Assessment of Polydopamine to Reduce Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to a Dental Polymer
: Bacterial adhesion to the surface of materials is the first step in biofilm formation, which will lead to conditions that may compromise the health status of patients. Recently, polydopamine (PDA) has been proposed as an antibacterial material. Therefore, the objective of the current work was to a...
- Autores:
-
Arango Santander, Santiago
Martinez , Carlos
Bedoya Correa, Claudia María
Sánchez Garzón, Juliana del Pilar
Franco Aguirre, John Querubín
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UCC
- Idioma:
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/53387
- Acceso en línea:
- https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101223
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/53387
- Palabra clave:
- Streptococo mutans
Pölidopamina
Modificación de superficie
Recubrimiento de superficie
Biomimética
Efecto antibacteriano
Polimetil metacrilato
Streptococcus mutans
Polydopamine
Surface modification
Surface coating
Biomimetics
Antibacterial effect
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Assessment of Polydopamine to Reduce Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to a Dental Polymer |
title |
Assessment of Polydopamine to Reduce Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to a Dental Polymer |
spellingShingle |
Assessment of Polydopamine to Reduce Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to a Dental Polymer Streptococo mutans Pölidopamina Modificación de superficie Recubrimiento de superficie Biomimética Efecto antibacteriano Polimetil metacrilato Streptococcus mutans Polydopamine Surface modification Surface coating Biomimetics Antibacterial effect Poly(methyl methacrylate) |
title_short |
Assessment of Polydopamine to Reduce Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to a Dental Polymer |
title_full |
Assessment of Polydopamine to Reduce Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to a Dental Polymer |
title_fullStr |
Assessment of Polydopamine to Reduce Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to a Dental Polymer |
title_full_unstemmed |
Assessment of Polydopamine to Reduce Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to a Dental Polymer |
title_sort |
Assessment of Polydopamine to Reduce Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to a Dental Polymer |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Arango Santander, Santiago Martinez , Carlos Bedoya Correa, Claudia María Sánchez Garzón, Juliana del Pilar Franco Aguirre, John Querubín |
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Arango Santander, Santiago |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Arango Santander, Santiago Martinez , Carlos Bedoya Correa, Claudia María Sánchez Garzón, Juliana del Pilar Franco Aguirre, John Querubín |
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Streptococo mutans Pölidopamina Modificación de superficie Recubrimiento de superficie Biomimética Efecto antibacteriano Polimetil metacrilato |
topic |
Streptococo mutans Pölidopamina Modificación de superficie Recubrimiento de superficie Biomimética Efecto antibacteriano Polimetil metacrilato Streptococcus mutans Polydopamine Surface modification Surface coating Biomimetics Antibacterial effect Poly(methyl methacrylate) |
dc.subject.other.none.fl_str_mv |
Streptococcus mutans Polydopamine Surface modification Surface coating Biomimetics Antibacterial effect Poly(methyl methacrylate) |
description |
: Bacterial adhesion to the surface of materials is the first step in biofilm formation, which will lead to conditions that may compromise the health status of patients. Recently, polydopamine (PDA) has been proposed as an antibacterial material. Therefore, the objective of the current work was to assess and compare the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to the surface of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) discs that were modified using PDA following a biomimetic approach versus smooth PDA-coated PMMA surfaces. In addition, an assessment of the growth inhibition by PDA was performed. PMMA discs were manufactured and polished; soft lithography, using the topography from the Crocosmia aurea leaf, was used to modify their surface. PDA was used to smooth-coat PMMA discs by dip-coating. The growth inhibition was measured using an inhibition halo. The surfaces were characterized by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), the contact angle (CA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Polydopamine exhibited a significant antibacterial effect when used directly on the S. mutans planktonic cells, but such an effect was not as strong when modifying the PMMA surfaces. These results open the possibility of using polydopamine to reduce the adhesion and growth of S. mutans, which might have important consequences in the dental field. |
