HIV prevalence and associated factors in key groups and general population treated at a health care institution in Colombia in 2019: A Cross-Sectional study
Background: Research conducted on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and its associated factors among key groups in Colombia is scarce. The few available studies show heterogeneity in their results and increasing trends of infection. This study analyses the prevalence of HIV and associated factors in key gr...
- Autores:
-
Cardona Arias, Jaiberth Antonio
Cataño Correa, Juan Carlos
Higuita Gutiérrez, Luis Felipe
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2020
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
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- Repositorio UCC
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- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/28270
- Palabra clave:
- HIV/AIDS
Prevalence
Risk factors
Colombia
Vulnerable groups
HIV/AIDS
Prevalence
Risk factors
Colombia
Vulnerable groups
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HIV prevalence and associated factors in key groups and general population treated at a health care institution in Colombia in 2019: A Cross-Sectional study |
| title |
HIV prevalence and associated factors in key groups and general population treated at a health care institution in Colombia in 2019: A Cross-Sectional study |
| spellingShingle |
HIV prevalence and associated factors in key groups and general population treated at a health care institution in Colombia in 2019: A Cross-Sectional study HIV/AIDS Prevalence Risk factors Colombia Vulnerable groups HIV/AIDS Prevalence Risk factors Colombia Vulnerable groups |
| title_short |
HIV prevalence and associated factors in key groups and general population treated at a health care institution in Colombia in 2019: A Cross-Sectional study |
| title_full |
HIV prevalence and associated factors in key groups and general population treated at a health care institution in Colombia in 2019: A Cross-Sectional study |
| title_fullStr |
HIV prevalence and associated factors in key groups and general population treated at a health care institution in Colombia in 2019: A Cross-Sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed |
HIV prevalence and associated factors in key groups and general population treated at a health care institution in Colombia in 2019: A Cross-Sectional study |
| title_sort |
HIV prevalence and associated factors in key groups and general population treated at a health care institution in Colombia in 2019: A Cross-Sectional study |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Cardona Arias, Jaiberth Antonio Cataño Correa, Juan Carlos Higuita Gutiérrez, Luis Felipe |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Cardona Arias, Jaiberth Antonio Cataño Correa, Juan Carlos Higuita Gutiérrez, Luis Felipe |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
HIV/AIDS Prevalence Risk factors Colombia Vulnerable groups |
| topic |
HIV/AIDS Prevalence Risk factors Colombia Vulnerable groups HIV/AIDS Prevalence Risk factors Colombia Vulnerable groups |
| dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv |
HIV/AIDS Prevalence Risk factors Colombia Vulnerable groups |
| description |
Background: Research conducted on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and its associated factors among key groups in Colombia is scarce. The few available studies show heterogeneity in their results and increasing trends of infection. This study analyses the prevalence of HIV and associated factors in key groups served at a health care institution in Colombia in 2019. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study with the sample comprised of 5771 subjects from the general population, the LGBTI community, sex workers, people who inject drugs and prisoners. The diagnosis was based on a fourth-generation ELISA. Variables related to sociodemographics, healthcare, sexual risk factors and biological measures of infected subjects were analysed. Prevalence and odds ratios were calculated with 95% confidence intervals, and logistic regression models were performed to identify confounding variables and interactions between independent variables using SPSS 25.0. Results: The prevalence of HIV was 0.27% among the general population, 0.53% among sex workers, 0.66% among the homeless, 2.44% among transgender persons, 2.44% among prisoners, 5.36% among men who have sex with men and 7.92% among