Conceptos actuales en el manejo de la retrusión mandibular por medio del aparato de HERBST
El tratamiento de las maloclusiones clase II por retrognatismo mandibular ha tenido diferentes enfoques y variaciones, con respecto a la edad, la etapa de crecimiento de un individuo y el componente de la maloclusión. Actualmente las terapéuticas para tratar las clases Il esqueléticas podrían clasif...
- Autores:
-
Perdomo Ospina, Andrés Felipe
- Tipo de recurso:
- Contribution to the magazine
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2005
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- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
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- Repositorio UCC
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- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/53377
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/53377
- Palabra clave:
- Aparato de Herbst
Retrusion mandibular
Clases II
Herbst appliance
Mandibular retrognathism
Class II
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- openAccess
- License
- Atribución
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Conceptos actuales en el manejo de la retrusión mandibular por medio del aparato de HERBST |
title |
Conceptos actuales en el manejo de la retrusión mandibular por medio del aparato de HERBST |
spellingShingle |
Conceptos actuales en el manejo de la retrusión mandibular por medio del aparato de HERBST Aparato de Herbst Retrusion mandibular Clases II Herbst appliance Mandibular retrognathism Class II |
title_short |
Conceptos actuales en el manejo de la retrusión mandibular por medio del aparato de HERBST |
title_full |
Conceptos actuales en el manejo de la retrusión mandibular por medio del aparato de HERBST |
title_fullStr |
Conceptos actuales en el manejo de la retrusión mandibular por medio del aparato de HERBST |
title_full_unstemmed |
Conceptos actuales en el manejo de la retrusión mandibular por medio del aparato de HERBST |
title_sort |
Conceptos actuales en el manejo de la retrusión mandibular por medio del aparato de HERBST |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Perdomo Ospina, Andrés Felipe |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Perdomo Ospina, Andrés Felipe |
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Aparato de Herbst Retrusion mandibular Clases II |
topic |
Aparato de Herbst Retrusion mandibular Clases II Herbst appliance Mandibular retrognathism Class II |
dc.subject.other.none.fl_str_mv |
Herbst appliance Mandibular retrognathism Class II |
description |
El tratamiento de las maloclusiones clase II por retrognatismo mandibular ha tenido diferentes enfoques y variaciones, con respecto a la edad, la etapa de crecimiento de un individuo y el componente de la maloclusión. Actualmente las terapéuticas para tratar las clases Il esqueléticas podrían clasificarse en: ortopedia dentofacial en niños y adolescentes, ortodoncia correctiva de compensación en post adolescentes y adultos jóvenes y cirugía ortognatica en adultos. El aparato de Herbst ha mostrado ser ideal para pacientes clases Il por retrognatismo mandibular, cuando no se requiere la colaboración de este, generando una respuesta rápida (entre 5 a 8 meses) estabilidad a largo plazo y seguridad en lo referente a síntomas y signos en la articulación, ya que se ha demostrado que los desórdenes articulares no son producidos por terapias como el Herbst, por el contrario, el aparato de Herbst puede ser útil en el tratamiento de pacientes con desplazamiento anterior del disco articular. Quizás lo más interesante de la terapéutica es la posibilidad de usarla en edades avanzadas, evitando a muchos pacientes cirugías ortognaticas, las cuales estarían limitadas sólo a adultos mayores. |
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2005 |
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2005-07 |
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2023-11-20T12:05:06Z |
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2023-11-20T12:05:06Z |
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Artículo de divulgación |
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1900-3080 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/53377 |
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.none.fl_str_mv |
Perdomo Ospina, A. F. (2005). Conceptos actuales en el manejo de la retrusión mandibular por medio del aparato de HERBST. Revista Nacional de Odontología, 1(1), 42-50. |
identifier_str_mv |
1900-3080 Perdomo Ospina, A. F. (2005). Conceptos actuales en el manejo de la retrusión mandibular por medio del aparato de HERBST. Revista Nacional de Odontología, 1(1), 42-50. |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/53377 |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv |
Revista Nacional de Odontología |
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
