Reacciones del tejido pulpar a movimientos ortodóncicos específicos: Una revisión de literatura

El movimiento dental durante el tratamiento ortodóncico puede generar una respuesta inflamatoria o degenerativa en el tejido pulpar. Cuando este tejido es expuesto a carga mecánica con diferente magnitud, frecuencia, y duración, expresa cambios macroscópicos y microscópicos por inducción de alteraci...

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Autores:
Builes Quintero, Paula
Yepes Chamorro, Eliana
Rendón, Jaime
Tipo de recurso:
Contribution to the magazine
Fecha de publicación:
2011
Institución:
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
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Repositorio UCC
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/53642
Palabra clave:
Fuerza Extrusiva ortodóncia
Fuerza intrusiva ortodóncia
Histología pulpar
Tasa de respiración pulpar
Tejido pulpar humano
Extrusive force orthodontics
Orthodontic intrusive force
Pulp histology
Pulp respiration rate
Human pulp tissue
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oai_identifier_str oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/53642
network_acronym_str COOPER2
network_name_str Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Reacciones del tejido pulpar a movimientos ortodóncicos específicos: Una revisión de literatura
title Reacciones del tejido pulpar a movimientos ortodóncicos específicos: Una revisión de literatura
spellingShingle Reacciones del tejido pulpar a movimientos ortodóncicos específicos: Una revisión de literatura
Fuerza Extrusiva ortodóncia
Fuerza intrusiva ortodóncia
Histología pulpar
Tasa de respiración pulpar
Tejido pulpar humano
Extrusive force orthodontics
Orthodontic intrusive force
Pulp histology
Pulp respiration rate
Human pulp tissue
title_short Reacciones del tejido pulpar a movimientos ortodóncicos específicos: Una revisión de literatura
title_full Reacciones del tejido pulpar a movimientos ortodóncicos específicos: Una revisión de literatura
title_fullStr Reacciones del tejido pulpar a movimientos ortodóncicos específicos: Una revisión de literatura
title_full_unstemmed Reacciones del tejido pulpar a movimientos ortodóncicos específicos: Una revisión de literatura
title_sort Reacciones del tejido pulpar a movimientos ortodóncicos específicos: Una revisión de literatura
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Builes Quintero, Paula
Yepes Chamorro, Eliana
Rendón, Jaime
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Builes Quintero, Paula
Yepes Chamorro, Eliana
Rendón, Jaime
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Fuerza Extrusiva ortodóncia
Fuerza intrusiva ortodóncia
Histología pulpar
Tasa de respiración pulpar
Tejido pulpar humano
topic Fuerza Extrusiva ortodóncia
Fuerza intrusiva ortodóncia
Histología pulpar
Tasa de respiración pulpar
Tejido pulpar humano
Extrusive force orthodontics
Orthodontic intrusive force
Pulp histology
Pulp respiration rate
Human pulp tissue
dc.subject.other.none.fl_str_mv Extrusive force orthodontics
Orthodontic intrusive force
Pulp histology
Pulp respiration rate
Human pulp tissue
description El movimiento dental durante el tratamiento ortodóncico puede generar una respuesta inflamatoria o degenerativa en el tejido pulpar. Cuando este tejido es expuesto a carga mecánica con diferente magnitud, frecuencia, y duración, expresa cambios macroscópicos y microscópicos por inducción de alteraciones circularorias y vasculares. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos el tejido pulpar tiende a recuperarse manteniendo su estructura y función. Por ello se ha sugerido que la injuria producida a la pulpa por las fuerzas ortodóncicas es permanente, y que el rejido pulpar eventualmente podría perder su vitalidad, a pesar de pocos estudios que niegan esta correlación. Esta inconsistencia en la literatura probablemente es el resultado de interpretaciones no válidas. De acuerdo con lo anterior, el objetivo de esta revisión de literatura realizada en la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia en el 2010 fue entender cómo la patología pulpar puede ocurrir en respuesta a movimientos dentales ortodóncicos inducidos terapéuricamente y saber si dichos efectos son transitorios o permanentes.
