Avances, técnicas y aplicación de la clonación en bovinos

La revisión bibliográfica tiene como fin, dar a conocer aspectos importantes sobre la clonación en general y los aportes y/o resultados obtenidos en los bovinos. A través de la clonación de la oveja Dolly en 1996, los investigadores a nivel de producción animal, enfocaron sus estudios en conservar,...

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Autores:: Vargas Henao, Jorge Hugo

Tipo de recurso:: Trabajo de grado de pregrado

Fecha de publicación:: 2018

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

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network_acronym_str	COOPER2
network_name_str	Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Avances, técnicas y aplicación de la clonación en bovinos
title	Avances, técnicas y aplicación de la clonación en bovinos
spellingShingle	Avances, técnicas y aplicación de la clonación en bovinos Clon Bovino Nucleo Porgenitor Embrion TG 2018 MVZ 8364 Clone Bovine Nucleus Progenitor Embryo
title_short	Avances, técnicas y aplicación de la clonación en bovinos
title_full	Avances, técnicas y aplicación de la clonación en bovinos
title_fullStr	Avances, técnicas y aplicación de la clonación en bovinos
title_full_unstemmed	Avances, técnicas y aplicación de la clonación en bovinos
title_sort	Avances, técnicas y aplicación de la clonación en bovinos
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Vargas Henao, Jorge Hugo
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Sánchez, María del Pilar
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Vargas Henao, Jorge Hugo
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Clon Bovino Nucleo Porgenitor Embrion
topic	Clon Bovino Nucleo Porgenitor Embrion TG 2018 MVZ 8364 Clone Bovine Nucleus Progenitor Embryo
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv	TG 2018 MVZ 8364
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv	Clone Bovine Nucleus Progenitor Embryo
description	La revisión bibliográfica tiene como fin, dar a conocer aspectos importantes sobre la clonación en general y los aportes y/o resultados obtenidos en los bovinos. A través de la clonación de la oveja Dolly en 1996, los investigadores a nivel de producción animal, enfocaron sus estudios en conservar, transmitir y llevar a perpetuidad características productivas deseables (cantidad y calidad de la leche, desarrollo muscular, ganancia de peso, resistencia a enfermedades etc.) y más allá de ello, el uso de los mismos como biorreactores o generadores de subproductos para uso humano y tratamiento de ciertas enfermedades. También se ha logrado obtener animales resistentes a enfermedades de interés productivo como en el caso de mastitis y EEB (Encefalopatía Espongiforme Bovina). Se han expuesto puntos variados a través del tiempo sobre algunas técnicas de clonación que han perdido, ser llamadas clonación en el sentido propio de la palabra; como sucede en el caso de la partición, donde se obtendrían gemelos idénticos entre sí, pero diferentes a sus progenitores, lo que los haría un clon gemelar mas no de su progenie. Las técnicas de clonación incluyen dos sentidos uno horizontal y otro vertical; a través de partición de embriones y separación, cultivo de blastómeros y Transferencia de Núcleos de Células somáticas, respectivamente; que serán explicados en este documento.
