Aborto bovino: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias

El aborto es uno de los problemas más preocupantes para los ganaderos, ya que se manifiesta de forma esporádica, se presenta en forma de brote de origen infeccioso y no infeccioso es difícil que se establezca su agente causal. Los agentes más relevantes con predilección a la membrana fetal son: Bruc...

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Autores:: Gonzalez Barreto, Angela Tatiana

Tipo de recurso:: Trabajo de grado de pregrado

Fecha de publicación:: 2019

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

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repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Aborto bovino: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
title	Aborto bovino: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
spellingShingle	Aborto bovino: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias Aborto Bovino Patogenia Infección Diagnostico Técnica TG 2019 MVZ 14329 Abortion Bovine Pathogeny Infection Diagnosis Technique
title_short	Aborto bovino: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
title_full	Aborto bovino: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
title_fullStr	Aborto bovino: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
title_full_unstemmed	Aborto bovino: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
title_sort	Aborto bovino: causas, diagnóstico y consecuencias
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Gonzalez Barreto, Angela Tatiana
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Mejía Gallego, Andrés
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Gonzalez Barreto, Angela Tatiana
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Aborto Bovino Patogenia Infección Diagnostico Técnica
topic	Aborto Bovino Patogenia Infección Diagnostico Técnica TG 2019 MVZ 14329 Abortion Bovine Pathogeny Infection Diagnosis Technique
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv	TG 2019 MVZ 14329
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv	Abortion Bovine Pathogeny Infection Diagnosis Technique
description	El aborto es uno de los problemas más preocupantes para los ganaderos, ya que se manifiesta de forma esporádica, se presenta en forma de brote de origen infeccioso y no infeccioso es difícil que se establezca su agente causal. Los agentes más relevantes con predilección a la membrana fetal son: Brucella, Aspergillus sp, Leptospira spp, Rinotraqueitis Infecciosa Bovina (IBR), diarrea viral bovina (vDVB), Neospora caninum, etc., suelen ocasionar problemas al embrión dependiendo la virulencia y el período de gestación en el cual se encuentra. El aborto se suele destacar por su gran impacto en las producciones bovinas, siendo uno de los factores más limitantes para la ganadería, de lo cual se obtiene un desafío enorme para los médicos veterinarios dedicados a la producción ganadera, el siguiente artículo nos contextualizara de las principales causas, diagnósticos y consecuencias del aborto bovino.
publishDate	2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2019-10-03T14:01:35Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2019-10-03T14:01:35Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2019-10-03
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14329
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv	Gonzalez Barreto, A. T. (2019). Aborto Bovino: causas diagnostico y consecuencias. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14329
url	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14329
identifier_str_mv	Gonzalez Barreto, A. T. (2019). Aborto Bovino: causas diagnostico y consecuencias. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14329
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Adams, L. (2002). The pathology of brucellosis reflects the outcome of the battle between the host genome and the Brucella genome. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 553561. Akcam, F., Yayli, G., Uskun, E., Kaya, O. & Demir, C. (2006). Evaluation of the Bactec microbial detection system for culturing miscellaneous sterile body fluids. Res. Microbiol. 157: 433–436. Alonso, C., García, F. & Ortega, L. (2001). Epidemiología, diagnóstico y control de la leptospirosis bovina (revisión). Prod. Sanid. Anim. 16: 205-209. Anderson, M. (2007). Infectious causes of bovine abortion during mid- to lategestation. Theriogenology. 68: 474-486. Anderson, M., Blanchard, P., Barr, B. & Hoffman, R. (1990). A survey of causes of bovine abortion occurring in the San Joaquin Valley, California. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2: 283-287. Anderson, M., Adrianarivo, A., y Conrad, P. (2000). Neosporosis in cattle. Animal Reproduction Sience. V .60-61, P. 417-431. Anonymous. (1986). California livestock statistics. California Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA, Pp 10. (Original no consultado, citado por: Thurmond M, J Picanso. (1990). A surveillance system for bovine abortion. Prev Vet Med 8, 41-53. Antoniassi, N., Santos, A., Oliveira, E., Pescador, C., & Driemeier, D. (2007). Diagnostico das causas infecciosas de aborto em bovinos. Biologico. V. 69, n.2, p. 69-72. Baker, J. (1995). The clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea Infections. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11: 425 – 446. Baumgarten, D. (2002). Brucellosis: a short review of the disease situation in Paraguay. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 63-69. Björkman, C., Alenius, S., Manuelsson, U., & Uggla, A. (2000). Neospora caninum and Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus Infections in Swedish Dairy Cows in Relation to Abortion. Vet J ; 159(2):201-6. Bolin, C. (1998). Clinical signs, diagnosis, and prevention of bovine leptospirosis. The Bovine Practitioner 33, 50-55. Bondurant, R. (2005). Venereal diseases of cattle: natural history, diagnosis, and the role of vaccines in their control. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 21(2): 383-408. Boschiroli, M., Foulogne, V., y Callaghan, D. (2001). Brucellosis: a worldwide zoonosis. Current opinion in brucellosis. 4: 58-64 Bricker, B. (2002). PCR as a diagnostic tool for brucellosis. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 435-446. Carpenter, T., Chriel, M., Anderson, M., Wulfson, L., Jensen, A., & Hove, H. (2006). An epidemiologic study of late term abortions in dairy cattle in Denmark. Prev Vet Med ; 77(3-4):215-229. Carvalho, N., Mol, J., Xavier, M., Paixao, T., Lage, A., & Santos R. (2010). Pathogenesis of bovine brucellosis. Vet. J. 184: 146-155. Celli, J. (2006). Surviving inside a macrophage: The many ways of Brucella. Res.Microbiol. 157: 93–98. Cobo, E., Cipolla, A., Morsella, C., Cano, D., & Campero, C. (2003). Effect of two comercial vaccines to Campylobacter fetus subspecies on heifers naturally challenged. J. Vet. Med. series B, 50, 75-80. Corbellini, L., Driemeier, D., Cruz, C., Gondim, L. & Wald, V. (2002). Neosporosis as a cause of abortion in dairy cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Vet.Parásitol. 103: 195-202. Cortez, A., Scarcelli, E. y Soares, R. (2001). Detection of Brucella DNA from aborted bovine foetuses by polymerase chain reaction. Aust. Vet. J. 79: 500501. Drost, M., Jousan, F., y Hansen, P. (2004). Factors associated with early and mid-to-late fetal loss in lactating and nonlactating Holstein cattle in a hot climate. Gainesville: Departments of Animal Sciences and Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida. Dubey, J. (1999). Neosporosis in cattle: biology and economic impact. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214, 1160-1163. (2006). Comparative infectivity of oocysts and bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii for intermediate (mice) and definitive (cats) hosts. Vet Parasitol 140: 69-75. Foster, G., MacMillan, A., Godfroid, J., Howie, F., Ross, H., Cloeckaert, A., Reid, R., Brew, S. & Patterson, I. (2002). A review of Brucella sp. Infection of sea mammalswith particular emphasis on isolates from Scotland. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 563-580. Givens, M. (2006). A clinical, evidence-based approach to infectious causes of infertility in beef cattle. Theriogenology. 66:648-654. Hum, S., Quinn, K., Brunner, J. & On, S. (1997). Evaluation of a PCR assay for identification and differentiation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies. Aust. Vet. J. 75: 827-830. Jarret, I., Mcorist, S., Waddington, J., Browing, J., Malecki, J., & McCausaland, I. (1984). Diagnostic studies of the fetus, placenta and maternal blood from bovine abortions. Cornell Veterinary. V.74, n.1; p. 8-20. Kirkbride, C. (1999). Etiologic agents detected in a 10-year study of bovine abortions and stillbirths. J Vet Diagn Invest ; 4:175-180. Lee, B., Higgins, I., Moon, O., Clegg, T., McGrath, G., Collins, D., Park, J., Yoon, H., Lee, S., & More, S. (2009). Surveillance and control of bovine brucellosis in the Republic of Korea during 2000-2006. Prev.Vet. Med. 90: 66-79. Lilenbaum, W., Varges, R., Brandao, F., Cortez, A., de Souza, S.O., Brandao, P.E., Richtzenhain, L., & Vasconcellos, S.A. (2008) Detection of Leptospira spp. in semen and vaginal fluids of goats and sheep by polymerase chain reaction. Theriogenology. 