2008–2017 Bogota River Water Quality Assessment Based on the Water Quality Index
This article provides a deep analysis of the water quality at the upper basin of the Bogota River (Colombia) between 2008 and 2017. TheWater Quality Index has been the indicator employed to determine the ecological status of the river. This index was chosen in order to normalize the analysis, given...
- Autores:
-
Díaz Casallas, Daissy Milena
Castro Fernández, Mario Fernando
Bocos, Elvira
Montenegro Marín, Carlos Enrique
González Crespo, Rubén
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UCC
- Idioma:
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/32726
- Palabra clave:
- Recurso hidrico
Gestión del agua
Calidad del agua
Río Bogotá
Herramienta de desición
Hydric resources
Water Management
Water Quality
Bogota River
Decision Tool
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución
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2008–2017 Bogota River Water Quality Assessment Based on the Water Quality Index |
| title |
2008–2017 Bogota River Water Quality Assessment Based on the Water Quality Index |
| spellingShingle |
2008–2017 Bogota River Water Quality Assessment Based on the Water Quality Index Recurso hidrico Gestión del agua Calidad del agua Río Bogotá Herramienta de desición Hydric resources Water Management Water Quality Bogota River Decision Tool |
| title_short |
2008–2017 Bogota River Water Quality Assessment Based on the Water Quality Index |
| title_full |
2008–2017 Bogota River Water Quality Assessment Based on the Water Quality Index |
| title_fullStr |
2008–2017 Bogota River Water Quality Assessment Based on the Water Quality Index |
| title_full_unstemmed |
2008–2017 Bogota River Water Quality Assessment Based on the Water Quality Index |
| title_sort |
2008–2017 Bogota River Water Quality Assessment Based on the Water Quality Index |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Díaz Casallas, Daissy Milena Castro Fernández, Mario Fernando Bocos, Elvira Montenegro Marín, Carlos Enrique González Crespo, Rubén |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Díaz Casallas, Daissy Milena Castro Fernández, Mario Fernando Bocos, Elvira Montenegro Marín, Carlos Enrique González Crespo, Rubén |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Recurso hidrico Gestión del agua Calidad del agua Río Bogotá Herramienta de desición |
| topic |
Recurso hidrico Gestión del agua Calidad del agua Río Bogotá Herramienta de desición Hydric resources Water Management Water Quality Bogota River Decision Tool |
| dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv |
Hydric resources Water Management Water Quality Bogota River Decision Tool |
| description |
This article provides a deep analysis of the water quality at the upper basin of the Bogota River (Colombia) between 2008 and 2017. TheWater Quality Index has been the indicator employed to determine the ecological status of the river. This index was chosen in order to normalize the analysis, given that it is commonly used by the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies, a government agency of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development of Colombia, to determine the state of surface effluents. The results obtained were organized in a double-entry matrix in order to relate the variables of the sample period and the sampling station. The research revealed an insufficient quality of water, demonstrating that the high stretch of the Bogota River basin has, in general, regular or acceptable water quality, while only five stations showed an acceptable status. Surprisingly, the stations located close to the wastewater treatment plants of the municipalities of Choconta, Suesca, Gachancipa, and Tocancipa, as well as Rio Negro, have a poor water quality, discharging a high load of contaminants into the river. Although great efforts have been made by Colombian authorities to restore the critical state of the majority of their aquatic ecosystems, recent implementation of policies and instruments have not shown significant achievements yet. For this reason, this study aims to present a powerful decision-tool for the monitoring and evaluation of correction measures implemented on this river basin. The data used in this research were provided by the Regional Autonomous Corporation of Cundinamarca. |
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2019 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-03-19 |
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2021-01-21T15:21:26Z |
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2021-01-21T15:21:26Z |
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Artículo |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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20711050 |
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https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061668 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/32726 |
| dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Díaz Casallas, D.M.; Castro Fernández, M.F. ; Bocos, E .; Montenegro Marin, C.E; González Crespo, R. 2008–2017 Evaluación de la calidad del agua del río Bogotá con base en el índice de calidad del agua. Sostenibilidad 2019 , 11 , 1668. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061668 |
| identifier_str_mv |
20711050 Díaz Casallas, D.M.; Castro Fernández, M.F. ; Bocos, E .; Montenegro Marin, C.E; González Crespo, R. 2008–2017 Evaluación de la calidad del agua del río Bogotá con base en el índice de calidad del agua. Sostenibilidad 2019 , 11 , 1668. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061668 |
| url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061668 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/32726 |
| dc.relation.isversionof.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/6/1668#cite |
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Sustainability |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Barzegari, Z.; Bina, B.; Pourzamani, H.R.; Ebrahimi, A. The combined treatment of bisphenol A (BPA) by cogulation/flocculation (C/F) process and UV irradiation in aqueous solutions. Desalin. Water Treat. 2016, 57, 8802–8808. Bocos, E.; Alfaya, E.; Iglesias, O.; Pazos, M.; Ángeles Sanromán, M. Application of a new sandwich of granular activated and fiber carbon as cathode in the electrochemical advanced oxidation treatment of pharmaceutical effluents. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2015, 151, 243–250. Burt, T.P.; Howden, N.J.K.; Worrall, F. The changing water cycle: hydroclimatic extremes in the British Isles. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water 2016, 3, 854–870 Castro Fernández, M.F.; Almeida, J.; Ferrer, J.; Díaz Casallas, D.M. Indicadores de la calidad del agua: evolución y tendencias a nivel global. Ing. Solidar. 2014, 10, 111–124. Valdes-Basto, J.; Samboni-Ruiz, N.E.; y Carvajal-Escobar, Y. Desarrollo de un Indicador de la Calidad del Agua usando Estadística Aplicada, Caso de Estudio: Subcuenca Zanjón Oscuro. TecnoLógicas 2011, 26, 165–180. Samboni, N.E.; Reyes, A.; Carvajal, Y. Aplicación de los indicadores de calidad y contaminación del agua en la determinación de la oferta hídrica neta. Ing. Compet. 2011, 13, 49–60. Política Nacional para la Gestión Integral del Recurso Hídrico; Ministerio de Ambiente Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial: Bogota, Columbia, 2010. Plan de Desarrollo de Cundinamarca, unidos podemos mas, 2016–2020; Gobernación de Cundinamarca: Bogota, Columbia, 2015. American Public Health Association, “Standard Methods for the Examination ofWater andWastewater”, 2012. Available online: https://www.standardmethods.org (accessed on 12 March 2019). Lumb, A.; Sharma, T.C.; Bibeault, J.-F. A Review of Genesis and Evolution ofWater Quality Index (WQI) and Some Future Directions. Water Qual. Expo. Heal. 2011, 3, 11–24. Horton, R.K. An index number system for rating water quality. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 1965, 37, 300–306. W. R. Ott Water Quality Indices Survey of Indices Used in The United States. Available online: https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/2000BCAV.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index =1976+Thru+1980&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEnt ry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery =&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndexData%5C76thru80%5CTxt%5C00000000%5C2000BCAV.txt&User=A NONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree= 0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActi onL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Resultspage&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL (accessed on 15 March 2019). Rodríguez Rodríguez, E.; Ramos López, A.E.; Romero Olivé, Z.V.; Hernández Hernández, M.C. Aplicación de un índice de calidad acuática en cuerpos de agua de Tabasco, Mexico; CEPIS: Lima, Peru, 1997; pp. 1–12. Behar, R.; Zúñiga de Cardozo, M.C.; Rojas, O. Análisis y Valoración del Índice de Calidad de Agua (ICA) de la NSF: Casos Ríos Cali y Meléndez. Ing. Compet. 1997, 1, 17–27. Freshwater Biological Association. Final Report: Assessment and Presentation of the Biological Quality of Rivers in Great Britain. Available online: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3564/1/N003564CR.pdf (accessed on 28 February 2019). Montoya, Y.; Yeimi Acosta, M.; Zuluaga, Y. Water quality assessment in Río Negro River and its main tributaries using ICA, BMWP/Col and ASPT. Caldasia 2011, 33, 193–210. Giri, S.; Qiu, Z. Understanding the relationship of land uses and water quality in Twenty First Century: A review. J. Environ. Manag. 