Enfermedad valvular mixomatosa en caninos: aspectos generales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento

La degeneración valvular mixomatosa es la patología cardiaca de mayor presentación en caninos de razas medianas y pequeñas, los signos más característicos son intolerancia al ejercicio, síncope, disnea, tos entre otros ya que varían dependiendo del estadio de la enfermedad, el diagnóstico definitivo...

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Autores:: Ávila Garcia, Gabriel Andres

Tipo de recurso:: Trabajo de grado de pregrado

Fecha de publicación:: 2019

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

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network_acronym_str	COOPER2
network_name_str	Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Enfermedad valvular mixomatosa en caninos: aspectos generales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento
title	Enfermedad valvular mixomatosa en caninos: aspectos generales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento
spellingShingle	Enfermedad valvular mixomatosa en caninos: aspectos generales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento Caninos Ecocardiografía Fármacos Degeneración valvular TG 2019 MVZ 14322 Canines Echocardiography Drugs Valvular degeneration
title_short	Enfermedad valvular mixomatosa en caninos: aspectos generales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento
title_full	Enfermedad valvular mixomatosa en caninos: aspectos generales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento
title_fullStr	Enfermedad valvular mixomatosa en caninos: aspectos generales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento
title_full_unstemmed	Enfermedad valvular mixomatosa en caninos: aspectos generales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento
title_sort	Enfermedad valvular mixomatosa en caninos: aspectos generales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Ávila Garcia, Gabriel Andres
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Sanmiguel Plazas, Rosa Angelica
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Ávila Garcia, Gabriel Andres
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Caninos Ecocardiografía Fármacos Degeneración valvular
topic	Caninos Ecocardiografía Fármacos Degeneración valvular TG 2019 MVZ 14322 Canines Echocardiography Drugs Valvular degeneration
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv	TG 2019 MVZ 14322
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv	Canines Echocardiography Drugs Valvular degeneration
description	La degeneración valvular mixomatosa es la patología cardiaca de mayor presentación en caninos de razas medianas y pequeñas, los signos más característicos son intolerancia al ejercicio, síncope, disnea, tos entre otros ya que varían dependiendo del estadio de la enfermedad, el diagnóstico definitivo se realiza por medio de la ecocardiografía, ya sea bidimensional con doppler o ridimensional, esta última con muchos más beneficios que permiten identificar el progreso de la degeneración para poder instaurar un tratamiento adecuado basado en evidencias, la terapia farmacológica para estos pacientes es muy amplia ya que hay controlar diversas anomalías como la hipertensión, sobre carga de volumen, disfunciones de contractibilidad cardiaca, entre otras. Los fármacos que más se emplean son Inodilatadores, Inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina, diuréticos y antiarrítmicos, por lo general la administración de fármacos es de por vida, la efectividad del tratamiento radica en precocidad con la que se detecta la afección.
publishDate	2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2019-10-03T12:43:32Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2019-10-03T12:43:32Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2019-10-02
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14322
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv	Avila García, G. A.(2019). Enfermedad valvular mixomatosa en caninos: aspectos generales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14322
url	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14322
identifier_str_mv	Avila García, G. A.(2019). Enfermedad valvular mixomatosa en caninos: aspectos generales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14322
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Adin DB, Taylor AW, Hill RC, Scott KC, Martin FG. Intermittent bolus injection, 2015. Altiok E, Hamada S, van Hall S, Hanenberg M, Dohmen G, Almalla M, Grabskaya E, Becker M, Marx N, Hoffmann R. Comparison of direct planimetry of mitral valve regurgitation orifice area by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography to effective regurgitant orifice área obtained by proximal flow convergence method and vena contracta area determined by color. Am J Cardiol 2011 Beardow AW, Buchanan JW. Chronic mitral valve disease in cavalier King Charles spaniels. 