publishDate	2018
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2018-04-11
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2019-04-11T17:22:29Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2019-04-11T17:22:29Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
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dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str	acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/8364
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv	Vargas Henao, J. H. (2018). Avances, técnicas y aplicación de la clonación en bovinos (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/ucc/8364
url	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/8364
identifier_str_mv	Vargas Henao, J. H. (2018). Avances, técnicas y aplicación de la clonación en bovinos (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/ucc/8364
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Agca, Y. M. (1998). Normal calves from transfer of biopsed, sexed and vitrified IVP bovine embryos. . Theriogenology N° 50, 129-145. Akagi S, N. A. (2003). Developmental potential of bovine nuclear transfer embryos and postnatal survival rate of cloned calves produced by two different timings of fusion and activation. . Mol Reprod Dev N° 66, 264-72. Albeiro R, Z. V. (2001). Mammalian oocyte activation: lessons from the sperm and implications for nuclear transfer Baguisi A, B. E. (1999). Production of goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nature Biotechnology Vol N° 17, 456-461. Baker, R. (1985). Commercial splitting of bovine embryos. Theriogenology N° 23, 3-12. Bortvin A, E. K. (2003). Incomplete reactivation of Oct4-related genes in mouse embryos cloned from somatic nuclei. . Development 2003 N° 130, 1673-1680. Bressan F, M. M. (2008). Produção de animais transgênicos por transferência nuclear como modelo de estudo biológico. Revista brasileira de reprodução animal N° 32, 240-250. Brophy B, G. S. (2003). Cloned transgenic cattle produce milk with higher levels of beta-casein and kappa-casein. . Nat Biotechnol N° 21, 157- 162. Campbell K, A. R. (2005). Cloning: eight years after Dolly. . Reproduction in Domestic Animals N°40, 256-268. Campbell K, F. P. (2007). Somatic cell nuclear transfer: Past, present and future perspectives. . Theriogenology, 2007 N° 68, S214-S231. Campbell, K. M. (1996). Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line. Nature N° 380, 64-66. Chan, A. D. (2000). Clonal propagation of primate offspring by embryo splitting. . Science N° 287, 317-319. Chesne P, A. P. (2002). Cloned rabbits produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. . Nat Biotechnol 2002 N° 20 , 366-369. Chesné P. . (2006). Métodos de clonagem em caprinos e ovinos. In: Freitas VJF (Ed). Produção de embriões por transferência nuclear (clonagem). Fortaleza: Multicor, 21-29. Edwards, R. B. (1998). How identical would cloned children be? An understanding essential to the ethical debate. . Hum. Reprod. Update N° 4, 791-811. Eggan K, A. H. (2001). Hybrid vigor, fetal overgrowth, and viability of mice derived by nuclear cloning and tetraploid embryo complementation. . Proc Natl Acad Sci 2001 N° 98, 6209-6214. Faber, D. C. (2003). Commercialization of animal biotechnology. Theriogenology N° 59, 125-138. Heyman Y, C.-P. P. (2002). Frequency of ocurrence of late gestation losses from cattle cloned Heyman, Y. V. (1998). Cloning in cattle: from embryo splitting to somatic nuclear transfer. . Heyman, Y. Z.-P. (2005). Novel approaches and hurdles to somatic cloning in cattle. . Cloning Stem Cells N° 4, 47-55. Hochedlinger K, J. R. (2003). Nuclear transplantation, embryonic stem cells, and the potential for cell therapy. . N Engl J Med 2003 N° 349, 275-286. Humpherys D, E. K. (2002). Abnormal gene expression in cloned mice derived from embryonic stem cells and cumulus cell nuclei. . Proc Natl Acad Sci 2002 N° 99, 12889-12984. Humpherys D, Eggan K, Akutsu H, et al. (2001). Epigenetic instability in ES cells and cloned mice. Science 2001 N° 293, 95-97. Hwang WS, R. Y. (2004). Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst. Science N°10. , 515. Iguma LT, S. L. (2005). Development of bovine embryos reconstructed by nuclear transfer of transfected and non-transfected adult fibroblast cells. . Genet Mol Res N° 31, 55-66. Jang G, P. G. (2004). Preimplantational embryo development and incidence of blastomere apoptosis in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos reconstructed with long term cultured donor cells. . Theriogenology N° 62, 512-521. Kanka, J. (2003). Gene expression and chromatin structure in the pre-implantation embryo. Theriogenology, 59, 3–19., 3-19. Kato, Y. T. (1998). Eight calves cloned from somatic cells of a single adult. Science 1998 N° 282, 2095-2096. Kikyo., T. H. (2004). Nuclear reprogramming in mammalian somatic cell nuclear cloning. . Cytogenet Genome Res N° 105, 285-291. Kurome M, T. F. (2003). Comparison of electro-fusion and intracytoplasmic nuclear injection methods in pig cloning. . Cloning Stem Cells N° 5, 367-378. Laible, G. &. (2007). Resent advances and future options for New Zealand agriculture derived from animal cloning and transgenic cattle. . Ner Zealand Journal or Agricultural Research N° 50 vol (2), 103-124. Laible, G. (2011). Gamete and Embryo Technology, Transgenic Animals. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Second Edi, 637–645. Lee S, K. B. (2007). Cellular composition and viability of cloned bovine embryos using exogene-transfected somatic cells. . Reproduction in Domestic Animals N° 42, 44-52. Li G, W. K. (2004). Review of enucleation methods and procedures used in animal cloning: state of the art. Cloning Stem Cells, 2004 N° 34, 5-13. Li X, L. Z. (2003). Nuclear transfer: progress and quandaries. Reprod Biol Endocrinol N° 1, 84-89. Loi, P. L. (1998). Development of parthenogenetic and cloned ovine embryos: effect of activation protocols. . Biol. Reprod. N° 58, 1177-1187. Martínez Díaz MA, T. M. (2003). Effect of fusion/activation protocol on in vitro development of porcine nuclear transfer embryos constructed with foreign genetransfected fetal fibroblasts. J Vet Med Sci N° 65, 989-994. Martinez M, G. R. (2007). Gestaciones producidas com embriones bovinos clonados producidos por transferência nuclear. . Archivos de medicina veterinária N° 39, 59-62. Martins C, Saueressig M, Bezerra S, et al. (2008). Isolamento, cultivo e criopreservação de fibroblastos bovinos recuperados de pele de orelha resfriada a 3 graus Celsius por longos períodos. . Em: II Simpósio internacional savanas tropicais, Brasília, DF. . Masih, S. J. (2014). Transgenic Animals and their Applications. . Animal Biotechnology , 407-423. Meng, L. E. (1997). Rhesus monkeys produced by nuclear transfer. . Bioi. Reprod. N° 57, 454-459. Menino, A. W. (1983). Effect of pronase treatment, microdissection, and zona pellucida removal on the development of porcine embryos and blastomeres in vitro. . Biol. Reprod. N° 28, 436-446. Miyoshi K, R. S. (2003). Improvements in cloning efficiencies may be possible by increasing uniformity in recipient oocytes and donor cells. Biology of reproduction, N° 68, 1079-1086. Paterson, L. D. (2003). Application of reproductive biotechnology in animals: implications and potentials. . Animal Reproduction Science N° 79 Vol. (3-4), 137-143. Pereira A, Freitas V. (2009). Clonagem em ruminantes: progressos e perspectivas atuais. . Revista Brasileira de reprodução animal N° 33 Vol 3., 118-128. Polejaeva lA, C. S. (2000). Coleman A, Campbell KHS. Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. . Nature 2000 N° 407, 86-90. PR., G. (1998). Clonación por separación embrionaria. En G. PR., En Las fronteras de la vida: ciencia y ética de la clonación. (págs. 52-61). Madrid: Doce Calles. Prather RS, B. F. (1987). Nuclear transplantation in thEl bovine embryo: assessment of donar nuclei and recipient oocyte. Biol Reprod N° 37, 859-866. Prather, R. S. (1989). Nuclear lamin antigens are developmentally regulated during porcine and bovine embryogenesis. . Biol. Reprod. N° 41, 123-132. Rexroad, C. P. (1997). Culture of blastomeres from in vitro-matured, fertilized, and cultured bovine embryos. . Molec. Reprod. Dev. 48, 238-245. Romo, S. (1994). Biotecnología reproductiva: avances en ganado bovino. Boletín Técnico Internacional. Schering-Plough División Veterinaria, 1-8. Seidel, G. (2001). Production of genetically identical sets of mammals: cloning? J. Exp. N° 228, 347-354. Shin T, K. D. (2002). A cat cloned by nuclear transplantation. . Nature, 415-859. Stice SL, R. J. (1988 ). Nuclear reprogramming in nuclear transplant rabbit embryos. Biol Reprod N° 39, 657-664. Susuki, H. T. (1995). Developmental ability of zona free mouse embryos is influenced by cell association at the 4-cell stage. . Biol. Reprod. N° 53, 78-83. Tanaka, H. K. (1997). Influence of combined activation treatments on the success of bovine nuclear transfer using young and aged oocytes. . Anim. Reprod. Sci. N° 49, 113-123. Tanaka, H. K. (1997). Influence of combined activation treatments on the success of bovine nuclear transfer using young and aged oocytes. . Anim. Reprod. Sci. N° 49, 113-123. Tian XC, C. K. (2003). Cloning animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer: biological factors. . Reprod Biol Endocrinol N° 13, 1-98. Tojo, H. O. (1985). Comparison of the in vitro development of mouse single blastomeres with and without the zona pellucida. Experientia N° 41, 108-109. Vajta, G. &. (2006). Science and technology of farm animal cloning: state of the art. . Animal Reproduction Science N° 92, 211-230. Vargas, J. H. (2008). Técnicas de clonación y tipos de Células utilizadas. Adaptación de Técnicas de clonación de Embriones (Navarro María et al, 2003), 39. Velilla E, L.-B. M.-G. (2002). Effect of Hoechst 33342 staining on developmental competence of prepubertal goat oocytes. . Zygote, 2002 N° 10, 201-206. Vignon X, P. C. (1998). Developmental potential of bovine embryos reconstructed from enucleated matured oocytes fused with cultured somatic cells. . C R Acad Sci III N° 321, 735-745. Wakayama T, P. A. (1998). Full-term development of m ice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei. . Nature 1998 N° 394, 369-374. Wakayama, T. Y. (1999). Cloning the laboratory mouse. Seminars Cell. Dev. Biol. N° 10, 253-258. Wall, R. J. (2005). Genetically enhanced cows resist intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infection. . Nat. Biotechnol. N° 23, 445-451. Wells DN. (2005). Animal cloning: problems and prospects. . Rev Sci Tech. N° 24, 251-261. Wells, D. N. (2004). The integration of cloning by nuclear transfer in the conservation of animal genetic resources. Farm Animal Genetic Resources., 223-241. Willadsen, S. (1986). Nuclear transplantation in sheep embryos. . Nature, 320: 63-65. Willadsen, S. G. (1984.). A simple procedure for the production of identical sheep twins. . Vet. Rec. N° 114, 240-243. Willadsen, S.M. (1989). Cloning of sheep and cow embryos. Genome N° 31, 956-962. Williams, T. E. (1983). Bisecting bovine embryos: methods, applications and success rates. . Proceedings of the Animal Conference on Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer in Beef Cattle. , (págs. 45-51). Denver,CO,USA. Wilmut I, C. K. (2000). La segunda creación. Sine Qua Non, 24-28, 162-171. Wilmut I. (1999). Clonación con fines médicos. Investig Cienc 1999; N° 269, 24-29. Wilmut, I. S. (1997). Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 1997 N° 385, 810-813. Zhang, Y. L. (1998). Nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction and development of goat embryos reconstructed by nuclear transplantation: production of goats by serially cloning embryos. . Biol. Reprod. N° 58, 266-269. Zou X, C. Y. (2001). Production of cloned goats from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei or fused with cumulus cells. . Cloning 2001 N° 3, 31-37.