publishDate 2011
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2011-01-29
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2023-12-01T14:20:58Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2023-12-01T14:20:58Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Artículo de divulgación
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dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.none.fl_str_mv Builes Quintero, P., Yepes Chamorro, E. & Rendón, J. (2011). Reacciones del tejido pulpar a movimientos ortodóncicos específicos: Una revisión de literatura Revista Nacional de Odontología, 7 (13), p. 33-39
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/53642
identifier_str_mv Builes Quintero, P., Yepes Chamorro, E. & Rendón, J. (2011). Reacciones del tejido pulpar a movimientos ortodóncicos específicos: Una revisión de literatura Revista Nacional de Odontología, 7 (13), p. 33-39
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv 1. Hamilton RS, Gutmann JL. Endodontic-orthodontic relationships: a review of integrated treatment planning challenges. Int Endod J. 1999; 32: 343-60.
2. Veberiene R, Smailiene D, Danielyte J, Toleikis A, Dagys A, Machiulskiene V. Effects of intrusive force on selected determinants of pulp vitality. Angle Orthod. 2009 Nov; 79(6): 1114-8.
3. Barat A. Ramazanzadeh. Histological changes in hu- man dental pulp following application of intrusive and extrusive orthodontic forces, Journal of Oral Science. 2009; 51(1): 109-15.
4. Barwick PJ, Ramsay DS, Effect of brief intrusive force on human pulpal blood flow. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1996; 110: 273-9.
5. Anstending HS, Kronman JH. A Histological study of pulpar reaction to orthodontic tooth movement in dogs. Angle O
6. Krishnan V, Davidovitch Z. Cellular, molecular and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006; 460: 1-460e. 32.
7. Stenvik, I.A. Mjör. Pulp and dentine reactions to experimental tooth intrusion: A histological study of the initial changes. American Journal of Orthodontics. 1970 April: 57(4): 370-85 A.
8. Konno Y, et al. Morphologic and hemodynamic analysis of dental pulp in dogs after molar intrusion with the skeletal anchorage system. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007 Aug.; 132(2): 199-207.
9. Brodin P, Linge L, Aars H. Instant assessment of pulpar blood flow after orthodontic force application. J Orofac Orthop. 1996; 57: 306-9.
10. Lahart WA, Taintor JF, Dyer JK, Weimer AD. The effect of orthodontic forces on pulp respiration in the rat incisor. Journal of Endodontics. 1980; 6: 724-7.
11. Unterseher RE, Nieberg LG, Weimer AD, Kyer JK. The response of human pulp tissue after orthodontic force application. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1987; 92: 220-4.
12. Derringer KA, Jaggers DC, Linden RWA. Angiogenesis in human dental pulp following orthodontic tooth move- ment. Journal of Dental Research. 1999; 32: 1.761-1.766.
13. Cohen S. Burns R. Vías de la Pulpa. Octava Edición. Madrid: Elsevier Science. 2002.
14. Oppenheim A. Human tissue response to orthodontic intervention. American Journal of Orthodontics and Oral Surgery. 1942; 28: 263-301.
15. Tschamer H. The histology of pulpal tissue after- orthodontic treatment with activators during late adolescence. Zahnarztliche Praxis. 1974: 25: 530-1.
16. Skillen WG, Reitan K. Tissue changes following ro- tation of teeth in the dog. Angle Orthodontist. 1940; 10: 140-7.
17. Aisenberg MS. The tissue and changes involved in orthodontic tooth movements. American Journal of Orthodontics. 1948; 34: 854-9.
18. Guevara MJ, MeClugage SG, Clark JS. Response of the pulpal microvascular system to intrusive orthodontic forces. Journal of Dental Research, 1977; 56. 243.
19. Taintor JF, Shalla C. Comparison of respiration rates in different zones of rat incisor pulp. Journal of Dentistry. 1978; 6: 63-70.
20. Hamersky PA et al. The effect of orthodontics force application on the pulpal tissue respiration rate in the human premolar. Ajodo. 1980; 77: 368-78.
