Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
El aborto es uno de los problemas más preocupantes para los ganaderos, ya que se manifiesta de forma esporádica, su origen infeccioso y no infeccioso hace difícil que se establezca su agente causal. Los agentes más relevantes con predilección a la membrana fetal son: Brucella, Aspergillus sp, Leptos...
- Autores:
-
Contreras Quijano, María Angélica
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
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- Repositorio UCC
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- Palabra clave:
- Aborto
Diagnóstico
Infección
Neospora
IBR
Leptospira
Brucella
Patogenia
Bovino
TG 2019 MVZ 12427
Abortion
Diagnosis
Infection
Neospora
IBR
Leptospira
Brucella
Pathogenesis
Cattle
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias |
title |
Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias |
spellingShingle |
Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias Aborto Diagnóstico Infección Neospora IBR Leptospira Brucella Patogenia Bovino TG 2019 MVZ 12427 Abortion Diagnosis Infection Neospora IBR Leptospira Brucella Pathogenesis Cattle |
title_short |
Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias |
title_full |
Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias |
title_fullStr |
Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias |
title_full_unstemmed |
Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias |
title_sort |
Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Contreras Quijano, María Angélica |
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Ismael Monroy, Nestor Lopera Vásquez, Ricaurte |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Contreras Quijano, María Angélica |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Aborto Diagnóstico Infección Neospora IBR Leptospira Brucella Patogenia Bovino |
topic |
Aborto Diagnóstico Infección Neospora IBR Leptospira Brucella Patogenia Bovino TG 2019 MVZ 12427 Abortion Diagnosis Infection Neospora IBR Leptospira Brucella Pathogenesis Cattle |
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv |
TG 2019 MVZ 12427 |
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv |
Abortion Diagnosis Infection Neospora IBR Leptospira Brucella Pathogenesis Cattle |
description |
El aborto es uno de los problemas más preocupantes para los ganaderos, ya que se manifiesta de forma esporádica, su origen infeccioso y no infeccioso hace difícil que se establezca su agente causal. Los agentes más relevantes con predilección a la membrana fetal son: Brucella, Aspergillus sp, Leptospira spp, Rinotraqueitis Infecciosa Bovina (IBR), diarrea viral bovina (vDVB) y Neospora caninum, los cuales suelen ocasionar problemas al embrión dependiendo la virulencia y el período de gestación en el cual se encuentre. El aborto se destaca por su gran impacto en las producciones bovinas, siendo uno de los factores más limitantes para la ganadería, generando un desafío enorme para los médicos veterinarios dedicados a la producción ganadera, el siguiente artículo contextualiza las principales causas, diagnósticos y consecuencias del aborto bovino. |
publishDate |
2019 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-07-09T16:57:57Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-07-09T16:57:57Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-07-09 |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Pregrado |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/12427 |
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Contreras Quijano, M. A. (2019). Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causa, diagnóstico y consecuencias. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/ucc/12427 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/12427 |
identifier_str_mv |