2016, 173, 41–48 Huang, J.; Zhan, J.; Yan, H.; Wu, F.; Deng, X. Evaluation of the impacts of land use on water quality: A case study in the Chaohu Lake Basin. Sci. World J. 2013, 2013, 1–7. Walsh, P.J.; Wheeler, W. Water Quality Index Aggregation and Cost Benefit Analysis; National Center for Environmental Economics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA, 2012. Oana, I.Water Quality Index—Assessment Method of the Mptru RiverWater Quality (Oltenia, Romania). Ann. Univ. Craiova, Ser. Geogr. 2010, 13, 74–83. Kumar Singh, P.; Kumar Tiwari, A.; Prakash Panigary, B.; Kumar Mahato, M. Water Quality Indices Used for Water Resources Vulnerability Assessment Using GIS Technique: A Review. Int. J. Earth Sci. Engin. 2014, 12, 1594–1600. Finotti, A.R.; Finkler, R.; Susin, N.; Schneider, V.E. Use of water quality index as a tool for urban water resources management. Int. J. Sus. Dev. Plan. 2015, 10, 781–794 Calvo-Brenes, G.; Mora-Molina, J. Evaluación de la calidad del agua en los ríos Tigre y Rincón de la península de Osa en dos períodos de tiempo distintos. Rev. Tecnol. Marcha 2015, 28, 55–67. Basilico, G.O.; De Cabo, L.; Faggi, A. Adaptación de índices de calidad de agua y de riberas para la evaluación ambiental en dos arroyos de la llanura Pampeana. Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat. 2015, 17, 119–134. Madera, L.C.; Angulo, L.C.; Díaz, L.C.; Rojano, R. Evaluación de la Calidad del Agua en Algunos Puntos Afluentes del río Cesar (Colombia) utilizando Macroinvertebrados Acuáticos como Bioindicadores de Contaminación. Inf. Tecnol. 2016, 27, 103–110. Voulvoulis, N.; Arpon, K.D.; Giakoumis, T. The EU Water Framework Directive: From great expectations to problems with implementation. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 575, 358–366 Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca-CAR. Pomca Cuenca Río Bogotá; CAR: Bogotá, Colombia, 2006. Boletín de Calidad de las Cuencas de la Jurisdicción CAR—2014; Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca-CAR: Bogotá, Colombia, 2015. Hoja Metodológica Índice de calidad del agua en corrientes superficiales (ICA); Ideam: Bogota, Columbia, 2011 Carreño Sayago, U.F.; Méndez Sayago, J.A. Estimación de la confiabilidad de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales que operan con lagunas de estabilización en la cuenca alta y media del Río Bogotá. Ing. Recur. Nat. Ambient. 2011, 10, 55–64. Ramírez González, A.; Viña Vizcaíno, G. Limnología Colombiana, Aportes a su conocimiento y estadisticas de análisis; Fundación Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano: Bogota, Columbia, 1998. Tejeda-Benitez, L.; Flegal, R.; Odigie, K.; Olivero-Verbel, J. Pollution by metals and toxicity assessment using Caenorhabditis elegans in sediments from the Magdalena River, Colombia. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 212, 238–250. Olivero-Verbel, J. Colombia: Environmental Health Issues. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Health; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2011; pp. 740–754. Liao, S.G.; Li, D.W. Review of Contaminated Sites Remediation Technology. Adv. Mater. Res. 2011, 414, 1–4. Bocos, E.; Fernández-Costas, C.; Pazos, M.; Sanromán, M.Á. Removal of PAHs and pesticides from polluted soils by enhanced electrokinetic-Fenton treatment. Chemosphere 2015, 125, 168–174 Parra, L.; Sendra, S.; Lloret, J.; Bosch, I. Development of a Conductivity Sensor for Monitoring Groundwater Resources to Optimize Water Management in Smart City Environments. Sensors 2015, 15, 20990–21015. Parra, L.; Rocher, J.; Escrivá, J.; Lloret, J. Design and development of low cost smart turbidity sensor for water quality monitoring in fish farms. Aquac. Eng. 2018, 81, 10–18. |
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Díaz Casallas, Daissy MilenaCastro Fernández, Mario FernandoBocos, ElviraMontenegro Marín, Carlos Enrique González Crespo, RubénVol. 11 N. 62021-01-21T15:21:26Z2021-01-21T15:21:26Z2019-03-1920711050https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061668https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/32726Díaz Casallas, D.M.; Castro Fernández, M.F. ; Bocos, E .; Montenegro Marin, C.E; González Crespo, R. 2008–2017 Evaluación de la calidad del agua del río Bogotá con base en el índice de calidad del agua. Sostenibilidad 2019 , 11 , 1668. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061668This article provides a deep analysis of the water quality at the upper basin of the Bogota River (Colombia) between 2008 and 2017. TheWater Quality Index has been the indicator employed to determine the ecological status of the river. This index was chosen in order to normalize the analysis, given that it is commonly used by the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies, a government agency of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development of Colombia, to determine the state of surface effluents. The results obtained were organized in a double-entry matrix in order to relate the variables of the sample period and the sampling station. The research revealed an insufficient quality of water, demonstrating that the high stretch of the Bogota River basin has, in general, regular or acceptable water quality, while only five stations showed an acceptable status. Surprisingly, the stations located close to the wastewater treatment plants of the municipalities of Choconta, Suesca, Gachancipa, and Tocancipa, as well as Rio Negro, have a poor water quality, discharging a high load of contaminants into the river. Although great efforts have been made by Colombian authorities to restore the critical state of the majority of their aquatic ecosystems, recent implementation of policies and instruments have not shown significant achievements yet. For this reason, this study aims to present a powerful decision-tool for the monitoring and evaluation of correction measures implemented on this river basin. The data used in this research were provided by the Regional Autonomous Corporation of Cundinamarca.Introducción. -- Estado del arte. -- Materiales y metodos. -- Resultados. -- Discusión. -- Conclusiones. -- Referencias.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000343870https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7239-0763mario.castrof@campusucc.edu.co17Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bogotá, Ingeniería de SistemasIngeniería de SistemasBogotáhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/6/1668#citeSustainabilityBarzegari, Z.; Bina, B.; Pourzamani, H.R.; Ebrahimi, A. The combined treatment of bisphenol A (BPA) by cogulation/flocculation (C/F) process and UV irradiation in aqueous solutions. Desalin. Water Treat. 2016, 57, 8802–8808.Bocos, E.; Alfaya, E.; Iglesias, O.; Pazos, M.; Ángeles Sanromán, M. Application of a new sandwich of granular activated and fiber carbon as cathode in the electrochemical advanced oxidation treatment of pharmaceutical effluents. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2015, 151, 243–250.Burt, T.P.; Howden, N.J.K.; Worrall, F. The changing water cycle: hydroclimatic extremes in the British Isles. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water 2016, 3, 854–870Castro Fernández, M.F.; Almeida, J.; Ferrer, J.; Díaz Casallas, D.M. Indicadores de la calidad del agua: evolución y tendencias a nivel global. Ing. Solidar. 2014, 10, 111–124.Valdes-Basto, J.; Samboni-Ruiz, N.E.; y Carvajal-Escobar, Y. Desarrollo de un Indicador de la Calidad del Agua usando Estadística Aplicada, Caso de Estudio: Subcuenca Zanjón Oscuro. TecnoLógicas 2011, 26, 165–180.Samboni, N.E.; Reyes, A.; Carvajal, Y. Aplicación de los indicadores de calidad y contaminación del agua en la determinación de la oferta hídrica neta. Ing. Compet. 2011, 13, 49–60.Política Nacional para la Gestión Integral del Recurso Hídrico; Ministerio de Ambiente Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial: Bogota, Columbia, 2010.Plan de Desarrollo de Cundinamarca, unidos podemos mas, 2016–2020; Gobernación de Cundinamarca: Bogota, Columbia, 2015.American Public Health Association, “Standard Methods for the Examination ofWater andWastewater”, 2012. Available online: https://www.standardmethods.org (accessed on 12 March 2019).Lumb, A.; Sharma, T.C.; Bibeault, J.-F. A Review of Genesis and Evolution ofWater Quality Index (WQI) and Some Future Directions. Water Qual. Expo. Heal. 2011, 3, 11–24.Horton, R.K. An index number system for rating water quality. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 1965, 37, 300–306.W. R. Ott Water Quality Indices Survey of Indices Used in The United States. Available online: https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/2000BCAV.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index =1976+Thru+1980&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEnt ry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery =&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndexData%5C76thru80%5CTxt%5C00000000%5C2000BCAV.txt&User=A NONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree= 0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActi onL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Resultspage&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL (accessed on 15 March 2019).Rodríguez Rodríguez, E.; Ramos López, A.E.; Romero Olivé, Z.V.; Hernández Hernández, M.C. Aplicación de un índice de calidad acuática en cuerpos de agua de Tabasco, Mexico; CEPIS: Lima, Peru, 1997; pp. 1–12.Behar, R.; Zúñiga de Cardozo, M.C.; Rojas, O. Análisis y Valoración del Índice de Calidad de Agua (ICA) de la NSF: Casos Ríos Cali y Meléndez. Ing. Compet. 