COVID-19: Smoking cessation and the science of dissemination and implementation in dental care
Tobacco use was officially identified as an addiction therefore emerged as a policy focus through pulmonology medicine and epidemiology rather than psychiatry. Currently, evidence demonstrates patients with history of smoking and COVID-19 are 14 times more at risk to progress to pneumonia. Since the...
- Autores:
-
Mafla Chamorro, Ana Cristina
Neil, Mary
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2020
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UCC
- Idioma:
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/46727
- Acceso en línea:
- https://doi.org/10.17126/joralres.2021.013
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/46727
- Palabra clave:
- Covid-19
Suspensión de fumar
Educación en odontología
Diseminación
Implementación
Covid-19
Smoking cessation
Dental education
Dissemination
Implementation
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
id |
COOPER2_b34ac99e496316ccaff8e7ce58b846be |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/46727 |
network_acronym_str |
COOPER2 |
network_name_str |
Repositorio UCC |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
COVID-19: Smoking cessation and the science of dissemination and implementation in dental care |
title |
COVID-19: Smoking cessation and the science of dissemination and implementation in dental care |
spellingShingle |
COVID-19: Smoking cessation and the science of dissemination and implementation in dental care Covid-19 Suspensión de fumar Educación en odontología Diseminación Implementación Covid-19 Smoking cessation Dental education Dissemination Implementation |
title_short |
COVID-19: Smoking cessation and the science of dissemination and implementation in dental care |
title_full |
COVID-19: Smoking cessation and the science of dissemination and implementation in dental care |
title_fullStr |
COVID-19: Smoking cessation and the science of dissemination and implementation in dental care |
title_full_unstemmed |
COVID-19: Smoking cessation and the science of dissemination and implementation in dental care |
title_sort |
COVID-19: Smoking cessation and the science of dissemination and implementation in dental care |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Mafla Chamorro, Ana Cristina Neil, Mary |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Mafla Chamorro, Ana Cristina Neil, Mary |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Covid-19 Suspensión de fumar Educación en odontología Diseminación Implementación |
topic |
Covid-19 Suspensión de fumar Educación en odontología Diseminación Implementación Covid-19 Smoking cessation Dental education Dissemination Implementation |
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv |
Covid-19 Smoking cessation Dental education Dissemination Implementation |
description |
Tobacco use was officially identified as an addiction therefore emerged as a policy focus through pulmonology medicine and epidemiology rather than psychiatry. Currently, evidence demonstrates patients with history of smoking and COVID-19 are 14 times more at risk to progress to pneumonia. Since the latest epidemics have involved different problems related to respiratory diseases, the creation and re-evaluation of the designs of programs for the use of tobacco and electronic cigarettes are mandatory in dental schools. An important tool to develop those programs is the Dissemination and Implementation science. |
publishDate |
2020 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-06-30 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-10-13T23:50:43Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-10-13T23:50:43Z |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículos Científicos |
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
ISSN (online): 0719-2479 | ISSN (print): 0719-2460 |
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.17126/joralres.2021.013 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/46727 |
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Mafla, A.C. & Neil, M.J. COVID-19. (2020). Smoking cessation and the science of dissemination and implementation in dental care. J Oral Res, Covid-19, S2, 55-58. https://doi.org/10.17126/joralres.2021.013https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/46727 |
identifier_str_mv |
ISSN (online): 0719-2479 | ISSN (print): 0719-2460 Mafla, A.C. & Neil, M.J. COVID-19. (2020). Smoking cessation and the science of dissemination and implementation in dental care. J Oral Res, Covid-19, S2, 55-58. https://doi.org/10.17126/joralres.2021.013https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/46727 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.17126/joralres.2021.013 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/46727 |