Contreras Quijano, M. A. (2019). Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causa, diagnóstico y consecuencias. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/ucc/12427 |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Adams, L. (2002). The pathology of brucellosis reflects the outcome of the battle between the host genome Akcam, F., Yayli, G., Uskun, E., Kaya, O. & Demir, C. (2006). Evaluation of the Bactec microbial detection system for culturing miscellaneous sterile body fluids. Res. Microbiol. 157: 433–436. Anderson, M. (2007). Infectious causes of bovine abortion during mid- to late gestation. Theriogenology. 68: 474-486. Anderson, M., Blanchard, P., Barr, B. & Hoffman, R. (1990). A survey of causes of bovine abortion occurring in the San Joaquin Valley, California. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2: 283-287. Anderson, M., Andrianarivo, Amy Conrad, P. (2000). Neosporosis in cattle. Animal Reproduction Science. V .60-61, P. 417-431. Anonymous. (1986). California livestock statistics. California Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA, Pp 10. (Original no consultado, citado por: Thurmond M, J Picanso. (1990). A surveillance system for bovine abortion. Prev Vet Med 8, 41-53. Antoniassi, N., Santos, A., Oliveira, E., Pescador, C., & Driemeier, D. (2007). Diagnóstico das causas infecciosas de aborto en bovinos. Biológico. V. 69, n.2, p. 69-72. Baker, J. (1995). The clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea Infections. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11: 425 – 446. Baumgarten, D. (2002). Brucellosis: a short review of the disease situation in Paraguay. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 63-69. Bolin, C. (1998). Clinical signs, diagnosis, and prevention of bovine leptospirosis. The Bovine Practitioner 33, 50-55. Bondurant, R. (2005). Venereal diseases of cattle: natural history, diagnosis, and the role of vaccines control. Vet Clin North Am Food LAnim Pract. 21(2): 383-408.w Boschiroli, ML., Foulogne, V., y Callaghan, D. (2001). Brucellosis: a worldwide zoonosis. Current opinion in brucellosis. 4: 58-64 Bricker, B. (2002). PCR as a diagnostic tool for brucellosis. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 435-446. Carpenter, T., Chriel, M., Anderson, M., Wulfson, L., Jensen, A., & Hove, H. (2006). An epidemiologic study of late term abortions in dairy cattle in Denmark. Prev Vet Med; 77(3-4):215-229. Carvalho, N., Mol, J., Xavier, M., Paixao, T., Lage, A., & Santos R. (2010). Pathogenesis of bovine brucellosis. Vet. J. 184: 146-155. Carlos M. Campero (2005). INIA Tacuarembó enfermedades que afectan reproduccion en bovinos. Celli, J. (2006). Surviving inside a macrophage: The many ways of Brucella. Res.Microbiol. 157: 93–98. Cobo, E., Cipolla, A., Morsella, C., Cano, D., & Campero, C. (2003). Effect of two commercial vaccines to Campylobacter fetus subspecies on heifers naturally challenged. J. Vet. Med. series B, 50, 75-80. Corbellini, L., Driemeier, D., Cruz, C., Gondim, L. & Wald, V. (2002). Neosporosis as a cause of abortion in dairy cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Vet.Parásitol. 103: 195-202. Cortez, A., Scarcelli, E. y Soares, R. (2001). Detection of Brucella DNA from aborted bovine foetuses by polymerase chain reaction. Aust. Vet. J. 79: 500501. Drost, M., Jousan, F., y Hansen, P. (2004). Factors associated with early and mid-to-late fetal loss in lactating and nonlactating Holstein cattle in a hot climate. Gainesville: Departments of Animal Sciences and Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida. Dubey, J. (1999). Neosporosis in cattle: biology and economic impact. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214, 1160-1163. Foster, G., MacMillan, A., Godfroid, J., Howie, F., Ross, H., Cloeckaert, A., Reid, R., Brew, S. & Patterson, I. (2002). A review of Brucella sp. Infection of sea mammals with particular emphasis on isolates from Scotland. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 563-580. Givens, M. (2006). A clinical, evidence-based approach to infectious causes of infertility in beef cattle. Theriogenology. 66:648-654. Hum, S., Quinn, K., Brunner, J. & On, S. (1997). Evaluation of a PCR assay for identification and differentiation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies. Aust. Vet. J. 75: 827-830. Jarret, I., Mcorist, S., Waddington, J., Browning, J., Malecki, J., & McCausland, I. (1984). Diagnostic studies of the fetus, placenta and maternal blood from bovine abortions. Cornell Veterinary. V.74, n.1; p. 8-20. Kirkbride, C. (1999). Etiologic agents detected in a 10-year study of bovine abortions and stillbirths. J Vet Diagn Invest; 4:175-180. Lee, B., Higgins, I., Moon, O., Clegg, T., McGrath, G., Collins, D., Park, J., Yoon, H., Lee, S., & More, S. (2009). Surveillance and control of bovine brucellosis in the Republic of Korea during 2000-2006. Prev.Vet. Med. 90: 66-79. Lértora, W.J. (2003). Diarrea viral bovina: actualización. Revista Veterinaria. 