Manejo farmacológico del glaucoma: Artículo de revisión.

El glaucoma es una de las urgencias oculares de mayor presentación en la práctica clínica veterinaria. Comúnmente asociado con aumento de la presión intraocular, puede generar daños en la retina, cabeza del nervio óptico y otras estructuras, causando así pérdida reversible e irreversible de la visió...

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Autores:: Murcia Chavez, Yeimi Andrea

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2019

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

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repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Manejo farmacológico del glaucoma: Artículo de revisión.
title	Manejo farmacológico del glaucoma: Artículo de revisión.
spellingShingle	Manejo farmacológico del glaucoma: Artículo de revisión. Canino Felino Nervio óptico Presión intraocular Retina TG 2019 MVZ 11199 Canine Feline Intraocular pressure Optic nerve Retine
title_short	Manejo farmacológico del glaucoma: Artículo de revisión.
title_full	Manejo farmacológico del glaucoma: Artículo de revisión.
title_fullStr	Manejo farmacológico del glaucoma: Artículo de revisión.
title_full_unstemmed	Manejo farmacológico del glaucoma: Artículo de revisión.
title_sort	Manejo farmacológico del glaucoma: Artículo de revisión.
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Murcia Chavez, Yeimi Andrea
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Trujillo Piso, Dunia Yisela
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Murcia Chavez, Yeimi Andrea
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Canino Felino Nervio óptico Presión intraocular Retina
topic	Canino Felino Nervio óptico Presión intraocular Retina TG 2019 MVZ 11199 Canine Feline Intraocular pressure Optic nerve Retine
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv	TG 2019 MVZ 11199
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv	Canine Feline Intraocular pressure Optic nerve Retine
description	El glaucoma es una de las urgencias oculares de mayor presentación en la práctica clínica veterinaria. Comúnmente asociado con aumento de la presión intraocular, puede generar daños en la retina, cabeza del nervio óptico y otras estructuras, causando así pérdida reversible e irreversible de la visión, haciendo que su tratamiento, muchas veces sea frustrante. A continuación se expone un artículo de revisión del tratamiento farmacológico del glaucoma en caninos y felinos, resumiendo el conocimiento actual de las alternativas farmacológicas, su mecanismo de acción y las bases a tener en cuenta al momento de seleccionar la terapéutica dependiendo la especie en cuestión.
publishDate	2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2019-06-14T17:48:56Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2019-06-14 2019-06-14T17:48:56Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2019-06-14
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Artículo
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/11199
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv	Murcia Chavez, Y. A. (2019). Manejo farmacológico del glaucoma: Artículo de revisión. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/ucc/11199
url	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/11199
identifier_str_mv	Murcia Chavez, Y. A. (2019). Manejo farmacológico del glaucoma: Artículo de revisión. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/ucc/11199
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Gelatt KN, MacKay EO. Prevalence of the breed-related glaucomas in purebred dogs in North America. Vet Ophthalmol 2004;7(2):97–111 Jampel HD, Chen X, Chue C, et al. Expression of carbonic anhydrase isozyme III in the ciliary processes and lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997;38(2): 539–43. Gelatt KN, MacKay EO. Secondary glaucomas in the dog in North America. Vet Ophthalmol 2004;7(4):245–59. Miller P.E. Angle-closure glaucoma. Paper presented at: Nordic Veterinary Ophthalmology Meeting 2005 Miller, P.E., 2013. The Glaucomas. In: Maggs, D.J., Miller, P.E., Ofri, R. (Eds.), Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 5th Edn. Elsevier Saunders, St Louis, MO, USA, pp. 247-271. Gelatt KN, MacKay EO. Distribution of intraocular pressure in dogs. Veterinary ophthalmology 1998;1(2-3):109-114. Knollinger AM, La Croix NC, Barrett PM, Miller PE. Evaluation of a rebound tonometer for measuring intraocular pressure in dogs and horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2005;227(2):244-248. Frishman WH, Fuksbrumer MS, Tannenbaum M. Topical ophthalmic betaadrenergic blockade for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. J Clin Pharmacol 1994;34(8):795–803. Leiva M, Naranjo C, Pena MT. Comparison of the rebound tonometer (ICare) to the applanation tonometer (Tonopen XL) in normotensive dogs. Veterinary ophthalmology. 