publishDate |
2023 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-11-20T15:47:00Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-11-20T15:47:00Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-10-08 |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículos Científicos |
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101223 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/53387 |
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.none.fl_str_mv |
Arango-Santander, S., Martinez, C., Bedoya-Correa, C., Sanchez-Garzon, J., Franco, J. Assessment of Polydopamine to Reduce Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to a Dental Polymer. Pathogens 2023;12:1223. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/53387 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101223 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/53387 |
identifier_str_mv |
Arango-Santander, S., Martinez, C., Bedoya-Correa, C., Sanchez-Garzon, J., Franco, J. Assessment of Polydopamine to Reduce Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to a Dental Polymer. Pathogens 2023;12:1223. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/53387 |
dc.relation.isversionof.none.fl_str_mv |
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/10/1223 |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv |
Pathogens |
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
Jiang, J.; Zhu, L.; Zhu, L.; Zhu, B.; Xu, Y. Surface characteristics of a self-polymerized dopamine coating deposited on hydrophobic polymer films. Langmuir 2011, 27, 14180–14187. Muñoz, L.; Tamayo, L.; Gulppi, M.; Rabagliati, F.; Flores, M.; Urzúa, M.; Azócar, M.; Zagal, J.H.; Encinas, M.V.; Zhou, X.; et al. Surface Functionalization of an Aluminum Alloy to Generate an Antibiofilm Coating Based on Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) and Silver Nanoparticles. Molecules 2018, 23, 2747. Yuan, J.; Yuan, W.; Guo, Y.; Wu, Q.; Wang, F.; Xuan, H. Anti-biofilm activities of Chinese Poplar Propolis essential oil against Streptococcus mutans. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3290. O´Brien, E.; Mondal, K.; Chen, C.; Hanley, L.; Drummond, J.; Rockne, K. Relationships between composite roughness and Streptococcus mutans biofilm depth under shear in vitro. J. Dent. 2023, 134, 104535. Hahnel, S.; Rosentritt, M.; Bürgers, R.; Handel, G. Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 to artificial teeth: An in vitro study. J. Prost. Dent. 2008, 100, 309–315. Buergers, R.; Rosentritt, M.; Handel, G. Bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to provisional fixed prosthodontic material. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2007, 98, 461–469. Bollen, C.M.; Lambrechts, P.; Quirynen, M. Comparison of surface roughness of oral hard materials to the threshold surface roughness for bacterial plaque retention: A review of the literature. Dent. Mater. 1997, 13, 258–269. Gomes, A.; Sampaio-Maia, B.; Vasconcelos, M.; Fonseca, P.; Figueiral, M. In Situ Evaluation of the Microbial Adhesion on a Hard Acrylic Resin and a Soft Liner Used in Removable Prostheses. Int. J. Prosthodont. 2015, 28, 65–71. Aguayo, S.; Marshall, H.; Pratten, J.; Bradshaw, D.; Brown, J.S.; Porter, S.R.; Spratt, D.; Bozec, L. Early adhesion of Candida albicans onto dental acrylic surfaces. J. Dent. Res. 2017, 96, 917–923. Hetrick, E.M.; Schoenfisch, M.H. Reducing implant-related infections: Active release strategies. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2006, 35, 780–789. Simões, M.; Simões, L.C.; Vieira, M.J. A review of current and emergent biofilm control strategies. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2010, 43, 573–583. Wang, X.; Wang, B.; Wang, Y. Antibacterial orthodontic cement to combat biofilm and white spot lesions. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 2015, 148, 974–981. Rodil, S.E. Modificación Superficial De Biomateriales Metálicos. Materiales 2009, 29, 67–83 Variola, F.; Vetrone, F.; Richert, L.; Jedrzejowski, P.; Yi, J.; Zalzal, S.; Clair, S.; Sarkissian, A.; Perepichka, D.F.; Wuest, J.D.; et al. Improving biocompatibility of implantable metals by nanoscale modification of surfaces: An overview of strategies, fabrication methods, and challenges. Small 2009, 5, 996–1006. Hanawa, T. In vivo metallic biomaterials and surface modification. Mater. Sci. Engine A 1999, 267, 260–266. Fu, Y.; Zhang, J.; Hu, J.; Duan, G.; Liu, X.Y.; Li, Y.; Gu, Z. Polydopamine antibacterial materials. Mater. Horiz. 2021, 8, 1618–1633 Ryu, J.H.; Messersmith, P.B.; Lee, H. Polydopamine Surface Chemistry: A Decade of Discovery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 7523–7540. Ahn, B.K. Perspectives on Mussel-Inspired Wet Adhesion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 10166–10171. Silverman, H.G.; Roberto, F.F. Understanding marine mussel adhesion. Mar. Biotechnol. 2007, 9, 661–681. Nemani, S.K.; Annavarapu, R.K.; Mohammadian, B.; Raiyan, A.; Heil, J.; Haque, M.A.; Abdelaal, A.; Sojoudi, H. Surface Modification of Polymers: Methods and Applications. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 5, 1801247 Arango-Santander, S.; Freitas, S.; Pelaez-Vargas, A.; Garcia, C. Silica Sol-Gel Patterned Surfaces Based on Dip-Pen Nanolithography and Microstamping: A Comparison in Resolution and Throughput. Key Eng. Mater. 2016, 720, 264–268. Xia, Y.; Whitesides, G. Soft lithography. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1998, 28, 153–184. Qin, D.; Xia, Y.; Whitesides, G.M. Soft lithography for micro- and nanoscale patterning. Nat. Protoc. 2010, 5, 491–502. Weibel, D.B.; DiLuzio, W.R.; Whitesides, G.M. Microfabrication meets microbiology. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2007, 5, 209–218. Bixler, G.D.; Theiss, A.; Bhushan, B.; Lee, S.C. Anti-fouling properties of microstructured surfaces bio-inspired by rice leaves and butterfly wings. J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 2014, 419, 114–133. Han, Z.; Mu, Z.; Yin, W.; Li, W.; Niu, S.; Zhang, J.; Ren, L. Biomimetic multifunctional surfaces inspired from animals. Adv. Colloid. Interface Sci. 2016, 234, 27–50. Bhushan, B. Biomimetics: Lessons from nature--an overview. Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2009, 367, 1445–1486. Liu, M.; Zhou, J.; Yang, Y.; Zheng, M.; Yang, J.; Tan, J. Surface modification of zirconia with polydopamine to enhance fibroblast response and decrease bacterial activity in vitro: A potential technique for soft tissue engineering applications. Colloid Surf. B Biointerfaces 2015, 136, 74–83 Jiang, H.; Tang, X.; Zhou, Q.; Zou, J.; Li, P.; Breukink, E.; Gu, Q. Plantaricin NC8 from Lactobacillus plantarum causes cell membrane disruption to Micrococcus luteus without targeting lipid II. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2018, 102, 7465–7473 Airen, B.; Sarkar, P.A.; Tomar, U.; Bishen, K.A. Antibacterial effect of propolis derived from tribal region on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus: An in vitro study. J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent. 2018, 36, 48–52 Schneider, C.A.; Rasband, W.S.; Eliceiri, K.W. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat. Methods 2012, 9, 671–675. Jia, L.; Han, F.; Wang, H.; Zhu, C.; Guo, Q.; Li, J.; Zhao, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Zhu, X.; Li, B. Polydopamine-assisted surface modification for orthopaedic implants. J. Orthop. Trans. 2019, 17, 82–95. Choi, S.H.; Jang, Y.S.; Jang, J.H.; Bae, T.S.; Lee, S.J.; Lee, M.H. Enhanced antibacterial activity of titanium by surface modification with polydopamine and silver for dental implant application. J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater. 2019, 17, 7067 Hu, Y.; Li, S.; Kang, W.; Lin, H.; Hu, Y. Surface modification of Ti6Al4V alloy by polydopamine grafted GO/ZnO nanocomposite coating. Surf. Coat. Tech. 2021, 422, 127534 Hochbaum, A.I.; Aizenberg, J. Bacteria Pattern Spontaneously on Periodic Nanostructure Arrays. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 3717–3721. May, R.M.; Hoffman, M.G.; Sogo, M.J.; Parker, A.E.; O’Toole, G.A.; Brennan, A.B.; Reddy, S.T. Micro-patterned surfaces reduce bacterial colonization and biofilm formation in vitro: Potential for enhancing endotracheal tube designs. Clin. Transl. Med. 2014, 16, 1–9. Hasan, J.; Chatterjee, K. Recent advances in engineering topography mediated antibacterial surfaces. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 15568–15575. Xu, L.; Siedlecki, C.A. Submicron-textured biomaterial surface reduces staphylococcal bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8, 72–81. Chung, K.K.; Schumacher, J.F.; Sampson, E.M.; Burne, R.A.; Antonelli, P.J.; Brennan, A.B. 