14:1 Lilenbaum, W., Vargas, R., Brandao, F., Cortez, A., de Souza, S.O., Brandão, P.E., Richtzenhain, L., & Vasconcellos, S.A. (2008) Detection of Leptospira spp. in semen and vaginal fluids of goats and sheep by polymerase chain reaction. Theriogenology. 69(7): 837-842. Lindberg, A., y Alenius, S. (1999). Principles for eradication of bovine virus diarrhoea virus infections in cattle populations. Vet Microbiol 64,197-222. Lindsay, D., Butler, J. Rippey, N. y Blagburn, B. (1996). Demonstration of synergistic effects of sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase inhibitors against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cultured cells,and characterization of mutants resistant to pyrimethamine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57: 68-72. Lopez, A. y Bildfell, R. (1992). Pulmonary inflammation associated with aspirated meconium and epithelial cells in calves. Vet. Pathol. 29: 104-111. López, A., Santolaria, J., Yaniz, J., Rutllant, J., & López, M. (2002). Factors affecting pregnancy loss from gestation day 38 to 90 in lactating dairy cows from a single herd. Theriogenology. 57: 1251-1261. Low, J., y Donachie, W. (1997). A Review of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeriosis. Vet. J. 153: 9-29. Martin, S., Aziz, A., Sandals, W., & Curtis, R. (1982). The association between clinical disease, production and culling of Holstein Friesian cows. Can J Anim Sci 62, 633-640. McAllister, M., Dubey, M., LIndsay, D., Jolley, W., Wills, R., McGuire, V. (1998). Dogs are definitive host of Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol 28, 1473-1478. Meador, V., Hagemoser, W., y Deyoe, B. (1988). Histopathologic findings in Brucella abortus-infected, pregnant goats. Am J Vet Res. 49(2): 274-280. Miller, R. (1986). Bovine Abortion. In: Morrow D (ed). Current Therapy In Theriogenology. WB Saunders Company, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA. Miller, R., y Quinn, P. (1975). Observations on Abortions in Cattle: A Comparison of Pathological, microbiological and Immunological Findings in Aborted Foetuses and Foetuses Collected at Abattoirs. Can. J. Comp. Med. 39: 270 290. Moennig, V. y Liess, B. (1995). Pathogenesis of intrauterine infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food. Anim. Pract. 11: 477-487. Nielsen, K., Kelly, L., Gall, D., Balsevicius, S., Bosse, J., Nicoletti, P. & Kelly, W. (1996). Comparison of enzyme immunoassays for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Prev. Vet.Med. 26: 17-32. Nielsen, K., Kelly, L., Gall, D., Nicoletti, P. & Kelly, W. (1995). Improved competitive enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 46: 285-291. OIE. (2008). Manual de las Pruebas de Diagnóstico y de las Vacunas para los Animales Terrestres. Recuperado de http://www.oie.int/esp/normes/mmanual/e_summry.htm Orellano, R.I. 2016. Agentes infecciosos causales de aborto de presentación frecuente en bovinos. Tesis de grado UNCPBA. 113 p. Osburn, B. y Kennedy, P. (1981). Abortion and prenatal disease. Current Veterinary Therapy 1. Food Animal. Published by W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA. 997-1000. Quinn, H., Ellis, J. y Smith, N. (2002). Neospora caninum: a cause of immune mediated failure of pregnancy? Trends Parasitology 18: 391-394. Richtzenhain, L., Cortez, A., Heinemann, M., Soares, R., Sakamoto, S., Vasconcellos, S., Morais, M., Scarcelli, E. & Genovez, M. (2002). A multiplex PCR for the detection of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. DNA from aborted bovine fetuses. Vet. Microbiol. 87: 139-147. Ridpath JF, Bolin SR, Dubovi E (1994). Segregation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus into genotypes. Virology 205: 66-74 Samartino, L. (2002). Brucellosis in Argentina. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 71-80. Samartino, L. y Enright, F. (1993). Pathogenesis of abortion of bovine brucellosis. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 16: 95-101. Sanz A., Bruñes A., Villalba D. (2004). Influence of management and nutrition on pospartum interval in Brown Swiss and Pirenaica cows. Livestook Production Science 86, 179-191. Saravi, M., Wright, P., Gregoret, R. & Gall, D. (1995). Comparative performance of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and conventional assays in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in Argentina. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 47: 93-99. Seleem, M., Boyle, S. y Sr Ranganathan, N. (2010). Brucellosis: a re- emerging zoonosis. Vet. Microbiol. 