21. Hamersky PA, Weimer AD, Taintor JF. The effect of orthodontic force application on the pulpal tissue res- piration rate in the human premolar. American Journal of Orthodontics. 1980; 77: 368-78.
22. Polverini PJ. The pathophysiology of angiogenesis. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, 1995; 6: 230-47.
23. Davidovitch Z. Cell biology associated with orthodontic tooth movement p. 259-78. In: Berkovitz BKB, Mosham BJ, Newman HN (Eds.) The Periodontal Ligament in Health and Disease. London: Mosby; 1995.
24. Kvinnsland S, Heyeras K. Effect of experimental tooth movement on periodontal and pulpal blood flow. Eur J Orthod. 1989.
25. McDonald F, Pittford T. Blood flow changes in per- manent maxillary canines during retraction. Eur J Orthod. 1994.
26. Popp TW, Artun J, Linge L. Pulpal response to or- thodontic tooth movement in adolescents: a radio- graphic study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1992; 101: 228-33.
27. Derringer, K. Angiogenic growth factors released in hu- man dental pulp following orthodontic force. Archives of Oral Biology. 2003; 48: 285-291.
28. Vandevska-Radunovic. Effect of experimental tooth movement on nerve fibres immunoreactive to calcitonin gene-related peptide, protein gene product 9.5, and blood vessels density and distribution in rats. European Journal of Orthodontics. 1997; 19: 517-29.
29. Kvinnsland I, Kvinnsland S. Changes in CGRP im- munoreactive nerve fibers during experimental tooth movement in rats. European Journal of Orthodontics. 1990; 12: 320-9.
30. Nicolay OF, Davidovitch A, Shanfeld JL, Alley K. Substance P immunoreactivity in periodontal tissues during orthodontic tooth movement. Bone and Mineral. 1990; 11: 19-29.
31. Hargreaves, K. Pharmacology of peripheral neuropepti- de and inflammatory mediator release. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994; 78(4): 503-10.
32. Nixon CE, Saviano JA, King GJ, Histomorphometric Study of Dental Pulp during Orthodontic Tooth Mo vement. J Endodon, 1993; 19(1): 13-6.
33. Bunner M, Johnson D. Quantitative assessment o trapulpal axon response to orthodontic movemen American Journal of Orthodontics. 1982; 82: 244-50
34. Kim S. Microcirculation in the dental pulp. p. 52-7- In: Spangberg LSW. (Ed.) Experimental endodontics Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 1990.
35. Guevara MJ, McClugage Jr. Effects of Intrusive Force upon the Microvasculature of the Dental Pulp. Ajodo 1980 April; 50(2): 129.
36. Dermaut LR, De Munk A. Apical root resorption of upper incisors caused by intrusive tooth movement: a radiographic study. Am J Orthod. 1986; 90: 321-6.
37. Bauss O, Johannes R, Reza SK, Stavros K. Influence of orthodontic intrusion on pulpal vitality of previously traumatized maxillary permanent incisors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008 Jul; 134(1): 12-7.
38. Reitan K. Principios y reacciones biomecánicas. En: Graber. Ortodoncia. Principios, generalidades y técni- cas. 2da Edición. Buenos Aires: Panamericana. 1999.
39. Reitan K. The initial reaction incident to orthodontic tooth movement as related to the influence of function. Acta Odontológica Escandinávica. 1951; 9: 1-240.
40. Yuki S et al. The effect of continuous intrusive force on human pulpal blood flow. Eur J Orthod. 2002; 159-66.
41. Ramsay DS, Martitlen SS. Reliability of pulpal blood flow measurements utilizing laser-Doppler flowmetry. J Dent Res. 1991; 70: 1427-30.
42. Wong VS, Freer TJ, Joseph BK, Daley TJ. Tooth move ment and vascularity of the dental pulp: a pilot study. Aust Orthod. J. 1999; 15: 246-50.
43. Raiden G, Missana L, Santamaria de Torres E. Pulpar response to intrusive orthodontic forces. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 1998; 11: 49-54.
44. Sübay RK, Kaya H, Tarim B, Sübay A, Cox CF. Response of human pulpal tissue to orthodontic extrusive appli- cations. Journal of Endodontics, 2001; 27(8): 508-11.