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Waterproof and Water Repellent Textiles and Clothing, 1st ed.; Elsevier: London, UK, 2018; Chapter 11; pp. 267–297. Falde, E.J.; Yohe, S.T.; Colson, Y.L.; Grinstaff, M.W.; Yohe, S.T. Superhydrophobic Materials for Biomedical Applications. Biomaterials 2016, 104, 87–103. Zhang, X.; Wang, L.; Levänen, E. Superhydrophobic surfaces for the reduction of bacterial adhesion. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 12003 Karkhanechi, H.; Takagi, R.; Matsuyama, H. Biofouling Resistance of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Modified with Polydopamine. Desalination 2014, 336, 87–96 Su, L.; Yu, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Liang, F.; Zhang, X. Strong Antibacterial Polydopamine Coatings Prepared by a Shaking-assisted Method. Nat. Publ. Gr. 2016, 6, 24420 Bandara, C.D.; Singh, S.; Afara, I.O.; Wolff, A.; Tesfamichael, T.; Ostrikov, K.; Oloyede, A. Bactericidal Effects of Natural Nanotopography of Dragonfly Wing on Escherichia coli. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 6746–6760 Xi, Z.Y.; Xu, Y.Y.; Zhu, L.P.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, B.K. A facile method of surface modification for hydrophobic polymer membranes based on the adhesive behavior of poly(DOPA) and poly(dopamine). J. Memb. Sci. 2009, 327, 244–253 Satou, J.; Fukunaga, A.; Satou, N.; Shintani, H.; Okuda, K. Streptococcal adherence on various restorative materials. J. Dent. Res. 1988, 67, 588–591 Jaggessar, A.; Shahali, H.; Mathew, A.; Yarlagadda, P.K.D.V. Bio-mimicking nano and micro-structured surface fabrication for antibacterial properties in medical implants. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2017, 15, 1–20 Burton, Z.; Bhushan, B. Surface characterization and adhesion and friction properties of hydrophobic leaf surfaces. Ultramicroscopy 2006, 106, 709–719. Grewal, H.S.; Cho, I.; Yoon, E. The role of bio-inspired hierarchical structures in wetting. Bioinspir. Biomim. 2015, 10, 26009 Liu, H.; Qu, X.; Tan, H.; Song, J.; Lei, M.; Kim, E.; Payne, G.; Liu, C. Role of polydopamine’s redox-activity on its pro-oxidant, radical-scavenging, and antimicrobial activities. Acta Biomater. 2019, 88, 181–196 Lee, H.; Dellatore, S.M.; Miller, W.M.; Messersmith, P.B. Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings. Science 2007, 318, 426–430 De-la-Pinta, I.; Cobos, M.; Ibarretxe, J.; Montoya, E.; Eraso, E.; Guraya, T.; Quindós, G. Effect of biomaterials hydrophobicity and roughness on biofilm development. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2019, 30, 1–11 |
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Arango Santander, Santiago Arango Santander, SantiagoMartinez , CarlosBedoya Correa, Claudia MaríaSánchez Garzón, Juliana del Pilar Franco Aguirre, John Querubín 122023-11-20T15:47:00Z2023-11-20T15:47:00Z2023-10-08https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101223https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/53387Arango-Santander, S., Martinez, C., Bedoya-Correa, C., Sanchez-Garzon, J., Franco, J. Assessment of Polydopamine to Reduce Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to a Dental Polymer. Pathogens 2023;12:1223. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/53387: Bacterial adhesion to the surface of materials is the first step in biofilm formation, which will lead to conditions that may compromise the health status of patients. Recently, polydopamine (PDA) has been proposed as an antibacterial material. Therefore, the objective of the current work was to assess and compare the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to the surface of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) discs that were modified using PDA following a biomimetic approach versus smooth PDA-coated PMMA surfaces. In addition, an assessment of the growth inhibition by PDA was performed. PMMA discs were manufactured and polished; soft lithography, using the topography from the Crocosmia aurea leaf, was used to modify their surface. PDA was used to smooth-coat PMMA discs by dip-coating. The growth inhibition was measured using an inhibition halo. The surfaces were characterized by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), the contact angle (CA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Polydopamine exhibited a significant antibacterial effect when used directly on the S. mutans planktonic cells, but such an effect was not as strong when modifying the PMMA surfaces. These results open the possibility of using polydopamine to reduce the adhesion and growth of S. mutans, which might have important consequences in the dental field.