1. Voudouris JC, Kuftinec MM Improved clinical use of Twin-block and Herbst as a result of radiating viscoelastic tissue forces on the condyle and fossa in treatment and long- term retention: growth relativity. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117:247-266 . 2. Mills CM, McCulloch KJ. Treatment effects of the twin block appliance: a cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Den- tofacial Orthop. 1998;114:15-24. 3. Langford NM, The Herbst appliance. J Clin Orthod 1981.15: 558-561. 4. Clements RM, Jacobson A The MARS appliance: report of a case. AM J Orthod 1982;82: 445-455. 5. Pancherz. H. The mandibular plane angle in activator treat- ment. Angle Orthod 1979:49-11-20. 6. Pancherz H, Ruf S. Kohlhas P «Effective condylar growth and chin position changes in Herbst treatment a cephalo- metric roentgenographic long-term study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998; 114:437-446. 7. Obrien,K. Wright.J. Sanjie,Y Effectiveness of treatment for class II malocclusion with the Herbst or Twin-Block 2 appliances: A randomized, controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;124:128-137. 8. Pancherz H. The mechanism of Class II correction in Herbst appliance treatment: a cephalometric investigation. Am J Orthod 1982;82:104-13. 9. Pancherz, H Dentofacial orthopedics or orthognathic surgery: Is it a matter of age? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117.571-574. 10. Pancherz H. The Herbst appliance-its biologic effects and clinical use. Am J Orthod 1985;87:1-20. 11. Pancherz H. Treatment of Class II malocclusions by jum- ping the bite with the Herbst appliance: a cephalometric investigation. Am J Orthod 1979;76:423-441. 12. Howe RP: The bonded Herbst appliance. J Clin Orthod 16: 663-667, Howe RP: The bonded Herbst appliance. J Clin Orthod 1982;16: 663-667. 13. Hamilton SD, Sinclair PM, Hamilton RH. A cephalometric tomographic and dental cast evaluation of Frankel therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1987:92:427-34. 14. Howe RP: Updating the bonded Herbst appliance. J Clin Orthod 1983;17: 122-124. 15. Pancherz H. 1997. The modern Herbst appliance. In: Graber TM, Rakosi T, Petrovic AG, eds. Dentofacial Orthopedics with Functional Appliances, 2d ed. Mosby, St. Louis. 16. Hans MG, Lieberman J, Goldberg J, Rozencweig G, Be- llon E. A comparison of clinical examination, history and magnetic resonance imaging for identifying orthodontic patients with temporomandibular joint disorders. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992; 101:54-59. 17. Keeling SD. Garvan CW, King GJ, Wheeler TT, McGorray S. Temporomandibular disorders after early Class II treat- ment with bionators and headgears: results from a rando- mized controlled trial. Semin Orthod. 1995; 1:149-164. 18. Valant, J. Sinclair, P. Treatment effects of the herbsts applian- ce. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989; 115:138-147. 19. Ward DM, Behrents RG, Goldberg JS. Temporomandibular joint synovial fluid pressure response to altered mandi- bular positions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990; 98:22-28. 20. Woodside DG, Altuna G, Harvold E, Herbert M, Metaxas A. Primate experiments in malocclusion and bone induction. Am J Orthod. 1983;83:460-468. 21. Pancherz H. The nature of Class II relapse after Herbst appliance treatment: a cephalometric long-term investiga- tion. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1991:100:220-33. 22. Langford NM. Updating fabrications of the Herbst applian- ce. J Clin Orthod 16: 173-174, 1982. 23. Ruf S, Pancherz H. The mechanism of Class II correction during Herbst therapy in relation to the vertical jaw base relationship: a cephalometric roentgenographic study Angle Orthod. 1997; 67:271-276. 24. Pancherz H, Anehus-Pancherz M. Muscle activity in class II, division 1 malocclusions treated by bite jumping with the Herbst appliance. An electromyographic study. Am J Orthod. 1980; 78:321-329. 25. Pancherz. H. The mandibular plane angle in activator treat- ment. Angle Orthod 1979;49:11-20. 26. Pancherz H, Anehus-Pancherz M. The effect of continuous bite jumping with the Herbst appliance on the masticatory system: a functional analysis of treated class II malocclu- sions. Eur J Orthod. 1982; 4:37-44. 27. Pancherz H: The effect of continuous bite jumping on the dentofacial complex: a follow-up study after Herbst appliance treatment of Class II malocclusions. Eur J Orthod 1981:3: 49-60. 28. Sabine R, Pancherz H, Does Bite-Jumping Damage the TMJ? A Prospective Longitudinal Clinical and MRI Study of Herbst Patients The Angle Orthodontist 2000;70:183-199. 29. Scheweitzer,M. Pancherz.H. The incisor-lip realtionship in Herbst-Multibracket appliance. Treatment of clss II division 2 malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2001; 71: 358-363. 30. Voudouris JC, Woodside DG, Altuna G, Kuftinec MM. An- gelopoulos G, Bourque PJ. Condyle-fossa modifications and muscle interactions during Herbst treatment, Part 1. New technological methods. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123:604. 