45. Mostafa YA, Iskander KG, El-Mangoury NH. laotro- genic pulpal reactions to orthodontic extrusion. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1991, 99: 30-4.
46. Proffit, W. Ortodoncia contemporánea. Teoría y prác- tica. Tercera edición. Editorial Mosby; 2001.
47. Yamaguchi, K. The effects of orthodontic mechanics on the dental pulp. Seminars in Orthodontics, 2007.
48. Butcher EO, Taylor AC. The effects of denervation and ischemia upon the teeth of the monkey. J Dent Res. 1951; 30: 265-75.
49. Butcher EO, Taylor AC. The vascularity of the incisor pulp of the monkey and its alteration by tooth retrac- tion. J Dent Res. 1952; 31: 239-47.
50. Pierce A. Pulpal Injury: Pathology, Diagnosis and Pe- riodontal Reactions. Australian Endodontic Journal. 1998 August; 24(2).
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spelling Builes Quintero, PaulaYepes Chamorro, ElianaRendón, JaimeVol. 7, No. 132023-12-01T14:20:58Z2023-12-01T14:20:58Z2011-01-29https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/53642Builes Quintero, P., Yepes Chamorro, E. & Rendón, J. (2011). Reacciones del tejido pulpar a movimientos ortodóncicos específicos: Una revisión de literatura Revista Nacional de Odontología, 7 (13), p. 33-39El movimiento dental durante el tratamiento ortodóncico puede generar una respuesta inflamatoria o degenerativa en el tejido pulpar. Cuando este tejido es expuesto a carga mecánica con diferente magnitud, frecuencia, y duración, expresa cambios macroscópicos y microscópicos por inducción de alteraciones circularorias y vasculares. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos el tejido pulpar tiende a recuperarse manteniendo su estructura y función. Por ello se ha sugerido que la injuria producida a la pulpa por las fuerzas ortodóncicas es permanente, y que el rejido pulpar eventualmente podría perder su vitalidad, a pesar de pocos estudios que niegan esta correlación. Esta inconsistencia en la literatura probablemente es el resultado de interpretaciones no válidas. De acuerdo con lo anterior, el objetivo de esta revisión de literatura realizada en la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia en el 2010 fue entender cómo la patología pulpar puede ocurrir en respuesta a movimientos dentales ortodóncicos inducidos terapéuricamente y saber si dichos efectos son transitorios o permanentes.Tooth movement during orthodontic treatment may generate an inflammatory or degenerative response in the pulp tissue. pulp tissue. When this tissue is exposed to mechanical loading with different magnitude, frequency, and duration, it expresses macroscopic and microscopic changes by inducing circular and vascular alterations. macroscopic and microscopic changes by induction of circular and vascular alterations. However, in most cases the pulp tissue tends to However, in most cases the pulp tissue tends to recover while maintaining its structure and function. Therefore, it has been suggested that the injury to the pulp caused by the It has therefore been suggested that the injury to the pulp caused by orthodontic forces is permanent, and that the pulp reticulum may eventually lose its vitality, despite a few studies denying this correlation. This inconsistency in the literature is probably the result of invalid interpretations. invalid interpretations. Accordingly, the aim of this literature review carried out at the Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia in 2010 was to Cooperative University of Colombia in 2010 was to understand how pulp pathology can occur in response to orthodontically induced tooth movements orthodontically induced orthodontic tooth movements and whether such effects are transient or permanent.p. 54-60Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Odontología, Medellín y EnvigadoOdontologíaMedellínFuerza Extrusiva ortodónciaFuerza intrusiva ortodónciaHistología pulparTasa de respiración pulparTejido pulpar humanoExtrusive force orthodonticsOrthodontic intrusive forcePulp histologyPulp respiration