95 cases (2012-2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015 Bernay F, Bland JM, Haggstrom J, Baduel L, Combes B, Lopez A, Kaltsatos V. Efficacy of spironolactone on survival in dogs with naturally occurring mitral regurgitation caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2010 Boon JA. Evaluation of size, function, and hemodynamics. In: Manual of veterinary Echocardiography. pp. 153-266, Wiley, Chichester, 2014 Smith PJ, French AT, Van Israël N, Smith SGW, Swift ST, Lee AJ, Corcoran BM, Dukes-McEwan J. Efficacy and safety of pimobendan in canine heart failure caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Small Anim Pract 2010, 46, 121-130. Borgarelli, M.; Savarino, P.; Crosara, S.; Santilli, R.A.; Chiavegato, D.; Poggi, M.; Bellino, C.; La Rosa, G.; Zanatta, R.; Haggstrom, J.; et al. Survival characteristics and prognostic variables of dogs with mitral regurgitation attributable to myxomatous valve disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2016, 22, 120–128 Boswood A, Haggstrom J, Gordon SG, et al. Effect of pimobendan in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease and cardiomegaly: the EPIC study-a randomized clinical trial. J Vet Intern Med 2016;30:1765–1779 Bischoff J, Aikawa E. Progenitor cells confer plasticity to cardiac valve endothelium. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2017. Chetboul V, Lefebvre H, Sampedrano C, Gouni V, Saponaro V, Serres F, Concordet D, Nicolle A, Pouchelon J. Comparative adverse cardiac effects of pimobendan and benazepril monotherapy in dogs with mild degenerative mitral valve disease: a prospective, controlled, blinded, and randomized study. J Vet Intern Med 2016. Darke P. Valvular incompetence in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Vet Rec 2015. Detweiler DK, Patterson DF. The prevalence and types of cardiovascular disease in dogs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013. Di Marcello M, Terzo E, Locatelli C, Palermo V, Sala E, Dall’Aglio E, Bussadori CM, Spalla I, Brambilla PG. Assessment of mitral regurgitation severity by Doppler color flow mapping of the vena contracta in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014. Dickson D, et al., Two-dimensional echocardiographic estimates of left atrial function in healthy dogs and dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease, Journal of Veterinary Cardiology (2017) j.jvc.2017.09.003 Disatian, S.; Ehrhart, E.J.; Zimmerman, S.; Orton, E.C. Interstitial cells from dogs with naturally occurring myxomatous mitral valve disease undergo phenotype transformation. J. Heart Valve Dis. 2008, 17, 402–411; discussion 412. Fleming JM, Creevy KE, Promislow DE. Mortality in North American dogs from 2004: an investigation into age-, size-, and breed- related causes of death. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 187-198. Haggstrom J, Hoglund K, Borgarelli M. An update on treatment and prognostic indicators in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Small Anim Pract 2009. Haggstrom J, Kvart C. Heart sounds and murmurs: Changes related to severity of chronic valvular disease in the Cavalier King Charles spaniel. J Vet Intern Med 9:75-85, 2013. Iraqi W, Rossignol P, Angioi M, Fay R, Nuee J, Ketelslegers JM, Vincent J, Pitt B, Zannad F. Extracellular cardiac matrix biomarkers in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure: insights from the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study (EPHESUS) study. Circulation 2012. Kaplan SR, Bashein G, Sheehan FH, Legget ME, Munt B, Li X-N, Sivarajan M, Bolson EL, Zeppa M, Archa M, Martin RW. Three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of annular shape changes in the normal and regurgitant mitral valve. Am Heart J 2000; 139:378. Kittleson, M.D. (2005). Myxomatous mitral valve disease. In: Kittleson, M.D. and Kienle R.D. Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine. Lange A, Palka P, Donnelly JE, Burstow DJ. Quantification of mitral regurgitation orifice area by 3-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with effective regurgitant orifice area by PISA method and proximal regurgitant jet diameter. Int J Cardiol 2016. Lacerda, C.M.R.; MacLea, H.B.; Kisiday, J.D.; Orton, E.C. Static and cyclic tensile strain induce myxomatous effector proteins and serotonin in canine mitral valves. J. Vet. Cardiol. 2016, 14, 223–230. Lake-Bakaar GA, et al., Effect of pimobendan on the incidence of arrhythmias in small breed dogs with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration, Journal of Veterinary Cardiology (2015), 2015.01.005 Lewis, T.; Swift, S.; Woolliams, J.A.; Blott, S. Heritability of premature mitral valve disease in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. Vet. J. 2011, 188, 73–76. Ljungvall I, Hoglund K, Carnabuci C, Tidholm A, Haggstro m J. Assessment of global and regional left ventricular volume and shape by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2011. Lord P, Eriksson A, Haggstrom J, Jarvinen A-K, Kvart C, Hansson K, Maripuu E, Makela J. Increased pulmonary transit times in asymptomatic dogs with mitral regurgitation. J Vet Intern Med 2003; Lu C-C, et al., Comparison of cellular changes in Cavalier King Charles spaniel and mixed