31. Voudouris JC, Woodside DG, Altuna G, Kuftinec MM. Angelopoulos G. Bourque PJ. Condyle-fossa modifications and muscle interactions during Herbst treatment, Part 2. Results and conclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:13-29. 32. Charlier J, Petrovic A, Herrmann-Stutzmann J. Effects of mandibular hyper-propulsion on the precondroblastic zone of young rat condyle. Am J Orthod 1969:55:71. 33. Woodside DG, Metaxas A. Altuna G. The influence of functional appliance therapy on glenoid fossa remodeling. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987:92:181. 34. Sessle BJ, Woodside DG, Bourque P. Gurza S, Powell G, Voudouris JC, et al. Effect of functional appliances on jaw muscle activity. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;98:222-229. 35. Buschang PH, Santos-Pinto A. Condylar growth and glenoid fossa displacement during childhood and adolescence. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:42. 36. McNamara JA, Connelly TA. McBride MC. Histologic stu- dies of temporomandibular joint adaptations. In: McNamara Jr JA, ed. Determinants in mandibular form and growth. Monograph No.4. Craniofacial Growth Series. Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan 1975. 37. Pancherz H. The effects, limitations, and long-term dento- facial adaptations to treatment with the Herbst appliance. Sem Orthod 1997; 3:232-243. 38. Yamin-lacouture, C. Woodside,D. The action of three types of functional appliances on the activity of the masticatory muscles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997; 116:560- 572. 39. Ruf S, Pancherz H. Temporomandibular joint remodeling in adolescents and young adults during Herbst treatment: a prospective longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging and cephalometric radiographic investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;115:607-618. 40. Pancherz H, Ruf S, Thomalske-Faubert C. Mandibular articular disk position changes during Herbst treatment: a prospective longitudinal MRI study. Am J Orthod Dento- facial Orthop. 1999; 116:207-214. 41. Motegi E, Miyazaki H, Ogura I, Konishi H, Sebata M. An orthodontic study of temporomandibular joint disorders. Part 1: Epidemiologic research in Japanese 6-18 year olds. Angle Orthod. 1992; 62:249-256. 42. Ruf S, Pancherz H. Long-term TMJ effects of Herbst treat- ment: a clinical and MRI study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998: 114:475-483. 43. Wieslander L. Long-term effects of treatment with the headgear-Herbst appliance in the early mixed dentition. Stability or relapse?. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993:104:319-329. 44. Richardson ME. The etiology of late lower arch crowding alternative to mesially directed forces: a review. Am J Or thod Dentofac Orthop 1994;105:592-7. 45. Sadowsky C, Schneider BJ, BeGole EA. Tahir E. Long- term stability after orthodontic treatment: nonextraction with prolonged retention. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1994:106:243-9. 46. Weislander L. Intensive treatment of severe Class II ma- locclusions with a headgear-Herbst appliance in the early mixed dentition. Am J Orthod. 1984;86:1-12. 47. McNamara JA, Bryan FA. Long-term mandibular adaptations to protrusive function: An experimental study in Macaca mu- latta. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;92:98-108. 48. Pancherz H, Anehus-Pancherz M: Muscle activity in Class II, Division I malocclusions treated by bite jumping with the Herbst appliance: an electromyographic study. AM J Orthod 1980;78: 321-329. 49. Ruf S, Pancherz H. Long-term TMJ effects of Herbst treat- ment: a clinical and MRI study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998; 114:475-483. |
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Perdomo Ospina, Andrés FelipeVol. 1, No. 12023-11-20T12:05:06Z2023-11-20T12:05:06Z2005-071900-3080https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/53377Perdomo Ospina, A. F. (2005). Conceptos actuales en el manejo de la retrusión mandibular por medio del aparato de HERBST. Revista Nacional de Odontología, 1(1), 42-50.El tratamiento de las maloclusiones clase II por retrognatismo mandibular ha tenido diferentes enfoques y variaciones, con respecto a la edad, la etapa de crecimiento de un individuo y el componente de la maloclusión. Actualmente las terapéuticas para tratar las clases Il esqueléticas podrían clasificarse en: ortopedia dentofacial en niños y adolescentes, ortodoncia correctiva de compensación en post adolescentes y adultos jóvenes y cirugía ortognatica en adultos. El aparato de Herbst ha mostrado ser ideal para pacientes clases Il por retrognatismo mandibular, cuando no se requiere la colaboración de este, generando una respuesta rápida (entre 5 a 8 meses) estabilidad a largo plazo y seguridad en lo referente a síntomas y signos en la articulación, ya que se ha demostrado que los desórdenes articulares no son producidos por terapias como