injection drug users. The explanatory model showed higher prevalence among men, those with higher education levels, those with no health coverage, those who have sex with people from key groups and those with sexually transmitted infections, with some interactions between the latter variables. Conclusion: A high prevalence of infection was found in the key groups, while the main explanatory factors for high infection rates were identified. The data show that national and global goals related to controlling HIV have not been achieved mainly in groups that are at a higher risk of obtaining and transmitting it and, paradoxically, also that are excluded from the national health coverage. |
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2020 |
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2020-11-25T18:14:49Z |
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2020-11-25T18:14:49Z |
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2020-08-25 |
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Artículo |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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11791373 |
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10.2147/HIV.S259792 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/28270 |
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Cardona-Arias, J. A., Cataño Correa, J. C., & Higuita-Gutiérrez, L. F. (2020). HIV Prevalence and Associated Factors in Key Groups and General Population Treated at a Health Care Institution in Colombia in 2019: A Cross-Sectional Study. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.), 12, 381–391. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S259792 |
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11791373 10.2147/HIV.S259792 Cardona-Arias, J. A., Cataño Correa, J. C., & Higuita-Gutiérrez, L. F. (2020). HIV Prevalence and Associated Factors in Key Groups and General Population Treated at a Health Care Institution in Colombia in 2019: A Cross-Sectional Study. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.), 12, 381–391. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S259792 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/28270 |
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https://www.dovepress.com/articles.php?article_id=56565 |
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HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care |
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Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS). VIH/SIDA. Datos y cifras. Consultado marzo 2020.2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids. Accessed August 10, 2020. Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS). Estrategia mundial del sector de la salud contra el VIH, 2016-2021. Hacia el Fin del SIDA. Ginebra: OMS; 2016. Deeks SG, Overbaugh J, Phillips A, Buchbinder S. HIV infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15035. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.35 Woestenberg PJ, van Benthem BHB, Bogaards JA, et al. HPV infections among young MSM visiting sexual health centers in the Netherlands: opportunities for targeted HPV vaccination. Vaccine. 2020;38:3321–3329. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.03.002 Jansen K, Steffen G, Potthoff A, et al. STI in times of PrEP: high prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and mycoplasma at different anatomic sites in men who have sex with men in Germany. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20:110. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-4831-4 Kusnan A, Alifariki O, Asriati BIMC, et al. Risk factors for HIV incidence in MSM (male sex man) communities in province of southeast Sulawesi. Enferm Clin. 2020;30(Suppl 2):80–83. doi:10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.07.037 Almeida N, Melo M, Soares I, Carvalho H. Screening of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections in a group of sex workers in indoor settings in the Porto metropolitan area. Acta Med Port. 2020;33(3):166–173. doi:10.20344/amp.11687 Owen BN, Giroux M, Matse S, et al. Prevalence and correlates of anal intercourse among female sex workers in eSwatini. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0228849. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228849 Hernández-Vásquez A, Huarez B. HIV in prison: results from a national prison census in Peru. Int J STD AIDS. 2018;29:203–205. doi:10.1177/0956462417744372 Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), Oficina de Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el delito (UNODC), ONUSIDA. Interventions to address HIV in prisons. Evidence for action technical papers. Ginebra, OMS, 2007. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prisons/e4a_prisons/en/index.html.Accessed August 10, 2020. Hosseinnataj A, Bahrampour A, Baneshi MR, et al. Correlates of alcohol consumption and drug injection among homeless youth: a case study in the Southeast of Iran. Addict Health. 2019;11:207–215. doi:10.22122/ahj.v11i4.245 Instituto Nacional de Salud. Gobierno de Colombia. Comportamiento del VIH/SIDA. Consultado marzo 2020; 2018. Available from https://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/BoletinEpidemiologico/2018%20Bolet%C3%ADn%20epidemiol%C3%B3gico%20semana%2047.pdf. Accessed August 10, 2020. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Gobierno de Colombia. Comportamiento Del VIH/SIDA 2019. Consultado marzo 2020; 2018. Available from https://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/BoletinEpidemiologico/2019_Boletin_epidemiologico_semana_47.pdf. Accessed August 10, 2020. Velásquez J, Contreras L, Contreras C, Martínez N, Chaparro J, Sarmiento C. Prevalencia de infección por VIH en Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, en 2012. Caracterización por localidades. Rev Fac Med. 2016;64:609–613. doi:10.15446/revfacmed.v64n4.54148 Callejas-Rojo F, Serna-Quintana G, Cardona-Arias JA. Frecuencia de reactividad a la prueba VDRL y de positividad para Chlamydia spp, VIH y virus de la hepatitis B y C en una institución prestadora de servicios de la salud de Medellín, 2015. CES Med. 2017;31:27–37. doi:10.21615/cesmedicina.31.1.3 Cardona-Arias J, Álvarez-Flórez C, Gil-Ruiz G. Prevalencia de VIH G-RG/Sida en Medellín y evaluación del desempeño de la prueba presuntiva, 2006-2012. Rev salud publ. 2013;15:888–903. Ángel-Müller E, Rodríguez A, Núñez-Forero LM, et al. Prevalencia y factores asociados a la infección Por C. trachomatis, N. gonorrheae, T. vaginalis, C. albicans, sífilis, VIH y vaginosis bacteriana en mujeres con síntomas de infección vaginal en tres sitios de atención de Bogotá, Colombia, 2010. Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol. 2012;63:14–24. doi:10.18597/rcog.199 Rodríguez L, Moreno L, Bautista J, et al. Revalencia de infección por VIH/SIDA en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres en Bucaramanga, Colombia. Rev Univ Ind Santander Salud. 2009;41:135–141. Berbesí D, Segura-Cardona Á, Caicedo B, Cardona-Arango D. Prevalencia y factores asociados al VIH en habitante de calle de la ciudad de Medellín Colombia. Rev Fac Nac Salud Pública. 2015;33:181–191. doi:10.17533/udea.rfnsp.v33n2a07 Berbesi D, Agudelo A, Segura A, Montoya L. VIH en habitantes de calle de Medellín. Rev Fac Nac Salud Publ. 2012;30:310–315. Gaviria García G, Lastre Amell G, Trejos A. Prevalencia del VIH y conductas de riesgo en internos de un centro carcelario del distrito de Barranquilla (Colombia). Salud. Barranquilla. 2015;31:25–35. Berbesi-Fernández D, Segura-Cardona AM, Montoya-Vélez L, López-Ramírez E. Situación de VIH en usuarios de drogas inyectables en Colombia. Infectio. 2016;20:70–76. doi:10.1016/j.infect.2015.07.004 Organización Mundial de la Salud. La OMS advierte de que las personas con más riesgo de contraer la infección por el VIH no están recibiendo los servicios de salud que necesitan. Consultado marzo 2020; 2014. Available from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/key-populations-to-hiv/es/. Accessed August 10, 2020. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. República de Colombia. Guía de Práctica Clínica basada en la evidencia científica para la atención de la infección por VIH/Sida en adolescentes (con 13 años de edad o más) y adultos. Consultado marzo 2020; 2014. Available from http://gpc.minsalud.gov.co/gpc_sites/Repositorio/Otros_conv/GPC_VIH_adolescentes/GPC_Comple_VIHADULTOS_web.pdf. Accessed August 10, 2020. Dartora WJ, Propp Ânflor É, Ribeiro Pavão da Silveira L. Prevalência do HIV no Brasil 2005-2015: dados do Sistema Único de Saúde. Rev Cuid. 2017;8:1919–1928. doi:10.15649/cuidarte.v8i3.462 Daza N, Sánchez M, Vanegas T, Ortega I. Prevalencia de infecciones en donantes de sangre en la Universidad Industrial de Santander versus parques de la ciudad de Bucaramanga, 2014. Med UIS. 2016;29:55–60. Bedoya JA, Cortés Márquez MM, Cardona Arias JA. Seroprevalence of markers of transfusion transmissible infections in blood bank in Colombia. Rev Saúde Publ. 2012;46(6):950–959. doi:10.1590/S0034-89102012000600004 Giraldo-Valencia EC, Morales-Gallo ME, Maya-Guerrero MA, Rendón-Castrillón LE, Cardona-Arias JA. Prevalencia de marcadores de infecciones transmisibles y su relación con variables domográficas en un banco de sangre Antioquia-Colombia 2010–2013. Rev CES Med. 2015;29:59–74. Hickman M, Hope V, Coleman B, et al. Assessing IDU prevalence and health consequences (HCV, overdose and drug-related mortality) in a primary care trust: implications for public health action. J Public Health (Oxf). 