rateHuman pulp tissueReacciones del tejido pulpar a movimientos ortodóncicos específicos: Una revisión de literaturaArtículo de divulgaciónhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_3e5ahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAtribucióninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf21. Hamilton RS, Gutmann JL. Endodontic-orthodontic relationships: a review of integrated treatment planning challenges. Int Endod J. 1999; 32: 343-60.2. Veberiene R, Smailiene D, Danielyte J, Toleikis A, Dagys A, Machiulskiene V. Effects of intrusive force on selected determinants of pulp vitality. Angle Orthod. 2009 Nov; 79(6): 1114-8.3. Barat A. Ramazanzadeh. Histological changes in hu- man dental pulp following application of intrusive and extrusive orthodontic forces, Journal of Oral Science. 2009; 51(1): 109-15.4. Barwick PJ, Ramsay DS, Effect of brief intrusive force on human pulpal blood flow. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1996; 110: 273-9.5. Anstending HS, Kronman JH. A Histological study of pulpar reaction to orthodontic tooth movement in dogs. Angle O6. Krishnan V, Davidovitch Z. Cellular, molecular and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006; 460: 1-460e. 32.7. Stenvik, I.A. Mjör. Pulp and dentine reactions to experimental tooth intrusion: A histological study of the initial changes. American Journal of Orthodontics. 1970 April: 57(4): 370-85 A.8. Konno Y, et al. Morphologic and hemodynamic analysis of dental pulp in dogs after molar intrusion with the skeletal anchorage system. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007 Aug.; 132(2): 199-207.9. Brodin P, Linge L, Aars H. Instant assessment of pulpar blood flow after orthodontic force application. J Orofac Orthop. 1996; 57: 306-9.10. Lahart WA, Taintor JF, Dyer JK, Weimer AD. The effect of orthodontic forces on pulp respiration in the rat incisor. Journal of Endodontics. 1980; 6: 724-7.11. Unterseher RE, Nieberg LG, Weimer AD, Kyer JK. The response of human pulp tissue after orthodontic force application. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1987; 92: 220-4.12. Derringer KA, Jaggers DC, Linden RWA. Angiogenesis in human dental pulp following orthodontic tooth move- ment. Journal of Dental Research. 1999; 32: 1.761-1.766.13. Cohen S. Burns R. Vías de la Pulpa. Octava Edición. Madrid: Elsevier Science. 2002.14. Oppenheim A. Human tissue response to orthodontic intervention. American Journal of Orthodontics and Oral Surgery. 1942; 28: 263-301.15. Tschamer H. The histology of pulpal tissue after- orthodontic treatment with activators during late adolescence. Zahnarztliche Praxis. 1974: 25: 530-1.16. Skillen WG, Reitan K. Tissue changes following ro- tation of teeth in the dog. Angle Orthodontist. 1940; 10: 140-7.17. Aisenberg MS. The tissue and changes involved in orthodontic tooth movements. American Journal of Orthodontics. 1948; 34: 854-9.18. Guevara MJ, MeClugage SG, Clark JS. Response of the pulpal microvascular system to intrusive orthodontic forces. Journal of Dental Research, 1977; 56. 243.19. Taintor JF, Shalla C. Comparison of respiration rates in different zones of rat incisor pulp. Journal of Dentistry. 1978; 6: 63-70.20. Hamersky PA et al. The effect of orthodontics force application on the pulpal tissue respiration rate in the human premolar. Ajodo. 1980; 77: 368-78.21. Hamersky PA, Weimer AD, Taintor JF. The effect of orthodontic force application on the pulpal tissue res- piration rate in the human premolar. American Journal of Orthodontics. 1980; 77: 368-78.22. Polverini PJ. The pathophysiology of angiogenesis. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, 1995; 6: 230-47.23. Davidovitch Z. Cell biology associated with orthodontic tooth movement p. 259-78. In: Berkovitz BKB, Mosham BJ, Newman HN (Eds.) The Periodontal Ligament in Health and Disease. London: Mosby; 1995.24. Kvinnsland S, Heyeras K. Effect of experimental tooth movement on periodontal and pulpal blood flow. Eur J Orthod. 