69(7): 837-842. Lindberg, A., y Alenius, S. (1999). Principles for eradication of bovine virus diarrhoea virus infections in cattle populations. Vet Microbiol 64,197-222. Lindsay, D., Butler, J. Rippey, N. y Blagburn, B. (1996). Demonstration of synergistic effects of sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase inhibitors against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cultured cells,and characterization of mutants resistant to pyrimethamine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57: 68-72. Lopez, A. y Bildfell, R. (1992). Pulmonary inflammation associated with aspirated meconium and epithelial cells in calves. Vet. Pathol. 29: 104-111. López, A., Santolaría, J., Yaniz, J., Rutllant, J., & López, M. (2002). Factors affecting pregnancy loss from gestation day 38 to 90 in lactating dairy cows from a single herd. Theriogenology. 57: 1251-1261. Low, J., y Donachie, W. (1997). A Review of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeriosis. Vet. J. 153: 9-29. Martin, S., Aziz, A., Sandals, W., & Curtis, R. (1982). The association between clinical disease, production and culling of Holstein Friesian cows. Can J Anim Sci 62, 633-640. McAllister, M., Dubey, M., LIndsay, D., Jolley, W., Wills, R., McGuirre, V. (1998). Dogs are definitive host of Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol 28, 1473-1478. Meador, V., Hagemoser, W., y Deyoe, B. (1988). Histopathologic findings in Brucella abortus-infected, pregnant goats. Am J Vet Res. 49(2): 274-280. Miller, R. (1986). Bovine Abortion. In: Morrow D (ed). Current Therapy In Theriogenology. WB Saunders Company, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA. Miller, R., y Quinn, P. (1975). Observations on Abortions in Cattle: A Comparison of Pathological, microbiological and Immunological Findings in Aborted Foetuses and Foetuses Collected at Abattoirs. Can. J. Comp. Med. 39: 270 290. Moennig, V. y Liess, B. (1995). Pathogenesis of intrauterine infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food. Anim. Pract. 11: 477-487. Nielsen, K., Kelly, L., Gall, D., Balselvicius, S., Bosse, J., Nicoletti, P. & Kelly, W. (1996). Comparison of enzyme immunoassays for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Prev. Vet.Med. 26: 17-32. Nielsen, K., Kelly, L., Gall, D., Nicoletti, P. & Kelly, W. (1995). Improved competitive enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 46: 285-291. OIE. (2008). Manual de las Pruebas de Diagnóstico y de las Vacunas para los Animales Terrestres. Recuperado de http://www.oie.int/esp/normes/mmanual/e_summry.htm Osburn, B. y Kennedy, P. (1981). Abortion and prenatal disease. Current Veterinary Therapy 1. Food Animal. Published by W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA. 997-1000. Quinn, H., Ellis, J. y Smith, N. (2002). Neospora caninum: a cause of immunemediated failure of pregnancy? Trends Parasitology 18: 391-394. Richtzenhain, L., Cortez, A., Heinemann, M., Soares, R., Sakamoto, S., Vasconcellos, S., Morais, M., Scarcelli, E. & Genovez, M. (2002). A multiplex PCR for the detection of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. DNA from aborted bovine fetuses. Vet. Microbiol. 87: 139-147. Samartino, L. (2002). Brucellosis in Argentina. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 71-80. Samartino, L. y Enright, F. (1993). Pathogenesis of abortion of bovine brucellosis. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 16: 95-101. Saravi, M., Wright, P., Gregoret, R. & Gall, D. (1995). Comparative performance of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and conventional assays in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in Argentina. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 47: 93-99. Seleem, M., Boyle, S. y Sriranganathan, N. (2010). Bruecellosis: a re- emerging zoonosis. Vet. Microbiol. 140:392-398. Thurmond, M., Johnson, W., Muñoz, C., Su, C., & Hietala, S. (2002). A method of probability diagnostic assignment that applies bayes theorem for use in serologic diagnostics, using an example of Neospora caninum infection in cattle. Am J Vet Res 63, 318-325. Uzal, F., Carrasco, A., Nielsen, K., Echaide, S. & Cabrera, R. (1996). An indirect ELISA using a monoclonal anti IgG1, enzyme conjugate for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Vet. Microbiol. 52: 175 180. Vargas, A., Costa, M., Vainstein, M., Kreutz, L. & Neves, J. (2003). Phenotypic and molecular characterization of bovine Campylobacter fetus strains isolated in Brazil. Vet. Microbiol. 93: 121-132. Vargas, O. y Francisco, J. (2002). Brucellosis in Venezuela. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 39 44. Wounda, W., Barteis, C. y Moen, A. (1997). Caracteristics of Neospora caninum associated abortion storms in dairy herds in the Netherlands (1995 to1997). Theriogenology. 52: 233- 245. Xavier, M., Paixao, T., Poester, F., Lage, A. & Santos, R. (2009). Pathological, immunohistochemical, and bacteriological study of tissues and milk of cows and fetuses experimentally infected with Brucella abortus. J. Comp. Pathol. 140: 149-157.