2006;9(1):17-21. Shahidullah M, Wilson WS, Yap M, To CH. Effects of ion transport and channel-blocking drugs on aqueous humor formation in isolated bovine eye. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2003;44(3):1185-1191. Bedford PG. A gonioscopic study of the iridocorneal angle in the English and American breeds of Cocker Spaniel and the Basset Hound. J Small Anim Pract 1977;18(10):631–42. Sugrue MF. Pharmacological and ocular hypotensive properties of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Prog Retin Eye Res 2000;19(1):87–112. Rusanen E, Florin M, Hassig M, Spiess BM. Evaluation of a rebound tonometer (Tonovet) in clinically normal cat eyes. Veterinary ophthalmology. 2010;13(1):31-36. Federica Maggio DVM, DACVO, The Glaucomas, Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2015.07.011 Miller PE, Bentley E. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis of the Canine Primary Glaucomas. Vet Clin Small Anim 2015, in press Goric C, Coenen RT, Stades FC, Djajadiningrat-Laanen SC, Boeve MH. Comparison of the use of new handheld tonometers and established applanation tonometers in dogs. American journal of veterinary research. 2006;67(1):134-144. von Spiessen L, Karck J, Rohn K, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Clinical comparison of the TonoVet® rebound tonometer and the Tono-Pen Vet® applanation tonometer in dogs and cats with ocular disease: glaucoma or corneal pathology. Veterinary ophthalmology. 2015;18(1):20-27. McLellan GJ, Kemmerling JP, Kiland JA. Validation of the TonoVet(R) rebound tonometer in normal and glaucomatous cats. Veterinary ophthalmology. 2013;16(2):111-118. Pizzirani S. Definition, classification, and pathophysiology of canine glaucoma. Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Science, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA. 2015. Vet Clin Small Anim 45 (2015) 1127–1157 Plumb DC. Manual de farmacología veterinaria. Sexta edición. Labyes. Intermédica editorial. XXI, 2010. Buenos Aires, República Argentina Leske MC, Heijl A, Hussein M, et al. Factors for glaucoma progression and the effect of treatment: the early manifest glaucoma trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2003; 121(1):48–56. Dietrich U.. Feline Glaucomas. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 20:108-116 © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Van Veldhuisen PC, Ederer F, Gaasterland DE, et al. The advanced glaucoma intervention study (AGIS): 7. The relationship between control of intraocular pressure and visual field deterioration. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130(4):429–40 Idrees F, Vaideanu D, Fraser SG, et al. A review of anterior segment dysgeneses. Surv Ophthalmol 2006;51(3):213–31. Brusini P, Johnson CA. Staging functional damage in glaucoma: review of different classification methods. Surv Ophthalmol 2007;52(2):156–79. Plummer CE, Regnier A, Gelatt KN. The canine glaucomas. In: Gelatt KN, Gilger BC, Kern TJ, editors. Veterinary ophthalmology, vol. 2, 5th edition. Ames (IA): John Wiley, Inc; 2013. p. 1050–145 Fan BJ, Wiggs JL. Glaucoma: genes, phenotypes, and new directions for therapy. J Clin Invest 2010;120(9):3064–72. Shahidullah M, Wilson WS, Yap M, To CH. Effects of ion transport and channel-blocking drugs on aqueous humor formation in isolated bovine eye. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2003;44(3):1185-1191 Sigle, K.J., Camaño-Garcia, G., Carriquiry, A.L., Betts, D.M., Kuehn, M.H., McLellan, G.J., 2011. The effect of dorzolamide 2% on circadian intraocular pressure in cats with primary congenital glaucoma. Veterinary Ophthalmology 14 (Suppl. 1), 48-53. O'Rourke JJ, Macri FJ, Berghoffer BB. Studies in uveal physiology: I. adaptation of isotope clearance procedures for external monitoring of anterior uveal bloodflow and aqueous humor turnover in the dog. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1969;81(4):526-533. Arthur S, Cantor LB. Update on the role of alpha-agonists in glaucoma management. Exp Eye Res 2011;93(3):271–83. Maehara S, Ono K, Ito N, et al. Effects of topical nipradilol and timolol maleate on intraocular pressure, facility of outflow, arterial blood pressure and pulse rate in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2004;7(3):147–50. Quigley HA, Broman TA. The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90(3):263. Pizzirani S, Desai SJ, Pirie CG, et al. Age related changes in the anterior segment of the eye in normal dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2010;13(6):421. Tian B, Geiger B, Epstein DL, et al. Cytoskeletal involvement in the regulation of aqueous humor outflow. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41(3):619–23. Tomasz Maślanka, A review of the pharmacology of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma in dogs and cats, The Veterinary Journal (2015), http://dx.doi.org/doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.017 Skorobohach BJ, Ward DA, Hendrix DV. Effects of oral administration of methazolamide on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor flow rate in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2003;64(2):183–7. Gum GG, Gelatt KN, Gelatt JK, et al. Effect of topically applied demecarium bromide and echothiophate iodide on intraocular pressure and pupil size in beagles with normotensive eyes and beagles with inherited glaucoma. Am J Vet Res 1993;54(2):287–93 Alvarado J, Murphy C, Juster R. Trabecular meshwork cellularity in primary open-angle glaucoma and nonglaucomatous normals. Ophthalmology 1984; 91(6):564–79. Grierson I, Hogg P. The proliferative and migratory activities of trabecular meshwork cells. Prog Retin Eye Res 1995;15(1):33–67 Dietrich UM, Chandler MJ, Cooper T, et al. Effects of topical 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride alone and in combination with 0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure in normal feline eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 2007;10(Suppl 1):95–100. Lutjen-Drecoll E. Morphological changes in glaucomatous eyes and the role of TGFbeta2 for the pathogenesis of the disease. Exp Eye Res 2005;81(1):1–4. Maren TH, Conroy CW, Wynns GC, et al. Ocular absorption, blood levels, and excretion of dorzolamide, a topically active carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 1997;13(1):23–30. Zimmerman TJ. Topical ophthalmic beta blockers: a comparative review. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 1993;9(4):373–84. Bill A. Formation and drainage of aqueous humour in cats. Exp Eye Res 1966;5: 185–90. Coakes RL, Brubaker RF. The mechanism of timolol in lowering intraocular pressure. In the normal eye. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96(11):2045-2048. Becker B. The decline in aqueous secretion and outflow facility with age. Am J Ophthalmol 1958;46(5 Part 1):731–6. Gelatt KN, MacKay EO. Changes in intraocular pressure associated with topical dorzolamide and oral methazolamide in glaucomatous dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2001;4(1):61–7. Tsai S, Almazan A, Lee SS, et al. The effect of topical latanoprost on anterior segment anatomic relationships in normal dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2013;16(5): 370–6. Slater MR, Erb HN. Effects of risk factors and prophylactic treatment on primary glaucoma in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986;188(9):1028–30. Fuse N. Genetic bases for glaucoma. Tohoku J Exp Med 2010;221(1):1–10 Kuchtey J, Olson LM, Rinkoski T, et al. Mapping of the disease locus and identification of ADAMTS10 as a candidate gene in a canine model of primary open angle glaucoma. PLoS Genet 2011;7(2):e1001306. Wood JL, Lakhani KH, Read RA. Pectinate ligament dysplasia and glaucoma in Flat Coated Retrievers. II. Assessment of prevalence and heritability. Vet Ophthalmol 1998;1(2–3):91–9. Bjerkas E, Ekesten B, Farstad W. Pectinate ligament dysplasia and narrowing of the iridocorneal angle associated with glaucoma in the English Springer Spaniel Vet Ophthalmol 2002;5(1):49–54. Bhattacherjee P, Smithson M, Paterson CA. Generation second messengers by prostanoids in the iris-sphincter and ciliary muscles of cows, cats and humans. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 1997;56(6):443-449. Tripathi RC. Ultrastructure of the exit pathway of the aqueous in lower mammals (a preliminary report on the “angular aqueous plexus”). Exp Eye Res 1971;12: 311–4. Willis, A.M., 2004. Ocular hypotensive drugs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 34, 755-776. Vasudevan SK, Gupta V, Crowston JG. Neuroprotection in glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol 2011;59(Suppl):S102–13. Cawrse MA, Ward DA, Hendrix DV. Effects of topical application of a 2% solution of dorzolamide on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor flow rate in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2001;62(6):859–63 Whelan NC, Welch P, Pace A, et al. A comparison of the efficacy of topical brinzolamide and dorzolamide alone and in combination with oral methazolamide in decreasing normal canine intraocular pressure. 30th Annual Meeting of the Americal College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. Chicago (IL), October 1999. Klein, B.E., Klein, R., Sponsel, W.E. et al, Prevalence of glaucoma. The Beaver Dam Eye Study.Ophthalmology. 1992;99:1499–1504
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spelling	Trujillo Piso, Dunia YiselaMurcia Chavez, Yeimi Andrea2019-06-14T17:48:56Z2019-06-142019-06-14T17:48:56Z2019-06-14https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/11199Murcia Chavez, Y. A. (2019). Manejo farmacológico del glaucoma: Artículo de revisión. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/ucc/11199El glaucoma es una de las urgencias oculares de mayor presentación en la práctica clínica veterinaria. Comúnmente asociado con aumento de la presión intraocular, puede generar daños en la retina, cabeza del nervio óptico y otras estructuras, causando así pérdida reversible e irreversible de la visión, haciendo que su tratamiento, muchas veces sea frustrante. A continuación se expone un artículo de revisión del tratamiento farmacológico del glaucoma en caninos y felinos, resumiendo el conocimiento actual de las alternativas farmacológicas, su mecanismo de acción y las bases a tener en cuenta al momento de seleccionar la terapéutica dependiendo la especie en cuestión.Glaucoma is the major presentation ocular emergencies in veterinary clinical practice. Commonly associated with increased intraocular pressure, can generate damage in the retina, the optic nerve head and other structures, thus causing reversible and irreversible loss of vision, making their treatment, often frustrating. This is a review article for the pharmacological treatment of glaucoma in dogs and cats, summarizing the current knowledge of the pharmacological alternatives, its mechanism of action and the basis to take into account when selecting the therapeutic depending on the species in question is as follows.yeimi.murciac@campusucc.edu.co28Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, IbaguéMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaIbaguéCaninoFelinoNervio ópticoPresión intraocularRetinaTG 2019 MVZ 11199CanineFelineIntraocular pressureOptic nerveRetineManejo farmacológico del glaucoma: Artículo de revisión.Artículohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Gelatt KN, MacKay EO. Prevalence of the breed-related glaucomas in purebred dogs in North America. Vet Ophthalmol 2004;7(2):97–111Jampel HD, Chen X, Chue C, et al. Expression of carbonic anhydrase isozyme III in the ciliary processes and lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997;38(2): 539–43.Gelatt KN, MacKay EO. Secondary glaucomas in the dog in North America. Vet Ophthalmol 2004;7(4):245–59.Miller P.E. Angle-closure glaucoma. Paper presented at: Nordic Veterinary Ophthalmology Meeting 2005Miller, P.E., 2013. The Glaucomas. In: Maggs, D.J., Miller, P.E., Ofri, R. (Eds.), Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 5th Edn. Elsevier Saunders, St Louis, MO, USA, pp. 247-271.Gelatt KN, MacKay EO. Distribution of intraocular pressure in dogs. Veterinary ophthalmology 1998;1(2-3):109-114.Knollinger AM, La Croix NC, Barrett PM, Miller PE. Evaluation of a rebound tonometer for measuring intraocular pressure in dogs and horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2005;227(2):244-248.Frishman WH, Fuksbrumer MS, Tannenbaum M. Topical ophthalmic betaadrenergic blockade for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. J Clin Pharmacol 1994;34(8):795–803.Leiva M, Naranjo C, Pena MT. Comparison of the rebound tonometer (ICare) to the applanation tonometer (Tonopen XL) in normotensive dogs. Veterinary ophthalmology. 2006;9(1):17-21.Shahidullah M, Wilson WS, Yap M, To CH. Effects of ion transport and channel-blocking drugs on aqueous humor formation in isolated bovine eye. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2003;44(3):1185-1191.Bedford PG. A gonioscopic study of the iridocorneal angle in the English and American breeds of Cocker Spaniel and the Basset Hound. J Small Anim Pract 1977;18(10):631–42.Sugrue MF. Pharmacological and ocular hypotensive properties of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Prog Retin Eye Res 2000;19(1):87–112.Rusanen E, Florin M, Hassig M, Spiess BM. Evaluation of a rebound tonometer (Tonovet) in clinically normal cat eyes. Veterinary ophthalmology. 2010;13(1):31-36.Federica Maggio DVM, DACVO, The Glaucomas, Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2015.07.011Miller PE, Bentley E. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis of the Canine Primary Glaucomas. Vet Clin Small Anim 2015, in pressGoric C, Coenen RT, Stades FC, Djajadiningrat-Laanen SC, Boeve MH. Comparison of the use of new handheld tonometers and established applanation tonometers in dogs. American journal of veterinary research. 2006;67(1):134-144.von Spiessen L, Karck J, Rohn K, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Clinical comparison of the TonoVet® rebound tonometer and the Tono-Pen Vet® applanation tonometer in dogs and cats with ocular disease: glaucoma or corneal pathology. Veterinary ophthalmology. 2015;18(1):20-27.McLellan GJ, Kemmerling JP, Kiland JA. Validation of the TonoVet(R) rebound tonometer in normal and glaucomatous cats. Veterinary ophthalmology. 2013;16(2):111-118.Pizzirani S. Definition, classification, and pathophysiology of canine glaucoma. Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Science, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA. 2015. Vet Clin Small Anim 45 (2015) 1127–1157Plumb DC. Manual de farmacología veterinaria. Sexta edición. Labyes. Intermédica editorial. XXI, 2010. Buenos Aires, República ArgentinaLeske MC, Heijl A, Hussein M, et al. Factors for glaucoma progression and the effect of treatment: the early manifest glaucoma trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2003; 121(1):48–56.Dietrich U.. Feline Glaucomas. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 20:108-116 © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reservedVan Veldhuisen PC, Ederer F, Gaasterland DE, et al. The advanced glaucoma intervention study (AGIS): 7. The relationship between control of intraocular pressure and visual field deterioration. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130(4):429–40Idrees F, Vaideanu D, Fraser SG, et al. A review of anterior segment dysgeneses. Surv Ophthalmol 2006;51(3):213–31.Brusini P, Johnson CA. Staging functional damage in glaucoma: review of different classification methods. Surv Ophthalmol 2007;52(2):156–79.Plummer CE, Regnier A, Gelatt KN. The canine glaucomas. In: Gelatt KN, Gilger BC, Kern TJ, editors. Veterinary ophthalmology, vol. 2, 5th edition. Ames (IA): John Wiley, Inc; 2013. p. 1050–145Fan BJ, Wiggs JL. Glaucoma: genes, phenotypes, and new directions for therapy. J Clin Invest 2010;120(9):3064–72.Shahidullah M, Wilson WS, Yap M, To CH. Effects of ion transport and channel-blocking drugs on aqueous humor formation in isolated bovine eye. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2003;44(3):1185-1191Sigle, K.J., Camaño-Garcia, G., Carriquiry, A.L., Betts, D.M., Kuehn, M.H., McLellan, G.J., 2011. The effect of dorzolamide 2% on circadian intraocular pressure in cats with primary congenital glaucoma. Veterinary Ophthalmology 14 (Suppl. 1), 48-53.O'Rourke JJ, Macri FJ, Berghoffer BB. Studies in uveal physiology: I. adaptation of isotope clearance procedures for external monitoring of anterior uveal bloodflow and aqueous humor turnover in the dog. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1969;81(4):526-533.Arthur S, Cantor LB. Update on the role of alpha-agonists in glaucoma management. Exp Eye Res 2011;93(3):271–83.Maehara S, Ono K, Ito N, et al. Effects of topical nipradilol and timolol maleate on intraocular pressure, facility of outflow, arterial blood pressure and pulse rate in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2004;7(3):147–50.Quigley HA, Broman TA. The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90(3):263.Pizzirani S, Desai SJ, Pirie CG, et al. Age related changes in the anterior segment of the eye in normal dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2010;13(6):421.Tian B, Geiger B, Epstein DL, et al. Cytoskeletal involvement in the regulation of aqueous humor outflow. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41(3):619–23.Tomasz Maślanka, A review of the pharmacology of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma in dogs and cats, The Veterinary Journal (2015), http://dx.doi.org/doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.017Skorobohach BJ, Ward DA, Hendrix DV. Effects of oral administration of methazolamide on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor flow rate in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2003;64(2):183–7.Gum GG, Gelatt KN, Gelatt JK, et al. Effect of topically applied demecarium bromide and echothiophate iodide on intraocular pressure and pupil size in beagles with normotensive eyes and beagles with inherited glaucoma. Am J Vet Res 1993;54(2):287–93Alvarado J, Murphy C, Juster R. Trabecular meshwork cellularity in primary open-angle glaucoma and nonglaucomatous normals. Ophthalmology 1984; 91(6):564–79.Grierson I, Hogg P. The proliferative and migratory activities of trabecular meshwork cells. Prog Retin Eye Res 1995;15(1):33–67Dietrich UM, Chandler MJ, Cooper T, et al. Effects of topical 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride alone and in combination with 0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure in normal feline eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 2007;10(Suppl 1):95–100.Lutjen-Drecoll E. Morphological changes in glaucomatous eyes and the role of TGFbeta2 for the pathogenesis of the disease. Exp Eye Res 2005;81(1):1–4.Maren TH, Conroy CW, Wynns GC, et al. Ocular absorption, blood levels, and excretion of dorzolamide, a topically active carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 1997;13(1):23–30.Zimmerman TJ. Topical ophthalmic beta blockers: a comparative review. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 1993;9(4):373–84.Bill A. Formation and drainage of aqueous humour in cats. Exp Eye Res 1966;5: 185–90.Coakes RL, Brubaker RF. The mechanism of timolol in lowering intraocular pressure. In the normal eye. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96(11):2045-2048.Becker B. The decline in aqueous secretion and outflow facility with age. Am J Ophthalmol 1958;46(5 Part 1):731–6.Gelatt KN, MacKay EO. Changes in intraocular pressure associated with topical dorzolamide and oral methazolamide in glaucomatous dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2001;4(1):61–7.Tsai S, Almazan A, Lee SS, et al. The effect of topical latanoprost on anterior segment anatomic relationships in normal dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2013;16(5): 370–6.Slater MR, Erb HN. Effects of risk factors and prophylactic treatment on primary glaucoma in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986;188(9):1028–30.Fuse N. Genetic bases for glaucoma. Tohoku J Exp Med 2010;221(1):1–10Kuchtey J, Olson LM, Rinkoski T, et al. Mapping of the disease locus and identification of ADAMTS10 as a candidate gene in a canine model of primary open angle glaucoma. PLoS Genet 2011;7(2):e1001306.Wood JL, Lakhani KH, Read RA. Pectinate ligament dysplasia and glaucoma in Flat Coated Retrievers. II. Assessment of prevalence and heritability. Vet Ophthalmol 1998;1(2–3):91–9.Bjerkas E, Ekesten B, Farstad W. Pectinate ligament dysplasia and narrowing of the iridocorneal angle associated with glaucoma in the English Springer Spaniel Vet Ophthalmol 2002;5(1):49–54.Bhattacherjee P, Smithson M, Paterson CA. Generation second messengers by prostanoids in the iris-sphincter and ciliary muscles of cows, cats and humans. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 1997;56(6):443-449.Tripathi RC. Ultrastructure of the exit pathway of the aqueous in lower mammals (a preliminary report on the “angular aqueous plexus”). Exp Eye Res 1971;12: 311–4.Willis, A.M., 2004. Ocular hypotensive drugs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 34, 755-776.Vasudevan SK, Gupta V, Crowston JG. Neuroprotection in glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol 2011;59(Suppl):S102–13.Cawrse MA, Ward DA, Hendrix DV. Effects of topical application of a 2% solution of dorzolamide on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor flow rate in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2001;62(6):859–63Whelan NC, Welch P, Pace A, et al. A comparison of the efficacy of topical brinzolamide and dorzolamide alone and in combination with oral methazolamide in decreasing normal canine intraocular pressure. 30th Annual Meeting of the Americal College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. Chicago (IL), October 1999.Klein, B.E., Klein, R., Sponsel, W.E. et al, Prevalence of glaucoma. 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