dc.relation.isversionof.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.joralres.com/index.php/JOralRes/issue/view/63 |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Journal of Oral Research |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
1. Parascandola M. Tobacco harm reduction and the evolution of nicotine dependence. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(4):632-41. 2. Meo SA, Al Asiri SA. Effects of electronic cigarette smoking on human health. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18(21):3315‐9. 3. Liu W, Tao ZW, Wang L, Yuan ML, Liu K, Zhou L, Wei S, Deng Y, Liu J, Liu HG, Yang M, Hu Y. Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(9):1032-8. 4. Brake SJ, Barnsley K, Lu W, McAlinden KD, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Smoking Upregulates Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 Receptor: A Potential Adhesion Site for Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19). J Clin Med. 2020;9(3). pii: E841. 5. Calfee CS, Matthay MA, Kangelaris KN, Siew ED, Janz DR, Bernard GR, May AK, Jacob P, Havel C, Benowitz NL. Cigarette Smoke Exposure and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(9):1790–7. 6. Matthay MA, Zemans RL. The acute respiratory distress syndrome: pathogenesis and treatment. Annu Rev Pathol. 2011;6:147–63. 7. Matthay MA, Aldrich JM, Gotts JE. 2020. Treatment for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome from COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):433-4. 8. Lomas J. Diffusion, dissemination, and implementation: who should do what? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993;703:226–35, discussion 235–7. 9. Warnakulasuriya S. Effectiveness of tobacco counseling in the dental office. J Dent Educ. 2002;66(9):1079-87. 10. Brothwell DJ, Gelskey SC. Tobacco use cessation services provided by dentists and dental hygienists in Manitoba: part 1. Influence of practitioner demographics and psychosocial factors. J Can Dent Assoc. 2008;74(10):905. 11. Morgan SK, Dumire W, Caudill C, Lewis A. Tracking dental patient tobacco use and intervention in the academic clinical setting. J Dent Educ. 2012;76(11):1448-56. 12. Ramseier CA, Burri M, Berres F, Davis JM. The implementation of a tobacco dependence education curriculum in a Swiss Dental Hygiene School - an 8-year review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2013;11(2):142-50. 13. Giorgi E, Marani A, Salvati O, Mangiaracina G, Prestigiacomo C, Osborn JF, Cattaruzza MS. Towards a smoke-free hospital: how the smoking status of health professionals influences their knowledge, attitude and clinical activity. Results from a hospital in central Italy. Ann Ig. 2015;27(2):447-59. 14. Omaña-Cepeda C, Jané-Salas E, EstrugoDevesa A, Chimenos-Küstner E, López-López J. Effectiveness of dentist's intervention in smoking cessation: A review. J Clin Exp Dent. 2016;8(1):e78-83. 15. Lorenzo-Pouso AI, Pérez-Sayáns M, Pérez-López D, Otero-Rey EM, García-García A, Blanco-Carrión A. Knowledge About the Relation Between Tobacco and Disease and the Attitude Toward Advising the Cessation of Its Consumption Among a Group of Spanish Dental Students. J Cancer Educ. 2019;34(1):145-3. 16. Chaffee BW, Urata J, Couch ET, Silverstein S. Dental Professionals' Engagement in Tobacco, Electronic Cigarette, and Cannabis Patient Counseling. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2020;5(2):133-45. 17. Koorts H, Eakin E, Estabrooks P, Timperio A, Salmon J, Bauman A. Implementation and scale up of population physical activity interventions for clinical and community settings: the PRACTIS guide. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15(1):51. 18. Loukola A, Hällfors J, Korhonen T, Kaprio J. Genetics and smoking. Curr Addict Rep. 2014;1(1):75‐82. 19. Stoops WW, Johnson MF, Strickland JC, Knudsen HK, Gilbert GH, Massingale SD, Ray MN, Studts CR, Atchley L, Reynolds G, Slade E, Studts JL. Feasibility of Collecting Saliva for Biological Verification of Tobacco Use Status in Dental Practices and Patients' Homes: Results from the National Dental PBRN. Community Dent Health. 2019;36(3):187-9. 20. Goyal J, Menon I, Goyal T, Passi D, Gupta U, Gupta R. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and basic health education for tobacco cessation among adult tobacco users attending a private tobacco cessation center. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(2):830-3. |
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv |
Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual |
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
55-58 |
dc.coverage.temporal.spa.fl_str_mv |
S2 |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Odontología, Pasto Dra. Celia Lima |
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Odontología |
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Pasto |
institution |
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/94328d75-47bc-487e-b1d2-70929ed21e45/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/05183937-5012-4cbb-a03a-c0ea2e4b2ffb/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/88444382-cbc1-4d76-b985-61eae7aff999/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/050a0be6-78c3-402c-9c6b-fbb78c01c59b/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/8ce9b17d-e290-46f3-9e88-da9e213a7665/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/dbd0ea55-fee0-4e20-b81d-2248bf3eb39b/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/c5496793-4f2c-4b5c-9c97-a8a7a527f5e4/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
ed2c42494d858a953763ae4f79860946 a9fc806f6fac195701db9dceaf3d52ee 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 d00202b94ee3449be27ac22b2168600d 8388e778d6cca5d494b2e14dd8a53233 7ffb89de248ded50ee775828a2c8f064 84b7a457581a9d7cbcee5d2e673787da |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
bdigital@metabiblioteca.com |
_version_ |
1811564948112801792 |
spelling |
Mafla Chamorro, Ana CristinaNeil, MaryS22022-10-13T23:50:43Z2022-10-13T23:50:43Z2020-06-30ISSN (online): 0719-2479 | ISSN (print): 0719-2460https://doi.org/10.17126/joralres.2021.013https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/46727Mafla, A.C. & Neil, M.J. COVID-19. (2020). Smoking cessation and the science of dissemination and implementation in dental care. J Oral Res, Covid-19, S2, 55-58. https://doi.org/10.17126/joralres.2021.013https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/46727Tobacco use was officially identified as an addiction therefore emerged as a policy focus through pulmonology medicine and epidemiology rather than psychiatry. Currently, evidence demonstrates patients with history of smoking and COVID-19 are 14 times more at risk to progress to pneumonia. Since the latest epidemics have involved different problems related to respiratory diseases, the creation and re-evaluation of the designs of programs for the use of tobacco and electronic cigarettes are mandatory in dental schools. An important tool to develop those programs is the Dissemination and Implementation science.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000676616https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2805-7901https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000002911ana.mafla@campusucc.edu.cohttps://scholar.google.com/citations?user=MSFc5YoAAAAJ&hl=es55-58Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Odontología, PastoDra. Celia LimaOdontologíaPastohttps://www.joralres.com/index.php/JOralRes/issue/view/63Journal of Oral Research1. Parascandola M. Tobacco harm reduction and the evolution of nicotine dependence. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(4):632-41.2. Meo SA, Al Asiri SA. Effects of electronic cigarette smoking on human health. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18(21):3315‐9.3. Liu W, Tao ZW, Wang L, Yuan ML, Liu K, Zhou L, Wei S, Deng Y, Liu J, Liu HG, Yang M, Hu Y. Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(9):1032-8.4. Brake SJ, Barnsley K, Lu W, McAlinden KD, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Smoking Upregulates Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 Receptor: A Potential Adhesion Site for Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19). J Clin Med. 2020;9(3). pii: E841.5. Calfee CS, Matthay MA, Kangelaris KN, Siew ED, Janz DR, Bernard GR, May AK, Jacob P, Havel C, Benowitz NL. Cigarette Smoke Exposure and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(9):1790–7.6. Matthay MA, Zemans RL. The acute respiratory distress syndrome: pathogenesis and treatment. Annu Rev Pathol. 2011;6:147–63.7. Matthay MA, Aldrich JM, Gotts JE. 2020. Treatment for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome from COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):433-4.8. Lomas J. Diffusion, dissemination, and implementation: who should do what? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993;703:226–35, discussion 235–7.9. Warnakulasuriya S. Effectiveness of tobacco counseling in the dental office. J Dent Educ. 2002;66(9):1079-87.10. Brothwell DJ, Gelskey SC. Tobacco use cessation services provided by dentists and dental hygienists in Manitoba: part 1. Influence of practitioner demographics and psychosocial factors. J Can Dent Assoc. 