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spelling	Mejía Gallego, AndrésGonzalez Barreto, Angela Tatiana2019-10-03T14:01:35Z2019-10-03T14:01:35Z2019-10-03https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14329Gonzalez Barreto, A. T. (2019). Aborto Bovino: causas diagnostico y consecuencias. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14329El aborto es uno de los problemas más preocupantes para los ganaderos, ya que se manifiesta de forma esporádica, se presenta en forma de brote de origen infeccioso y no infeccioso es difícil que se establezca su agente causal. Los agentes más relevantes con predilección a la membrana fetal son: Brucella, Aspergillus sp, Leptospira spp, Rinotraqueitis Infecciosa Bovina (IBR), diarrea viral bovina (vDVB), Neospora caninum, etc., suelen ocasionar problemas al embrión dependiendo la virulencia y el período de gestación en el cual se encuentra. El aborto se suele destacar por su gran impacto en las producciones bovinas, siendo uno de los factores más limitantes para la ganadería, de lo cual se obtiene un desafío enorme para los médicos veterinarios dedicados a la producción ganadera, el siguiente artículo nos contextualizara de las principales causas, diagnósticos y consecuencias del aborto bovino.Abortion is one of the most worrisome problems for farmers, since it manifests sporadically, it occurs as an outbreak of infectious and non-infectious origin, it is difficult for its causative agent to be established. The most relevant agents with predilection to the fetal membrane are: Brucella, Aspergillus sp, Leptospira spp, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Bovine viral diarrhea (vDVB), Neospora caninum, etc., usually cause problems to the embryo depending on virulence and gestation period in which it is found. Abortion is usually noted for its great impact on bovine productions, being one of the most limiting factors for livestock, from which a huge challenge is obtained for veterinary doctors dedicated to livestock production, the following article will contextualize us of the main causes, diagnoses and consequences of bovine abortion.Introducción. -- Patogenia del aborto bovino. -- Impacto y consecuencias. -- Causas infecciosas del aborto bovino. -- Bacterias. -- Leptospira spp. -- Campylobacter fetus. -- Bacterias oportunistas. -- Virus. -- Diarrea Viral Bovina (vDVB). -- Protozoos. -- Abortos micóticos. -- Causas no infecciosas del aborto bovino. -- Conclusiones. -- Referencias. --angelat.gonzalez@campusucc.edu.co23 p. Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, IbaguéMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaIbaguéAbortoBovinoPatogeniaInfecciónDiagnosticoTécnicaTG 2019 MVZ 14329AbortionBovinePathogenyInfectionDiagnosisTechniqueAborto bovino: causas, diagnóstico y consecuenciasTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribucióninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbAdams, L. (2002). The pathology of brucellosis reflects the outcome of the battle between the host genome and the Brucella genome. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 553561.Akcam, F., Yayli, G., Uskun, E., Kaya, O. & Demir, C. (2006). Evaluation of the Bactec microbial detection system for culturing miscellaneous sterile body fluids. Res. Microbiol. 157: 433–436.Alonso, C., García, F. & Ortega, L. (2001). Epidemiología, diagnóstico y control de la leptospirosis bovina (revisión). Prod. Sanid. Anim. 16: 205-209.Anderson, M. (2007). Infectious causes of bovine abortion during mid- to lategestation. Theriogenology. 68: 474-486.Anderson, M., Blanchard, P., Barr, B. & Hoffman, R. (1990). A survey of causes of bovine abortion occurring in the San Joaquin Valley, California. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2: 283-287.Anderson, M., Adrianarivo, A., y Conrad, P. (2000). Neosporosis in cattle. Animal Reproduction Sience. V .60-61, P. 417-431.Anonymous. (1986). California livestock statistics. California Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA, Pp 10. (Original no consultado, citado por: Thurmond M, J Picanso. (1990). A surveillance system for bovine abortion. Prev Vet Med 8, 41-53.Antoniassi, N., Santos, A., Oliveira, E., Pescador, C., & Driemeier, D. (2007). Diagnostico das causas infecciosas de aborto em bovinos. Biologico. V. 69, n.2, p. 69-72.Baker, J. (1995). The clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea Infections. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11: 425 – 446.Baumgarten, D. (2002). Brucellosis: a short review of the disease situation in Paraguay. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 63-69.Björkman, C., Alenius, S., Manuelsson, U., & Uggla, A. (2000). Neospora caninum and Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus Infections in Swedish Dairy Cows in Relation to Abortion. Vet J ; 159(2):201-6.Bolin, C. (1998). Clinical signs, diagnosis, and prevention of bovine leptospirosis. The Bovine Practitioner 33, 50-55.Bondurant, R. (2005). Venereal diseases of cattle: natural history, diagnosis, and the role of vaccines in their control. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 21(2): 383-408.Boschiroli, M., Foulogne, V., y Callaghan, D. (2001). Brucellosis: a worldwide zoonosis. Current opinion in brucellosis. 4: 58-64Bricker, B. (2002). PCR as a diagnostic tool for brucellosis. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 435-446.Carpenter, T., Chriel, M., Anderson, M., Wulfson, L., Jensen, A., & Hove, H. (2006). An epidemiologic study of late term abortions in dairy cattle in Denmark. Prev Vet Med ; 77(3-4):215-229.Carvalho, N., Mol, J., Xavier, M., Paixao, T., Lage, A., & Santos R. (2010). Pathogenesis of bovine brucellosis. Vet. J. 184: 146-155.Celli, J. (2006). Surviving inside a macrophage: The many ways of Brucella. Res.Microbiol. 157: 93–98.Cobo, E., Cipolla, A., Morsella, C., Cano, D., & Campero, C. (2003). Effect of two comercial vaccines to Campylobacter fetus subspecies on heifers naturally challenged. J. Vet. Med. series B, 50, 75-80.Corbellini, L., Driemeier, D., Cruz, C., Gondim, L. & Wald, V. (2002). Neosporosis as a cause of abortion in dairy cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Vet.Parásitol. 103: 195-202.Cortez, A., Scarcelli, E. y Soares, R. (2001). Detection of Brucella DNA from aborted bovine foetuses by polymerase chain reaction. Aust. Vet. J. 79: 500501.Drost, M., Jousan, F., y Hansen, P. (2004). Factors associated with early and mid-to-late fetal loss in lactating and nonlactating Holstein cattle in a hot climate. Gainesville: Departments of Animal Sciences and Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida.Dubey, J. (1999). Neosporosis in cattle: biology and economic impact. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214, 1160-1163.(2006). Comparative infectivity of oocysts and bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii for intermediate (mice) and definitive (cats) hosts. Vet Parasitol 140: 69-75.Foster, G., MacMillan, A., Godfroid, J., Howie, F., Ross, H., Cloeckaert, A., Reid, R., Brew, S. & Patterson, I. (2002). A review of Brucella sp. Infection of sea mammalswith particular emphasis on isolates from Scotland. Vet. Microbiol. 90: 563-580.Givens, M. (2006). A clinical, evidence-based approach to infectious causes of infertility in beef cattle. Theriogenology. 66:648-654.Hum, S., Quinn, K., Brunner, J. & On, S. (1997). Evaluation of a PCR assay for identification and differentiation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies. Aust. Vet. J. 75: 827-830.Jarret, I., Mcorist, S., Waddington, J., Browing, J., Malecki, J., & McCausaland, I. (1984). Diagnostic studies of the fetus, placenta and maternal blood from bovine abortions. Cornell Veterinary. V.74, n.1; p. 8-20.Kirkbride, C. (1999). Etiologic agents detected in a 10-year study of bovine abortions and stillbirths. J Vet Diagn Invest ; 4:175-180.Lee, B., Higgins, I., Moon, O., Clegg, T., McGrath, G., Collins, D., Park, J., Yoon, H., Lee, S., & More, S. (2009). Surveillance and control of bovine brucellosis in the Republic of Korea during 2000-2006. Prev.Vet. Med. 90: 66-79.Lilenbaum, W., Varges, R., Brandao, F., Cortez, A., de Souza, S.O., Brandao, P.E., Richtzenhain, L., & Vasconcellos, S.A. (2008) Detection of Leptospira spp. in semen and vaginal fluids of goats and sheep by polymerase chain reaction. Theriogenology. 69(7): 837-842.Lindberg, A., y Alenius, S. (1999). Principles for eradication of bovine virus diarrhoea virus infections in cattle populations. Vet Microbiol 64,197-222.Lindsay, D., Butler, J. Rippey, N. y Blagburn, B. (1996). Demonstration of synergistic effects of sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase inhibitors against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cultured cells,and characterization of mutants resistant to pyrimethamine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57: 68-72.Lopez, A. y Bildfell, R. (1992). Pulmonary inflammation associated with aspirated meconium and epithelial cells in calves. Vet. Pathol. 29: 104-111.López, A., Santolaría, J., Yaniz, J., Rutllant, J., & López, M. (2002). Factors affecting pregnancy loss from gestation day 38 to 90 in lactating dairy cows from a single herd. Theriogenology. 57: 1251-1261.Low, J., y Donachie, W. (1997). A Review of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeriosis. Vet. 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