breed dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease, Journal of Veterinary Cardiology (2016), 2015.12.003. Menciotti, G., & Borgarelli, M. (26 de septiembre de 2017). Review of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Canine Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 4-47. Moustafa SE, Mookadam F, Alharthi M, Kansal M, Bansal RC, Chandrasekaran K. Mitral annular geometry in normal and myxomatous mitral valves: three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic quantification. J Heart Valve Dis 2012; 21-299. Muller S, et al., Anatomic regurgitant orifice area obtained using 3D-echocardiography as an indicator of severity of mitral regurgitation in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease, Journal of Veterinary Cardiology (2017). Menciotti G, et al., Mitral valve morphology assessed by three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in healthy dogs and dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease, Journal of Veterinary Cardiology (2017), 2017.01.002. Nelson RW, Couto CG. Cardiovascular system disorders. In: Small Animal Internal Medicine. 5th ed. pp. 1-216, Elsevier, St. Louis, 2014. Nemoto S, Hamawaki M, De Freitas G, Carabello BA. Differential effects of the Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril versus the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker atenolol on hemodynamics and left ventricular contractile function in experimental mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014. Olsen LH, Fredholm M, Pedersen HD. Epidemiology and inheritance of mitral valve prolapse in Dachshunds. J Vet Intern Med 2015. Olsen LH, Martinussen T, Pedersen HD. Early echocardiographic predictors of myxomatous mitral valve disease in Dachshunds. Vet Rec 2017. Oyama, M. Levy, R.J. Insights into serotonin signaling mechanisms associated with canine degenerative mitral valve disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2010, 24, 27–36. Orton, E.C.; Lacerda, C.M.R.; MacLea, H.B. Signaling pathways in mitral valve degeneration. J. Vet. Cardiol. 2012, 14, 7–17. Oyama M, Prosek R, Sisson D. Effect of amlodipine on severity of mitral regurgitation in dogs with chronic mitral valve disease. (abst). J Vet Intern Med 2013. Parker HG, Kilroy-Glynn P. Myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs: does size matter J Vet Cardiol 2012, 14, 19-29. Pedersen HD, Lorentzen KA, Kristensen BO. Echocardiographic mitral valve prolapse in cavalier King Charles spaniels: epidemiology and prognostic significance for regurgitation. Vet Rec 2014. Pivac N, Rumboldt Z, Sardelic S, Bagatin J, Polic S, Ljutic D, Naranca M, Capkun V. Diuretic effects of furosemide infusion versus bolus injection in congestive heart failure. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 2015 Pomerance, A.; Whitney, J.C. Heart valve changes common to man and dog: A comparative study. Cardiovasc. Res. 2013, 4, 61–66. Eurovet Hospital Veterinario, Medillin Colombia, Imagen tomada por la Dra. Flros Graell Rishniw, M.; Erb, H.N. Evaluation of four 2-dimensional echocardiographic methods of assessing left atrial size in dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2014, 14, 429–435. Sabbah H, Shimoyama H, Kono T. Effects of long-term monotherapy with enalapril, metoprolol, and digoxin on the progression of left ventricular dysfunction and dilation in dogs with reduced ejection fraction. Circulation 2014. Sisson D, Kvart C, Darke P. Acquired valvular heart disease in dogs and cats. In: Fox PR, Sisson D, Moise NS, editors. Textbook of canine and feline cardiology. Principles and clinical practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2014. p. 536-565. Smith P, French A, Van Israel N, Smith S, Swift S, Lee A, Corcoran B, Dukes-McEwan J. Efficacy and safet of pimobendan in canine heart failure caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 46:12-130. Swenson, L.; Häggström, J.; Kvart, C.; Juneja, R.K. Relationship between parental cardiac status in Cavalier King Charles spaniels and prevalence and severity of chronic valvular disease in offspring. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2016, 208, 2012. Terzo, E.; Di Marcello, M.; McAllister, H.; Glazier, B.; Lo Coco, D.; Locatelli, C.; Palermo, V.; Brambilla, P.G. Echocardiographic assessment of 537 dogs with mitral valve prolapse and leaflet involvement. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 2015, 50, 416–422. The BENCH (benazepril in Canine Heart disease) Study Group. The effect of benazepril on survival times and clinical signs of dogs with congestive heart failure: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, long-term clinical trial. J Vet Cardiol 2015, 1, 7-18. Watson, Kevin. Continuous infusion of furosemide in normal adult greyhound dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2012. Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, Kraft CD, Levine RA, Nihoyannopoulos P, Otto CM, Quinones MA, Rakowski H, Stewart WJ, Waggoner A, Weissman NJ, Grayburn MD, William J. Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015.