2008;74(10):905.11. Morgan SK, Dumire W, Caudill C, Lewis A. Tracking dental patient tobacco use and intervention in the academic clinical setting. J Dent Educ. 2012;76(11):1448-56.12. Ramseier CA, Burri M, Berres F, Davis JM. The implementation of a tobacco dependence education curriculum in a Swiss Dental Hygiene School - an 8-year review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2013;11(2):142-50.13. Giorgi E, Marani A, Salvati O, Mangiaracina G, Prestigiacomo C, Osborn JF, Cattaruzza MS. Towards a smoke-free hospital: how the smoking status of health professionals influences their knowledge, attitude and clinical activity. Results from a hospital in central Italy. Ann Ig. 2015;27(2):447-59.14. Omaña-Cepeda C, Jané-Salas E, EstrugoDevesa A, Chimenos-Küstner E, López-López J. Effectiveness of dentist's intervention in smoking cessation: A review. J Clin Exp Dent. 2016;8(1):e78-83.15. Lorenzo-Pouso AI, Pérez-Sayáns M, Pérez-López D, Otero-Rey EM, García-García A, Blanco-Carrión A. Knowledge About the Relation Between Tobacco and Disease and the Attitude Toward Advising the Cessation of Its Consumption Among a Group of Spanish Dental Students. J Cancer Educ. 2019;34(1):145-3.16. Chaffee BW, Urata J, Couch ET, Silverstein S. Dental Professionals' Engagement in Tobacco, Electronic Cigarette, and Cannabis Patient Counseling. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2020;5(2):133-45.17. Koorts H, Eakin E, Estabrooks P, Timperio A, Salmon J, Bauman A. Implementation and scale up of population physical activity interventions for clinical and community settings: the PRACTIS guide. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15(1):51.18. Loukola A, Hällfors J, Korhonen T, Kaprio J. Genetics and smoking. Curr Addict Rep. 2014;1(1):75‐82.19. Stoops WW, Johnson MF, Strickland JC, Knudsen HK, Gilbert GH, Massingale SD, Ray MN, Studts CR, Atchley L, Reynolds G, Slade E, Studts JL. Feasibility of Collecting Saliva for Biological Verification of Tobacco Use Status in Dental Practices and Patients' Homes: Results from the National Dental PBRN. Community Dent Health. 2019;36(3):187-9.20. Goyal J, Menon I, Goyal T, Passi D, Gupta U, Gupta R. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and basic health education for tobacco cessation among adult tobacco users attending a private tobacco cessation center. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(2):830-3.Covid-19Suspensión de fumarEducación en odontologíaDiseminaciónImplementaciónCovid-19Smoking cessationDental educationDisseminationImplementationCOVID-19: Smoking cessation and the science of dissemination and implementation in dental careArtículos Científicoshttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2PublicationORIGINAL2020_Mafla_Covid.pdf2020_Mafla_Covid.pdfArtículo_Covidapplication/pdf303438https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/94328d75-47bc-487e-b1d2-70929ed21e45/downloaded2c42494d858a953763ae4f79860946MD532020_Mafla_Covid_LicenciaUso.pdf2020_Mafla_Covid_LicenciaUso.pdfLicencia_Uso_Covidapplication/pdf195271https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/05183937-5012-4cbb-a03a-c0ea2e4b2ffb/downloada9fc806f6fac195701db9dceaf3d52eeMD54LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/88444382-cbc1-4d76-b985-61eae7aff999/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD55THUMBNAIL2020_Mafla_Covid.pdf.jpg2020_Mafla_Covid.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4651https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/050a0be6-78c3-402c-9c6b-fbb78c01c59b/downloadd00202b94ee3449be27ac22b2168600dMD562020_Mafla_Covid_LicenciaUso.pdf.jpg2020_Mafla_Covid_LicenciaUso.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5151https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/8ce9b17d-e290-46f3-9e88-da9e213a7665/download8388e778d6cca5d494b2e14dd8a53233MD57TEXT2020_Mafla_Covid.pdf.txt2020_Mafla_Covid.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain16997https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/dbd0ea55-fee0-4e20-b81d-2248bf3eb39b/download7ffb89de248ded50ee775828a2c8f064MD582020_Mafla_Covid_LicenciaUso.pdf.txt2020_Mafla_Covid_LicenciaUso.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain5793https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/c5496793-4f2c-4b5c-9c97-a8a7a527f5e4/download84b7a457581a9d7cbcee5d2e673787daMD5920.500.12494/46727oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/467272024-08-26 11:55:28.753open.accesshttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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 |