140:392-398. Serrano R. y Salazar M. (1996). Evaluación de una inmunización contra Leptospira sobre parámetros productivos y reproductivos en hatos del piedemonte llanero. Thurmond, M., Johnson, W., Muñoz, C., Su, C., & Hietala, S. (2002). A method of probability diagnostic assignment that applies bayes theorem for use in serologic diagnostics, using an example of Neospora caninum infection in cattle. Am J Vet Res 63, 318-325. Uzal, F., Carrasco, A., Nielsen, K., Echaide, S. & Cabrera, R. (1996). An indirect ELISA using a monoclonal anti IgG1, enzyme conjugate for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Vet. Microbiol. 52: 175 180. Vargas, A., Costa, M., Vainstein, M., Kreutz, L. & Neves, J. (2003). Phenotypic and molecular characterization of bovine Campylobacter fetus strains isolated in Brazil. Vet. Microbiol. 93: 121-132. Vargas, O. y Francisco, J. (2002). Brucellosis in Venezuela. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 39 44. Vargas D, Jaime J,Vera V. Perspectivas para el control del virus de la diarrhea viral bovina (DVB). Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2009; 22:677-688. Wounda, W., Bartels, C. y Moen, A. (1997). Characteristics of Neospora caninum associated abortion storms in dairy herds in the Netherlands (1995 to 1997). Theriogenology. 52: 233- 245. Xavier, M., Paixao, T., Poester, F., Lage, A. & Santos, R. (2009). Pathological, immunohistochemical, and bacteriological study of tissues and milk of cows and fetuses experimentally infected with Brucella abortus. J. Comp. Pathol. 140: 149-157. |
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Ismael Monroy, NestorLopera Vásquez, RicaurteContreras Quijano, María Angélica2019-07-09T16:57:57Z2019-07-09T16:57:57Z2019-07-09https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/12427Contreras Quijano, M. A. (2019). Aborto infeccioso en bovinos: causa, diagnóstico y consecuencias. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/ucc/12427El aborto es uno de los problemas más preocupantes para los ganaderos, ya que se manifiesta de forma esporádica, su origen infeccioso y no infeccioso hace difícil que se establezca su agente causal. Los agentes más relevantes con predilección a la membrana fetal son: Brucella, Aspergillus sp, Leptospira spp, Rinotraqueitis Infecciosa Bovina (IBR), diarrea viral bovina (vDVB) y Neospora caninum, los cuales suelen ocasionar problemas al embrión dependiendo la virulencia y el período de gestación en el cual se encuentre. El aborto se destaca por su gran impacto en las producciones bovinas, siendo uno de los factores más limitantes para la ganadería, generando un desafío enorme para los médicos veterinarios dedicados a la producción ganadera, el siguiente artículo contextualiza las principales causas, diagnósticos y consecuencias del aborto bovino.The abortion is one of the most important problems for the breeders, demonstrated of sporadic form, and their infectious and not infectious origin, become difficult that his causal agent establishes. The most relevant agents with predilection to the foetal membrane are: Brucella, Aspergillus sp, Leptospira spp, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), viral bovine diarrhea (vDVB) and Neospora caninum, that cause problems to the embryo depending the virulence and the period of gestation in which they are. The abortion are important for his great impact in the bovine productions, being one of the most bounding factors for the breeding, constituting a challenge veterinarians dedicated to cattle production, The following document connect on the principal reasons, diagnoses and consequences of the bovine abortion.1. Resumen -- 2. Abstract -- 3. Inroducción -- 4. Patogenia del aborto bovino -- 6. Impacto consecuencia del aborto bovino -- 6. Causas infecciosas del aborto bovino -- 9. Bacterias oportunistas secundarias que generan abortos en bovinos -- 10. Virus que generan aborto en bovinos -- 12. Protozoos que causan aborto en Bovinos -- 14. Abortos micóticos en Bovinos -- 15. Conclusiones -- 16. Referencias bibliográficas.angela-994@hotmail.com19 p. Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, VillavicencioMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaVillavicencioAbortoDiagnósticoInfecciónNeosporaIBRLeptospiraBrucellaPatogeniaBovinoTG 2019 MVZ 12427AbortionDiagnosisInfectionNeosporaIBRLeptospiraBrucellaPathogenesisCattleAborto infeccioso en bovinos: causas, diagnóstico y consecuenciasTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Sin Derivarinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbAdams, L. (2002). The pathology of brucellosis reflects the outcome of the battle between the host genomeAkcam, F., Yayli, G., Uskun, E., Kaya, O. & Demir, C. (2006). Evaluation of the Bactec microbial detection system for culturing miscellaneous sterile body fluids. Res. Microbiol. 