuIGxhIG9icmEuIExvcyBjcsOpZGl0b3MgZGViZW4gZmlndXJhciBlbiBjYWRhIHVubyBkZSBsb3MgZm9ybWF0b3MgbyByZWdpc3Ryb3MgZGUgcHVibGljYWNpw7NuLiBObyBjb25zdGl0dWlyw6EgdW5hIHZpb2xhY2nDs24gYSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgbW9yYWxlcyBkZWwgYXV0b3IgbGEgbm8gcmVwcm9kdWNjacOzbiwgY29tdW5pY2FjacOzbiBvIGRlbcOhcyB1dGlsaXphY2lvbmVzIGRlIGxhIG9icmEuIExhIHV0aWxpemFjacOzbiBvIG5vIGRlIGxhIG9icmEsIGFzw60gY29tbyBzdSBmb3JtYSBkZSB1dGlsaXphY2nDs24gc2Vyw6EgZmFjdWx0YWQgZXhjbHVzaXZhIGRlIGxhIFVOSVZFUlNJREFELgogClNFWFRBLiBEdXJhY2nDs24geSB0ZXJyaXRvcmlvLiBMYSBwcmVzZW50ZSBsaWNlbmNpYSBkZSB1c28gcXVlIHNlIG90b3JnYSBhIGZhdm9yIGRlIGxhIFVOSVZFUlNJREFEIHRlbmRyw6EgdW5hIGR1cmFjacOzbiBlcXVpdmFsZW50ZSBhbCB0w6lybWlubyBkZSBwcm90ZWNjacOzbiBsZWdhbCBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIHkgcGFyYSB0b2RvcyBsb3MgcGHDrXNlcyBkZWwgbXVuZG8uCgpTw4lQVElNQS4gVXNvIGRlIENyZWF0aXZlIENvbW1vbnMuIEVsIEFVVE9SIGF1dG9yaXphcsOhIGxhIGRpZnVzacOzbiBkZSBzdSBjb250ZW5pZG8gYmFqbyB1bmEgbGljZW5jaWEgQ3JlYXRpdmUgQ29tbW9ucyBhdHJpYnVjacOzbiA0LjAgaW50ZXJuYWNpb25hbCwgcXVlIGRlYmVyw6EgaW5jbHVpcnNlIGVuIGVsIGNvbnRlbmlkby4gCgpPQ1RBVkEuIERlcmVjaG8gZGUgZXhjbHVzacOzbi4gQ2FkYSBhdXRvciBwdWVkZSBpbmRpY2FyIGVuIGVsIG1vbWVudG8gZGUgZGVww7NzaXRvIGRlbCBjb250ZW5pZG8gcXVlIGVsIHRleHRvIGNvbXBsZXRvIGRlIGxhIHByb2R1Y2Npw7NuIGFjYWTDqW1pY2EgbyBjaWVudMOtZmljYSBubyBlc3RlIGNvbiBhY2Nlc28gYWJpZXJ0byBlbiBlbCBSZXBvc2l0b3JpbyBJbnN0aXR1Y2lvbmFsIHBvciBtb3Rpdm9zIGRlIGNvbmZpZGVuY2lhbGlkYWQsIHBvcnF1ZSBzZSBlbmN1ZW50cmUgZW4gdsOtYXMgZGUgb2J0ZW5lciB1biBkZXJlY2hvIGRlIHByb3BpZWRhZCBpbmR1c3RyaWFsIG8gZXhpc3RpciBhY3VlcmRvcyBwcmV2aW9zIGNvbiB0ZXJjZXJvcyAoZWRpdG9yaWFsZXMsIHJldmlzdGFzIGNpZW50w61maWNhcywgb3RyYXMgaW5zdGl0dWNpb25lcykuIEVsIGF1dG9yIHNlIGNvbXByb21ldGUgYSBkZXBvc2l0YXIgbG9zIG1ldGFkYXRvcyBlIGluZm9ybWFyIGVsIHRpZW1wbyBkZSBlbWJhcmdvIGR1cmFudGUgZWwgY3VhbCBlbCB0ZXh0byBjb21wbGV0byB0ZW5kcsOhIGFjY2VzbyByZXN0cmluZ2lkby4gCgpOT1ZFTkEuIEVsIEFVVE9SIGFsIGFjZXB0YXIgZXN0YSBsaWNlbmNpYSBhZHVjZSBxdWUgZXN0YSBwcm9kdWNjacOzbiBzZSBkZXNhcnJvbGzDsyBlbiBlbCBwZXJpb2RvIGVuIHF1ZSBzZSBlbmN1ZW50cmEgY29uIHbDrW5jdWxvcyBjb24gTGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQuCgpEw4lDSU1BLiBOb3JtYXMgYXBsaWNhYmxlcy4gUGFyYSBsYSBpbnRlcnByZXRhY2nDs24geSBjdW1wbGltaWVudG8gZGVsIHByZXNlbnRlIGFjdWVyZG8gbGFzIHBhcnRlcyBzZSBzb21ldGVuIGEgbGEgRGVjaXNpw7NuIEFuZGluYSAzNTEgZGUgMTk5MywgbGEgTGV5IDIzIGRlIDE5ODIgeSBkZW3DoXMgbm9ybWFzIGFwbGljYWJsZXMgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEuIEFkZW3DoXMsIGEgbGFzIG5vcm1hcyBJbnN0aXR1Y2lvbmFsZXMgcXVlIGFwbGlxdWVuLgoKTGEgcHJlc2VudGUgbGljZW5jaWEgc2UgYXV0b3JpemEgZW4gbGEgZmVjaGEgZGUgcHVibGljYWNpw7NuIGVuIGxvcyByZXBvc2l0b3Jpb3MgaW5zdGl0dWNpb25hbGVzLgo=