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=00013648440000-0002-3113-9895santiago.arango@campusucc.edu.cocarlos.martinez@campusucc.edu.cojsanchezg@ces.edu.coclaudia.bedoyac@campusucc.edu.cojohn.francoa@campusucc.edu.co1-9Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Especialización en Ortodoncia, Medellín y EnvigadoMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute MDPIEspecialización en OrtodonciaMedellínhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/10/1223PathogensJiang, J.; Zhu, L.; Zhu, L.; Zhu, B.; Xu, Y. Surface characteristics of a self-polymerized dopamine coating deposited on hydrophobic polymer films. Langmuir 2011, 27, 14180–14187.Muñoz, L.; Tamayo, L.; Gulppi, M.; Rabagliati, F.; Flores, M.; Urzúa, M.; Azócar, M.; Zagal, J.H.; Encinas, M.V.; Zhou, X.; et al. Surface Functionalization of an Aluminum Alloy to Generate an Antibiofilm Coating Based on Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) and Silver Nanoparticles. Molecules 2018, 23, 2747.Yuan, J.; Yuan, W.; Guo, Y.; Wu, Q.; Wang, F.; Xuan, H. Anti-biofilm activities of Chinese Poplar Propolis essential oil against Streptococcus mutans. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3290.O´Brien, E.; Mondal, K.; Chen, C.; Hanley, L.; Drummond, J.; Rockne, K. Relationships between composite roughness and Streptococcus mutans biofilm depth under shear in vitro. J. Dent. 2023, 134, 104535.Hahnel, S.; Rosentritt, M.; Bürgers, R.; Handel, G. Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 to artificial teeth: An in vitro study. J. Prost. Dent. 2008, 100, 309–315.Buergers, R.; Rosentritt, M.; Handel, G. Bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to provisional fixed prosthodontic material. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2007, 98, 461–469.Bollen, C.M.; Lambrechts, P.; Quirynen, M. Comparison of surface roughness of oral hard materials to the threshold surface roughness for bacterial plaque retention: A review of the literature. Dent. Mater. 1997, 13, 258–269.Gomes, A.; Sampaio-Maia, B.; Vasconcelos, M.; Fonseca, P.; Figueiral, M. In Situ Evaluation of the Microbial Adhesion on a Hard Acrylic Resin and a Soft Liner Used in Removable Prostheses. Int. J. Prosthodont. 2015, 28, 65–71.Aguayo, S.; Marshall, H.; Pratten, J.; Bradshaw, D.; Brown, J.S.; Porter, S.R.; Spratt, D.; Bozec, L. Early adhesion of Candida albicans onto dental acrylic surfaces. J. Dent. Res. 2017, 96, 917–923.Hetrick, E.M.; Schoenfisch, M.H. Reducing implant-related infections: Active release strategies. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2006, 35, 780–789.Simões, M.; Simões, L.C.; Vieira, M.J. A review of current and emergent biofilm control strategies. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2010, 43, 573–583.Wang, X.; Wang, B.; Wang, Y. Antibacterial orthodontic cement to combat biofilm and white spot lesions. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 2015, 148, 974–981.Rodil, S.E. Modificación Superficial De Biomateriales Metálicos. Materiales 2009, 29, 67–83Variola, F.; Vetrone, F.; Richert, L.; Jedrzejowski, P.; Yi, J.; Zalzal, S.; Clair, S.; Sarkissian, A.; Perepichka, D.F.; Wuest, J.D.; et al. Improving biocompatibility of implantable metals by nanoscale modification of surfaces: An overview of strategies, fabrication methods, and challenges. Small 2009, 5, 996–1006.Hanawa, T. In vivo metallic biomaterials and surface modification. Mater. Sci. Engine A 1999, 267, 260–266.Fu, Y.; Zhang, J.; Hu, J.; Duan, G.; Liu, X.Y.; Li, Y.; Gu, Z. Polydopamine antibacterial materials. Mater. Horiz. 2021, 8, 1618–1633Ryu, J.H.; Messersmith, P.B.; Lee, H. Polydopamine Surface Chemistry: A Decade of Discovery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 7523–7540.Ahn, B.K. Perspectives on Mussel-Inspired Wet Adhesion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 10166–10171.Silverman, H.G.; Roberto, F.F. Understanding marine mussel adhesion. Mar. 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Effect of biomaterials hydrophobicity and roughness on biofilm development. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. 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