157: 433–436.Anderson, M. (2007). Infectious causes of bovine abortion during mid- to late gestation. Theriogenology. 68: 474-486.Anderson, M., Blanchard, P., Barr, B. & Hoffman, R. (1990). A survey of causes of bovine abortion occurring in the San Joaquin Valley, California. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2: 283-287.Anderson, M., Andrianarivo, Amy Conrad, P. (2000). Neosporosis in cattle. Animal Reproduction Science. V .60-61, P. 417-431.Anonymous. (1986). California livestock statistics. California Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA, Pp 10. (Original no consultado, citado por: Thurmond M, J Picanso. (1990). A surveillance system for bovine abortion. Prev Vet Med 8, 41-53.Antoniassi, N., Santos, A., Oliveira, E., Pescador, C., & Driemeier, D. (2007). Diagnóstico das causas infecciosas de aborto en bovinos. Biológico. V. 69, n.2, p. 69-72.Baker, J. (1995). The clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea Infections. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11: 425 – 446.Baumgarten, D. (2002). Brucellosis: a short review of the disease situation in Paraguay. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 63-69.Bolin, C. (1998). Clinical signs, diagnosis, and prevention of bovine leptospirosis. The Bovine Practitioner 33, 50-55.Bondurant, R. (2005). Venereal diseases of cattle: natural history, diagnosis, and the role of vaccines control. Vet Clin North Am Food LAnim Pract. 21(2): 383-408.wBoschiroli, ML., Foulogne, V., y Callaghan, D. (2001). Brucellosis: a worldwide zoonosis. Current opinion in brucellosis. 4: 58-64Bricker, B. (2002). PCR as a diagnostic tool for brucellosis. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 435-446.Carpenter, T., Chriel, M., Anderson, M., Wulfson, L., Jensen, A., & Hove, H. (2006). An epidemiologic study of late term abortions in dairy cattle in Denmark. Prev Vet Med; 77(3-4):215-229.Carvalho, N., Mol, J., Xavier, M., Paixao, T., Lage, A., & Santos R. (2010). Pathogenesis of bovine brucellosis. Vet. J. 184: 146-155.Carlos M. Campero (2005). INIA Tacuarembó enfermedades que afectan reproduccion en bovinos.Celli, J. (2006). Surviving inside a macrophage: The many ways of Brucella. Res.Microbiol. 157: 93–98.Cobo, E., Cipolla, A., Morsella, C., Cano, D., & Campero, C. (2003). Effect of two commercial vaccines to Campylobacter fetus subspecies on heifers naturally challenged. J. Vet. Med. series B, 50, 75-80.Corbellini, L., Driemeier, D., Cruz, C., Gondim, L. & Wald, V. (2002). Neosporosis as a cause of abortion in dairy cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Vet.Parásitol. 103: 195-202.Cortez, A., Scarcelli, E. y Soares, R. (2001). Detection of Brucella DNA from aborted bovine foetuses by polymerase chain reaction. Aust. Vet. J. 79: 500501.Drost, M., Jousan, F., y Hansen, P. (2004). Factors associated with early and mid-to-late fetal loss in lactating and nonlactating Holstein cattle in a hot climate. Gainesville: Departments of Animal Sciences and Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida.Dubey, J. (1999). Neosporosis in cattle: biology and economic impact. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214, 1160-1163.Foster, G., MacMillan, A., Godfroid, J., Howie, F., Ross, H., Cloeckaert, A., Reid, R., Brew, S. & Patterson, I. (2002). A review of Brucella sp. Infection of sea mammals with particular emphasis on isolates from Scotland. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 563-580.Givens, M. (2006). A clinical, evidence-based approach to infectious causes of infertility in beef cattle. Theriogenology. 66:648-654.Hum, S., Quinn, K., Brunner, J. & On, S. (1997). Evaluation of a PCR assay for identification and differentiation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies. Aust. Vet. J. 75: 827-830.Jarret, I., Mcorist, S., Waddington, J., Browning, J., Malecki, J., & McCausland, I. (1984). Diagnostic studies of the fetus, placenta and maternal blood from bovine abortions. Cornell Veterinary. V.74, n.1; p. 8-20.Kirkbride, C. 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