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spelling	Sánchez, María del PilarVargas Henao, Jorge Hugo2019-04-11T17:22:29Z2019-04-11T17:22:29Z2018-04-11https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/8364Vargas Henao, J. H. (2018). Avances, técnicas y aplicación de la clonación en bovinos (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/ucc/8364La revisión bibliográfica tiene como fin, dar a conocer aspectos importantes sobre la clonación en general y los aportes y/o resultados obtenidos en los bovinos. A través de la clonación de la oveja Dolly en 1996, los investigadores a nivel de producción animal, enfocaron sus estudios en conservar, transmitir y llevar a perpetuidad características productivas deseables (cantidad y calidad de la leche, desarrollo muscular, ganancia de peso, resistencia a enfermedades etc.) y más allá de ello, el uso de los mismos como biorreactores o generadores de subproductos para uso humano y tratamiento de ciertas enfermedades. También se ha logrado obtener animales resistentes a enfermedades de interés productivo como en el caso de mastitis y EEB (Encefalopatía Espongiforme Bovina). Se han expuesto puntos variados a través del tiempo sobre algunas técnicas de clonación que han perdido, ser llamadas clonación en el sentido propio de la palabra; como sucede en el caso de la partición, donde se obtendrían gemelos idénticos entre sí, pero diferentes a sus progenitores, lo que los haría un clon gemelar mas no de su progenie. Las técnicas de clonación incluyen dos sentidos uno horizontal y otro vertical; a través de partición de embriones y separación, cultivo de blastómeros y Transferencia de Núcleos de Células somáticas, respectivamente; que serán explicados en este documento.The purpose of the literature review is to provide information on important aspects of cloning in general and the contributions and / or results obtained in cattle. Through the cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1996, researchers at the level of animal production, focused their studies on preserving, transmitting and perpetuating desirable productive characteristics (quantity and quality of milk, muscle development, weight gain, resistance to diseases etc.) and beyond that, the use of them as bioreactors or generators of by-products for human use and treatment of certain diseases. It has also been possible to obtain animals resistant to productive interest diseases such as mastitis and BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy). Various points have been exposed through time on some cloning techniques that have been lost, to be called cloning in the proper sense of the word; as in the case of the partition, where twins identical to each other would be obtained, but different from their parents, which would make them a twin clone but not of their progeny. Cloning techniques include two directions, one horizontal and one vertical; through embryo partitioning and separation, blastomere culture and Somatic Cell Nucleus Transfer, respectively; which will be explained in this document.jorge.vargash@capusucc.edu.co22 p. Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, IbaguéMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaIbaguéClonBovinoNucleoPorgenitorEmbrionTG 2018 MVZ 8364CloneBovineNucleusProgenitorEmbryoAvances, técnicas y aplicación de la clonación en bovinosTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribución – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Agca, Y. M. (1998). Normal calves from transfer of biopsed, sexed and vitrified IVP bovine embryos. . Theriogenology N° 50, 129-145.Akagi S, N. A. (2003). Developmental potential of bovine nuclear transfer embryos and postnatal survival rate of cloned calves produced by two different timings of fusion and activation. . Mol Reprod Dev N° 66, 264-72.Albeiro R, Z. V. (2001). Mammalian oocyte activation: lessons from the sperm and implications for nuclear transferBaguisi A, B. E. (1999). Production of goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nature Biotechnology Vol N° 17, 456-461.Baker, R. (1985). Commercial splitting of bovine embryos. Theriogenology N° 23, 3-12.Bortvin A, E. K. (2003). Incomplete reactivation of Oct4-related genes in mouse embryos cloned