1997, 1, 17–27.Freshwater Biological Association. Final Report: Assessment and Presentation of the Biological Quality of Rivers in Great Britain. Available online: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3564/1/N003564CR.pdf (accessed on 28 February 2019).Montoya, Y.; Yeimi Acosta, M.; Zuluaga, Y. Water quality assessment in Río Negro River and its main tributaries using ICA, BMWP/Col and ASPT. Caldasia 2011, 33, 193–210.Giri, S.; Qiu, Z. Understanding the relationship of land uses and water quality in Twenty First Century: A review. J. Environ. Manag. 2016, 173, 41–48Huang, J.; Zhan, J.; Yan, H.; Wu, F.; Deng, X. Evaluation of the impacts of land use on water quality: A case study in the Chaohu Lake Basin. Sci. World J. 2013, 2013, 1–7.Walsh, P.J.; Wheeler, W. Water Quality Index Aggregation and Cost Benefit Analysis; National Center for Environmental Economics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA, 2012.Oana, I.Water Quality Index—Assessment Method of the Mptru RiverWater Quality (Oltenia, Romania). Ann. Univ. Craiova, Ser. Geogr. 2010, 13, 74–83.Kumar Singh, P.; Kumar Tiwari, A.; Prakash Panigary, B.; Kumar Mahato, M. Water Quality Indices Used for Water Resources Vulnerability Assessment Using GIS Technique: A Review. Int. J. Earth Sci. Engin. 2014, 12, 1594–1600.Finotti, A.R.; Finkler, R.; Susin, N.; Schneider, V.E. Use of water quality index as a tool for urban water resources management. Int. J. Sus. Dev. Plan. 2015, 10, 781–794Calvo-Brenes, G.; Mora-Molina, J. Evaluación de la calidad del agua en los ríos Tigre y Rincón de la península de Osa en dos períodos de tiempo distintos. Rev. Tecnol. Marcha 2015, 28, 55–67.Basilico, G.O.; De Cabo, L.; Faggi, A. Adaptación de índices de calidad de agua y de riberas para la evaluación ambiental en dos arroyos de la llanura Pampeana. Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat. 2015, 17, 119–134.Madera, L.C.; Angulo, L.C.; Díaz, L.C.; Rojano, R. Evaluación de la Calidad del Agua en Algunos Puntos Afluentes del río Cesar (Colombia) utilizando Macroinvertebrados Acuáticos como Bioindicadores de Contaminación. Inf. Tecnol. 2016, 27, 103–110.Voulvoulis, N.; Arpon, K.D.; Giakoumis, T. The EU Water Framework Directive: From great expectations to problems with implementation. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 575, 358–366Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca-CAR. Pomca Cuenca Río Bogotá; CAR: Bogotá, Colombia, 2006.Boletín de Calidad de las Cuencas de la Jurisdicción CAR—2014; Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca-CAR: Bogotá, Colombia, 2015.Hoja Metodológica Índice de calidad del agua en corrientes superficiales (ICA); Ideam: Bogota, Columbia, 2011Carreño Sayago, U.F.; Méndez Sayago, J.A. Estimación de la confiabilidad de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales que operan con lagunas de estabilización en la cuenca alta y media del Río Bogotá. Ing. Recur. Nat. Ambient. 2011, 10, 55–64.Ramírez González, A.; Viña Vizcaíno, G. Limnología Colombiana, Aportes a su conocimiento y estadisticas de análisis; Fundación Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano: Bogota, Columbia, 1998.Tejeda-Benitez, L.; Flegal, R.; Odigie, K.; Olivero-Verbel, J. Pollution by metals and toxicity assessment using Caenorhabditis elegans in sediments from the Magdalena River, Colombia. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 212, 238–250.Olivero-Verbel, J. Colombia: Environmental Health Issues. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Health; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2011; pp. 740–754.Liao, S.G.; Li, D.W. Review of Contaminated Sites Remediation Technology. Adv. Mater. Res. 2011, 414, 1–4.Bocos, E.; Fernández-Costas, C.; Pazos, M.; Sanromán, M.Á. Removal of PAHs and pesticides from polluted soils by enhanced electrokinetic-Fenton treatment. Chemosphere 2015, 125, 168–174Parra, L.; Sendra, S.; Lloret, J.; Bosch, I. Development of a Conductivity Sensor for Monitoring Groundwater Resources to Optimize Water Management in Smart City Environments. Sensors 2015, 15, 20990–21015.Parra, L.; Rocher, J.; Escrivá, J.; Lloret, J. Design and development of low cost smart turbidity sensor for water quality monitoring in fish farms. Aquac. Eng. 2018, 81, 10–18.Recurso hidricoGestión del aguaCalidad del aguaRío BogotáHerramienta de desiciónHydric resourcesWater ManagementWater QualityBogota RiverDecision Tool2008–2017 Bogota River Water Quality Assessment Based on the Water Quality IndexArtículohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAtribucióninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2PublicationLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84334https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/80ec7356-6f7b-450a-9f83-ae210b2f3f34/download3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45MD5220.500.12494/32726oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/327262024-08-10 21:02:23.848metadata.onlyhttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de 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