2009;31:374–382. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdp067 OMS. UNODC, ONUSIDA.. Prevención, tratamiento y atención del VIH en las cárceles y otros lugares de reclusión: Conjunto completo de intervenciones. Consultado marzo 2020. Ginebra: OMS; 2007. Available from: https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prisons/prison_comp_pack_sp.pdf?ua=1. Accessed August 10, 2020. |
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Cardona Arias, Jaiberth AntonioCataño Correa, Juan CarlosHiguita Gutiérrez, Luis Felipe122020-11-25T18:14:49Z2020-11-25T18:14:49Z2020-08-251179137310.2147/HIV.S259792https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/28270Cardona-Arias, J. A., Cataño Correa, J. C., & Higuita-Gutiérrez, L. F. (2020). HIV Prevalence and Associated Factors in Key Groups and General Population Treated at a Health Care Institution in Colombia in 2019: A Cross-Sectional Study. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.), 12, 381–391. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S259792Background: Research conducted on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and its associated factors among key groups in Colombia is scarce. The few available studies show heterogeneity in their results and increasing trends of infection. This study analyses the prevalence of HIV and associated factors in key groups served at a health care institution in Colombia in 2019. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study with the sample comprised of 5771 subjects from the general population, the LGBTI community, sex workers, people who inject drugs and prisoners. The diagnosis was based on a fourth-generation ELISA. Variables related to sociodemographics, healthcare, sexual risk factors and biological measures of infected subjects were analysed. Prevalence and odds ratios were calculated with 95% confidence intervals, and logistic regression models were performed to identify confounding variables and interactions between independent variables using SPSS 25.0. Results: The prevalence of HIV was 0.27% among the general population, 0.53% among sex workers, 0.66% among the homeless, 2.44% among transgender persons, 2.44% among prisoners, 5.36% among men who have sex with men and 7.92% among injection drug users. The explanatory model showed higher prevalence among men, those with higher education levels, those with no health coverage, those who have sex with people from key groups and those with sexually transmitted infections, with some interactions between the latter variables. Conclusion: A high prevalence of infection was found in the key groups, while the main explanatory factors for high infection rates were identified. The data show that national and global goals related to controlling HIV have not been achieved mainly in groups that are at a higher risk of obtaining and transmitting it and, paradoxically, also that are excluded from the national health coverage.Background: Research conducted on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and its associated factors among key groups in Colombia is scarce. The few available studies show heterogeneity in their results and increasing trends of infection. This study analyses the prevalence of HIV and associated factors in key groups served at a health care institution in Colombia in 2019. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study with the sample comprised of 5771 subjects from the general population, the LGBTI community, sex workers, people who inject drugs and prisoners. The diagnosis was based on a fourth-generation ELISA. Variables related to sociodemographics, healthcare, sexual risk factors and biological measures of infected subjects were analysed. Prevalence and odds ratios were calculated with 95% confidence intervals, and logistic regression models were performed to identify confounding variables and interactions between independent variables using SPSS 25.0. Results: The prevalence of HIV was 0.27% among the general population, 0.53% among sex workers, 0.66% among the homeless, 2.44% among transgender persons, 2.44% among prisoners, 5.36% among men who have sex with men and 7.92% among injection drug users. The explanatory model showed higher prevalence among men, those with higher education levels, those with no health coverage, those who have sex with people from key groups and those with sexually transmitted infections, with some interactions between the latter variables. Conclusion: A high prevalence of infection was found in the key groups, while the main explanatory factors for high infection rates were identified. The data show that national and global goals related to controlling HIV have not been achieved mainly in groups that are at a higher risk of obtaining and transmitting it and, paradoxically, also that are excluded from the national health coverage.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001501791https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1361-3124https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000011355Jaiberthcardona@gmail.comkataju@hotmail.comluis.higuita@campusucc.edu.co381-391DovepressUniversidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina, Medellín y EnvigadoMedicinaMedellínhttps://www.dovepress.com/articles.php?article_id=56565HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative CareOrganización Mundial de Salud (OMS). VIH/SIDA. Datos y cifras. Consultado marzo 2020.2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids. Accessed August 10, 2020.Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS). Estrategia mundial del sector de la salud contra el VIH, 2016-2021. Hacia el Fin del SIDA. Ginebra: OMS; 2016.Deeks SG, Overbaugh J, Phillips A, Buchbinder S. HIV infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15035. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.35Woestenberg PJ, van Benthem BHB, Bogaards JA, et al. HPV infections among young MSM visiting sexual health centers in the Netherlands: opportunities for targeted HPV vaccination. Vaccine. 2020;38:3321–3329. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.03.002Jansen K, Steffen G, Potthoff A, et al. STI in times of PrEP: high prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and mycoplasma at different anatomic sites in men who have sex with men in Germany. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20:110. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-4831-4Kusnan A, Alifariki O, Asriati BIMC, et al. Risk factors for HIV incidence in MSM (male sex man) communities in province of southeast Sulawesi. Enferm Clin. 2020;30(Suppl 2):80–83. doi:10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.07.037Almeida N, Melo M, Soares I, Carvalho H. Screening of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections in a group of sex workers in indoor settings in the Porto metropolitan area. Acta Med Port. 2020;33(3):166–173. doi:10.20344/amp.11687Owen BN, Giroux M, Matse S, et al. Prevalence and correlates of anal intercourse among female sex workers in eSwatini. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0228849. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228849Hernández-Vásquez A, Huarez B. HIV in prison: results from a national prison census in Peru. Int J STD AIDS. 2018;29:203–205. doi:10.1177/0956462417744372Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), Oficina de Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el delito (UNODC), ONUSIDA. Interventions to address HIV in prisons. Evidence for action technical papers. Ginebra, OMS, 2007. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prisons/e4a_prisons/en/index.html.Accessed August 10, 2020.Hosseinnataj A, Bahrampour A, Baneshi MR, et al. Correlates of alcohol consumption and drug injection among homeless youth: a case study in the Southeast of Iran. Addict Health. 