el Herbst, por el contrario, el aparato de Herbst puede ser útil en el tratamiento de pacientes con desplazamiento anterior del disco articular. Quizás lo más interesante de la terapéutica es la posibilidad de usarla en edades avanzadas, evitando a muchos pacientes cirugías ortognaticas, las cuales estarían limitadas sólo a adultos mayores.The treatment of Class II malocclusions has disclosed many viewpoints respect to upper age limit for successful treatment, growth adaptation and malocclusions component. The contemporary approach in class Il treatment could be: Dentofacial orthopedics in children - adolescents, camouflage orthodontics in post adolescents-young adults and orthognatic surgery in adults. The Herbst appliance have shown be succe ssfully in the treatment of class II malocclusions, nonreliance on patient cooperation hence a shortened treatment interval. (5 to 8 months) and a long term stability, besides the Herbst treatment does not result in temporomandibular disorders, on the contrary, the Herbst appliance could be possibly useful in the therapy of patients with anterior disk displacement. Perhaps the most important topic of the Herbst therapy is the opportunity to useful it in adults, replace orthognatic surgery and limited it to eldery adults, Key Words: Herbst appliance, mandibular retrognathism, class II.p. 42-50Editorial Universidad Cooperativa de ColombiaUniversidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Odontología, Medellín y EnvigadoOdontologíaMedellínAparato de HerbstRetrusion mandibularClases IIHerbst applianceMandibular retrognathismClass IIConceptos actuales en el manejo de la retrusión mandibular por medio del aparato de HERBSTArtículo de divulgaciónhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_3e5ahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAtribucióninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Revista Nacional de Odontología1. Voudouris JC, Kuftinec MM Improved clinical use of Twin-block and Herbst as a result of radiating viscoelastic tissue forces on the condyle and fossa in treatment and long- term retention: growth relativity. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117:247-266 .2. Mills CM, McCulloch KJ. Treatment effects of the twin block appliance: a cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Den- tofacial Orthop. 1998;114:15-24.3. Langford NM, The Herbst appliance. J Clin Orthod 1981.15: 558-561.4. Clements RM, Jacobson A The MARS appliance: report of a case. AM J Orthod 1982;82: 445-455.5. Pancherz. H. The mandibular plane angle in activator treat- ment. Angle Orthod 1979:49-11-20.6. Pancherz H, Ruf S. Kohlhas P «Effective condylar growth and chin position changes in Herbst treatment a cephalo- metric roentgenographic long-term study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998; 114:437-446.7. Obrien,K. Wright.J. Sanjie,Y Effectiveness of treatment for class II malocclusion with the Herbst or Twin-Block 2 appliances: A randomized, controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;124:128-137.8. Pancherz H. The mechanism of Class II correction in Herbst appliance treatment: a cephalometric investigation. Am J Orthod 1982;82:104-13.9. Pancherz, H Dentofacial orthopedics or orthognathic surgery: Is it a matter of age? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117.571-574.10. Pancherz H. The Herbst appliance-its biologic effects and clinical use. Am J Orthod 1985;87:1-20.11. Pancherz H. Treatment of Class II malocclusions by jum- ping the bite with the Herbst appliance: a cephalometric investigation. Am J Orthod 1979;76:423-441.12. Howe RP: The bonded Herbst appliance. J Clin Orthod 16: 663-667, Howe RP: The bonded Herbst appliance. J Clin Orthod 1982;16: 663-667.13. Hamilton SD, Sinclair PM, Hamilton RH. A cephalometric tomographic and dental cast evaluation of Frankel therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1987:92:427-34.14. Howe RP: Updating the bonded Herbst appliance. J Clin Orthod 1983;17: 122-124.15. Pancherz H. 1997. The modern Herbst appliance. In: Graber TM, Rakosi T, Petrovic AG, eds. Dentofacial Orthopedics with Functional Appliances, 2d ed. Mosby, St. Louis.16. Hans MG, Lieberman J, Goldberg J, Rozencweig G, Be- llon E. A comparison of clinical examination, history and magnetic resonance imaging for identifying orthodontic patients with temporomandibular joint disorders. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992; 101:54-59.17. Keeling SD. Garvan CW, King GJ, Wheeler TT, McGorray S. Temporomandibular disorders after early Class II treat- ment with bionators and headgears: results from a rando- mized controlled trial. Semin Orthod. 1995; 1:149-164.18. Valant, J. Sinclair, P. Treatment effects of the herbsts applian- ce. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989; 115:138-147.19. Ward DM, Behrents RG, Goldberg JS. Temporomandibular joint synovial fluid pressure response to altered mandi- bular positions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990; 98:22-28.20. Woodside DG, Altuna G, Harvold E, Herbert M, Metaxas A. Primate experiments in malocclusion and bone induction. Am J Orthod. 