1989.25. McDonald F, Pittford T. Blood flow changes in per- manent maxillary canines during retraction. Eur J Orthod. 1994.26. Popp TW, Artun J, Linge L. Pulpal response to or- thodontic tooth movement in adolescents: a radio- graphic study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1992; 101: 228-33.27. Derringer, K. Angiogenic growth factors released in hu- man dental pulp following orthodontic force. Archives of Oral Biology. 2003; 48: 285-291.28. Vandevska-Radunovic. Effect of experimental tooth movement on nerve fibres immunoreactive to calcitonin gene-related peptide, protein gene product 9.5, and blood vessels density and distribution in rats. European Journal of Orthodontics. 1997; 19: 517-29.29. Kvinnsland I, Kvinnsland S. Changes in CGRP im- munoreactive nerve fibers during experimental tooth movement in rats. European Journal of Orthodontics. 1990; 12: 320-9.30. Nicolay OF, Davidovitch A, Shanfeld JL, Alley K. Substance P immunoreactivity in periodontal tissues during orthodontic tooth movement. Bone and Mineral. 1990; 11: 19-29.31. Hargreaves, K. Pharmacology of peripheral neuropepti- de and inflammatory mediator release. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994; 78(4): 503-10.32. Nixon CE, Saviano JA, King GJ, Histomorphometric Study of Dental Pulp during Orthodontic Tooth Mo vement. J Endodon, 1993; 19(1): 13-6.33. Bunner M, Johnson D. Quantitative assessment o trapulpal axon response to orthodontic movemen American Journal of Orthodontics. 1982; 82: 244-5034. Kim S. Microcirculation in the dental pulp. p. 52-7- In: Spangberg LSW. (Ed.) Experimental endodontics Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 1990.35. Guevara MJ, McClugage Jr. Effects of Intrusive Force upon the Microvasculature of the Dental Pulp. Ajodo 1980 April; 50(2): 129.36. Dermaut LR, De Munk A. Apical root resorption of upper incisors caused by intrusive tooth movement: a radiographic study. Am J Orthod. 1986; 90: 321-6.37. Bauss O, Johannes R, Reza SK, Stavros K. Influence of orthodontic intrusion on pulpal vitality of previously traumatized maxillary permanent incisors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008 Jul; 134(1): 12-7.38. Reitan K. Principios y reacciones biomecánicas. En: Graber. Ortodoncia. Principios, generalidades y técni- cas. 2da Edición. Buenos Aires: Panamericana. 1999.39. Reitan K. The initial reaction incident to orthodontic tooth movement as related to the influence of function. Acta Odontológica Escandinávica. 1951; 9: 1-240.40. Yuki S et al. The effect of continuous intrusive force on human pulpal blood flow. Eur J Orthod. 2002; 159-66.41. Ramsay DS, Martitlen SS. Reliability of pulpal blood flow measurements utilizing laser-Doppler flowmetry. J Dent Res. 1991; 70: 1427-30.42. Wong VS, Freer TJ, Joseph BK, Daley TJ. Tooth move ment and vascularity of the dental pulp: a pilot study. Aust Orthod. J. 1999; 15: 246-50.43. Raiden G, Missana L, Santamaria de Torres E. Pulpar response to intrusive orthodontic forces. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 1998; 11: 49-54.44. Sübay RK, Kaya H, Tarim B, Sübay A, Cox CF. Response of human pulpal tissue to orthodontic extrusive appli- cations. Journal of Endodontics, 2001; 27(8): 508-11.45. Mostafa YA, Iskander KG, El-Mangoury NH. laotro- genic pulpal reactions to orthodontic extrusion. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1991, 99: 30-4.46. Proffit, W. Ortodoncia contemporánea. Teoría y prác- tica. Tercera edición. Editorial Mosby; 2001.47. Yamaguchi, K. The effects of orthodontic mechanics on the dental pulp. Seminars in Orthodontics, 2007.48. Butcher EO, Taylor AC. The effects of denervation and ischemia upon the teeth of the monkey. J Dent Res. 1951; 30: 265-75.49. Butcher EO, Taylor AC. The vascularity of the incisor pulp of the monkey and its alteration by tooth retrac- tion. J Dent Res. 1952; 31: 239-47.50. Pierce A. Pulpal Injury: Pathology, Diagnosis and Pe- riodontal Reactions. 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