from somatic nuclei. . Development 2003 N° 130, 1673-1680.Bressan F, M. M. (2008). Produção de animais transgênicos por transferência nuclear como modelo de estudo biológico. Revista brasileira de reprodução animal N° 32, 240-250.Brophy B, G. S. (2003). Cloned transgenic cattle produce milk with higher levels of beta-casein and kappa-casein. . Nat Biotechnol N° 21, 157- 162.Campbell K, A. R. (2005). Cloning: eight years after Dolly. . Reproduction in Domestic Animals N°40, 256-268.Campbell K, F. P. (2007). Somatic cell nuclear transfer: Past, present and future perspectives. . Theriogenology, 2007 N° 68, S214-S231.Campbell, K. M. (1996). Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line. Nature N° 380, 64-66.Chan, A. D. (2000). Clonal propagation of primate offspring by embryo splitting. . Science N° 287, 317-319.Chesne P, A. P. (2002). Cloned rabbits produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. . Nat Biotechnol 2002 N° 20 , 366-369.Chesné P. . (2006). Métodos de clonagem em caprinos e ovinos. In: Freitas VJF (Ed). Produção de embriões por transferência nuclear (clonagem). Fortaleza: Multicor, 21-29.Edwards, R. B. (1998). How identical would cloned children be? An understanding essential to the ethical debate. . Hum. Reprod. Update N° 4, 791-811.Eggan K, A. H. (2001). Hybrid vigor, fetal overgrowth, and viability of mice derived by nuclear cloning and tetraploid embryo complementation. . Proc Natl Acad Sci 2001 N° 98, 6209-6214.Faber, D. C. (2003). Commercialization of animal biotechnology. Theriogenology N° 59, 125-138.Heyman Y, C.-P. P. (2002). Frequency of ocurrence of late gestation losses from cattle clonedHeyman, Y. V. (1998). Cloning in cattle: from embryo splitting to somatic nuclear transfer. .Heyman, Y. Z.-P. (2005). Novel approaches and hurdles to somatic cloning in cattle. . Cloning Stem Cells N° 4, 47-55.Hochedlinger K, J. R. (2003). Nuclear transplantation, embryonic stem cells, and the potential for cell therapy. . N Engl J Med 2003 N° 349, 275-286.Humpherys D, E. K. (2002). Abnormal gene expression in cloned mice derived from embryonic stem cells and cumulus cell nuclei. . Proc Natl Acad Sci 2002 N° 99, 12889-12984.Humpherys D, Eggan K, Akutsu H, et al. (2001). Epigenetic instability in ES cells and cloned mice. Science 2001 N° 293, 95-97.Hwang WS, R. Y. (2004). Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst. Science N°10. , 515.Iguma LT, S. L. (2005). Development of bovine embryos reconstructed by nuclear transfer of transfected and non-transfected adult fibroblast cells. . Genet Mol Res N° 31, 55-66.Jang G, P. G. (2004). Preimplantational embryo development and incidence of blastomere apoptosis in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos reconstructed with long term cultured donor cells. . Theriogenology N° 62, 512-521.Kanka, J. (2003). Gene expression and chromatin structure in the pre-implantation embryo. Theriogenology, 59, 3–19., 3-19.Kato, Y. T. (1998). Eight calves cloned from somatic cells of a single adult. Science 1998 N° 282, 2095-2096.Kikyo., T. H. (2004). Nuclear reprogramming in mammalian somatic cell nuclear cloning. . Cytogenet Genome Res N° 105, 285-291.Kurome M, T. F. (2003). Comparison of electro-fusion and intracytoplasmic nuclear injection methods in pig cloning. . Cloning Stem Cells N° 5, 367-378.Laible, G. &. (2007). Resent advances and future options for New Zealand agriculture derived from animal cloning and transgenic cattle. . Ner Zealand Journal or Agricultural Research N° 50 vol (2), 103-124.Laible, G. (2011). Gamete and Embryo Technology, Transgenic Animals. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, Second Edi, 637–645.Lee S, K. B. (2007). Cellular composition and viability of cloned bovine embryos using exogene-transfected somatic cells. . Reproduction in Domestic Animals N° 42, 44-52.Li G, W. K. (2004). Review of enucleation methods and procedures used in animal cloning: state of the art. Cloning Stem Cells, 2004 N° 34, 5-13.Li X, L. Z. (2003). Nuclear transfer: progress and quandaries. Reprod Biol Endocrinol N° 1, 84-89.Loi, P. L. (1998). Development of parthenogenetic and cloned ovine embryos: effect of activation protocols. . Biol. Reprod. 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