1983;83:460-468.21. Pancherz H. The nature of Class II relapse after Herbst appliance treatment: a cephalometric long-term investiga- tion. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1991:100:220-33.22. Langford NM. Updating fabrications of the Herbst applian- ce. J Clin Orthod 16: 173-174, 1982.23. Ruf S, Pancherz H. The mechanism of Class II correction during Herbst therapy in relation to the vertical jaw base relationship: a cephalometric roentgenographic study Angle Orthod. 1997; 67:271-276.24. Pancherz H, Anehus-Pancherz M. Muscle activity in class II, division 1 malocclusions treated by bite jumping with the Herbst appliance. An electromyographic study. Am J Orthod. 1980; 78:321-329.25. Pancherz. H. The mandibular plane angle in activator treat- ment. Angle Orthod 1979;49:11-20.26. Pancherz H, Anehus-Pancherz M. The effect of continuous bite jumping with the Herbst appliance on the masticatory system: a functional analysis of treated class II malocclu- sions. Eur J Orthod. 1982; 4:37-44.27. Pancherz H: The effect of continuous bite jumping on the dentofacial complex: a follow-up study after Herbst appliance treatment of Class II malocclusions. Eur J Orthod 1981:3: 49-60.28. Sabine R, Pancherz H, Does Bite-Jumping Damage the TMJ? A Prospective Longitudinal Clinical and MRI Study of Herbst Patients The Angle Orthodontist 2000;70:183-199.29. Scheweitzer,M. Pancherz.H. The incisor-lip realtionship in Herbst-Multibracket appliance. Treatment of clss II division 2 malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2001; 71: 358-363.30. Voudouris JC, Woodside DG, Altuna G, Kuftinec MM. An- gelopoulos G, Bourque PJ. Condyle-fossa modifications and muscle interactions during Herbst treatment, Part 1. New technological methods. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123:604.31. Voudouris JC, Woodside DG, Altuna G, Kuftinec MM. Angelopoulos G. Bourque PJ. Condyle-fossa modifications and muscle interactions during Herbst treatment, Part 2. Results and conclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:13-29.32. Charlier J, Petrovic A, Herrmann-Stutzmann J. Effects of mandibular hyper-propulsion on the precondroblastic zone of young rat condyle. Am J Orthod 1969:55:71.33. Woodside DG, Metaxas A. Altuna G. The influence of functional appliance therapy on glenoid fossa remodeling. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987:92:181.34. Sessle BJ, Woodside DG, Bourque P. Gurza S, Powell G, Voudouris JC, et al. Effect of functional appliances on jaw muscle activity. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;98:222-229.35. Buschang PH, Santos-Pinto A. Condylar growth and glenoid fossa displacement during childhood and adolescence. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:42.36. McNamara JA, Connelly TA. McBride MC. Histologic stu- dies of temporomandibular joint adaptations. In: McNamara Jr JA, ed. Determinants in mandibular form and growth. Monograph No.4. Craniofacial Growth Series. Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan 1975.37. Pancherz H. The effects, limitations, and long-term dento- facial adaptations to treatment with the Herbst appliance. Sem Orthod 1997; 3:232-243.38. Yamin-lacouture, C. Woodside,D. The action of three types of functional appliances on the activity of the masticatory muscles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997; 116:560- 572.39. Ruf S, Pancherz H. Temporomandibular joint remodeling in adolescents and young adults during Herbst treatment: a prospective longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging and cephalometric radiographic investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;115:607-618.40. Pancherz H, Ruf S, Thomalske-Faubert C. Mandibular articular disk position changes during Herbst treatment: a prospective longitudinal MRI study. Am J Orthod Dento- facial Orthop. 1999; 116:207-214.41. Motegi E, Miyazaki H, Ogura I, Konishi H, Sebata M. An orthodontic study of temporomandibular joint disorders. Part 1: Epidemiologic research in Japanese 6-18 year olds. Angle Orthod. 1992; 62:249-256.42. Ruf S, Pancherz H. Long-term TMJ effects of Herbst treat- ment: a clinical and MRI study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998: 114:475-483.43. Wieslander L. Long-term effects of treatment with the headgear-Herbst appliance in the early mixed dentition. Stability or relapse?. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993:104:319-329.44. Richardson ME. The etiology of late lower arch crowding alternative to mesially directed forces: a review. Am J Or thod Dentofac Orthop 1994;105:592-7.45. Sadowsky C, Schneider BJ, BeGole EA. Tahir E. Long- term stability after orthodontic treatment: nonextraction with prolonged retention. 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