2019;11:207–215. doi:10.22122/ahj.v11i4.245Instituto Nacional de Salud. Gobierno de Colombia. Comportamiento del VIH/SIDA. Consultado marzo 2020; 2018. Available from https://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/BoletinEpidemiologico/2018%20Bolet%C3%ADn%20epidemiol%C3%B3gico%20semana%2047.pdf. Accessed August 10, 2020.Instituto Nacional de Salud. Gobierno de Colombia. Comportamiento Del VIH/SIDA 2019. Consultado marzo 2020; 2018. Available from https://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/BoletinEpidemiologico/2019_Boletin_epidemiologico_semana_47.pdf. Accessed August 10, 2020.Velásquez J, Contreras L, Contreras C, Martínez N, Chaparro J, Sarmiento C. Prevalencia de infección por VIH en Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, en 2012. Caracterización por localidades. Rev Fac Med. 2016;64:609–613. doi:10.15446/revfacmed.v64n4.54148Callejas-Rojo F, Serna-Quintana G, Cardona-Arias JA. Frecuencia de reactividad a la prueba VDRL y de positividad para Chlamydia spp, VIH y virus de la hepatitis B y C en una institución prestadora de servicios de la salud de Medellín, 2015. CES Med. 2017;31:27–37. doi:10.21615/cesmedicina.31.1.3Cardona-Arias J, Álvarez-Flórez C, Gil-Ruiz G. Prevalencia de VIH G-RG/Sida en Medellín y evaluación del desempeño de la prueba presuntiva, 2006-2012. Rev salud publ. 2013;15:888–903.Ángel-Müller E, Rodríguez A, Núñez-Forero LM, et al. Prevalencia y factores asociados a la infección Por C. trachomatis, N. gonorrheae, T. vaginalis, C. albicans, sífilis, VIH y vaginosis bacteriana en mujeres con síntomas de infección vaginal en tres sitios de atención de Bogotá, Colombia, 2010. Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol. 2012;63:14–24. doi:10.18597/rcog.199Rodríguez L, Moreno L, Bautista J, et al. Revalencia de infección por VIH/SIDA en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres en Bucaramanga, Colombia. Rev Univ Ind Santander Salud. 2009;41:135–141.Berbesí D, Segura-Cardona Á, Caicedo B, Cardona-Arango D. Prevalencia y factores asociados al VIH en habitante de calle de la ciudad de Medellín Colombia. Rev Fac Nac Salud Pública. 2015;33:181–191. doi:10.17533/udea.rfnsp.v33n2a07Berbesi D, Agudelo A, Segura A, Montoya L. VIH en habitantes de calle de Medellín. Rev Fac Nac Salud Publ. 2012;30:310–315.Gaviria García G, Lastre Amell G, Trejos A. Prevalencia del VIH y conductas de riesgo en internos de un centro carcelario del distrito de Barranquilla (Colombia). Salud. Barranquilla. 2015;31:25–35.Berbesi-Fernández D, Segura-Cardona AM, Montoya-Vélez L, López-Ramírez E. Situación de VIH en usuarios de drogas inyectables en Colombia. Infectio. 2016;20:70–76. doi:10.1016/j.infect.2015.07.004Organización Mundial de la Salud. La OMS advierte de que las personas con más riesgo de contraer la infección por el VIH no están recibiendo los servicios de salud que necesitan. Consultado marzo 2020; 2014. Available from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/key-populations-to-hiv/es/. Accessed August 10, 2020.Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. República de Colombia. Guía de Práctica Clínica basada en la evidencia científica para la atención de la infección por VIH/Sida en adolescentes (con 13 años de edad o más) y adultos. Consultado marzo 2020; 2014. Available from http://gpc.minsalud.gov.co/gpc_sites/Repositorio/Otros_conv/GPC_VIH_adolescentes/GPC_Comple_VIHADULTOS_web.pdf. Accessed August 10, 2020.Dartora WJ, Propp Ânflor É, Ribeiro Pavão da Silveira L. Prevalência do HIV no Brasil 2005-2015: dados do Sistema Único de Saúde. Rev Cuid. 2017;8:1919–1928. doi:10.15649/cuidarte.v8i3.462Daza N, Sánchez M, Vanegas T, Ortega I. Prevalencia de infecciones en donantes de sangre en la Universidad Industrial de Santander versus parques de la ciudad de Bucaramanga, 2014. Med UIS. 2016;29:55–60.Bedoya JA, Cortés Márquez MM, Cardona Arias JA. Seroprevalence of markers of transfusion transmissible infections in blood bank in Colombia. Rev Saúde Publ. 2012;46(6):950–959. doi:10.1590/S0034-89102012000600004Giraldo-Valencia EC, Morales-Gallo ME, Maya-Guerrero MA, Rendón-Castrillón LE, Cardona-Arias JA. Prevalencia de marcadores de infecciones transmisibles y su relación con variables domográficas en un banco de sangre Antioquia-Colombia 2010–2013. Rev CES Med. 2015;29:59–74.Hickman M, Hope V, Coleman B, et al. Assessing IDU prevalence and health consequences (HCV, overdose and drug-related mortality) in a primary care trust: implications for public health action. J Public Health (Oxf). 2009;31:374–382. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdp067OMS. UNODC, ONUSIDA.. Prevención, tratamiento y atención del VIH en las cárceles y otros lugares de reclusión: Conjunto completo de intervenciones. Consultado marzo 2020. Ginebra: OMS; 2007. Available from: https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prisons/prison_comp_pack_sp.pdf?ua=1. 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