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spelling	Sanmiguel Plazas, Rosa AngelicaÁvila Garcia, Gabriel Andres2019-10-03T12:43:32Z2019-10-03T12:43:32Z2019-10-02https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14322Avila García, G. A.(2019). Enfermedad valvular mixomatosa en caninos: aspectos generales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14322La degeneración valvular mixomatosa es la patología cardiaca de mayor presentación en caninos de razas medianas y pequeñas, los signos más característicos son intolerancia al ejercicio, síncope, disnea, tos entre otros ya que varían dependiendo del estadio de la enfermedad, el diagnóstico definitivo se realiza por medio de la ecocardiografía, ya sea bidimensional con doppler o ridimensional, esta última con muchos más beneficios que permiten identificar el progreso de la degeneración para poder instaurar un tratamiento adecuado basado en evidencias, la terapia farmacológica para estos pacientes es muy amplia ya que hay controlar diversas anomalías como la hipertensión, sobre carga de volumen, disfunciones de contractibilidad cardiaca, entre otras. Los fármacos que más se emplean son Inodilatadores, Inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina, diuréticos y antiarrítmicos, por lo general la administración de fármacos es de por vida, la efectividad del tratamiento radica en precocidad con la que se detecta la afección.The myxomatous valvular degeneration is the cardiac pathology of greater presentation in dogs of medium and small breeds, the most characteristic signs are intolerance to exercise, syncope, dyspnea, cough among others since they vary depending on the stage of the disease, the definitive diagnosis is made by means of echocardiography, either two-dimensional with Doppler or three-dimensional, the latter with many more benefits that allow to identify the progress of degeneration in order to establish an adequate treatment based on evidence, pharmacological therapy for these patients is very broad as there is control various anomalies such as hypertension, overload volume, dysfunction of cardiac contractibility, among others. The most commonly used drugs are Inodilators, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics and antiarrhythmics. In general, the administration of drugs is for life. The effectiveness of the treatment lies in the precocity with which the condition is detected.gabriel.avilag@campusucc.edu.co18 p. Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, IbaguéMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaIbaguéCaninosEcocardiografíaFármacosDegeneración valvularTG 2019 MVZ 14322CaninesEchocardiographyDrugsValvular degenerationEnfermedad valvular mixomatosa en caninos: aspectos generales para el diagnóstico y tratamientoTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribucióninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbAdin DB, Taylor AW, Hill RC, Scott KC, Martin FG. Intermittent bolus injection, 2015.Altiok E, Hamada S, van Hall S, Hanenberg M, Dohmen G, Almalla M, Grabskaya E, Becker M, Marx N, Hoffmann R. Comparison of direct planimetry of mitral valve regurgitation orifice area by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography to effective regurgitant orifice área obtained by proximal flow convergence method and vena contracta area determined by color. Am J Cardiol 2011Beardow AW, Buchanan JW. Chronic mitral valve disease in cavalier King Charles spaniels. 95 cases (2012-2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015Bernay F, Bland JM, Haggstrom J, Baduel L, Combes B, Lopez A, Kaltsatos V. Efficacy of spironolactone on survival in dogs with naturally occurring mitral regurgitation caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2010Boon JA. Evaluation of size, function, and hemodynamics. In: Manual of veterinary Echocardiography. pp. 153-266, Wiley, Chichester, 2014 Smith PJ, French AT, Van Israël N, Smith SGW, Swift ST, Lee AJ, Corcoran BM, Dukes-McEwan J. Efficacy and safety of pimobendan in canine heart failure caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Small Anim Pract 2010, 46, 121-130.Borgarelli, M.; Savarino, P.; Crosara, S.; Santilli, R.A.; Chiavegato, D.; Poggi, M.; Bellino, C.; La Rosa, G.; Zanatta, R.; Haggstrom, J.; et al. Survival characteristics and prognostic variables of dogs with mitral regurgitation attributable to myxomatous valve disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2016, 22, 120–128Boswood A, Haggstrom J, Gordon SG, et al. Effect of pimobendan in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease and cardiomegaly: the EPIC study-a randomized clinical trial. J Vet Intern Med 2016;30:1765–1779Bischoff J, Aikawa E. Progenitor cells confer plasticity to cardiac valve endothelium. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2017.Chetboul V, Lefebvre H, Sampedrano C, Gouni V, Saponaro V, Serres F, Concordet D, Nicolle A, Pouchelon J. Comparative adverse cardiac effects of pimobendan and benazepril monotherapy in dogs with mild degenerative mitral valve disease: a prospective, controlled, blinded, and randomized study. J Vet Intern Med 2016.Darke P. Valvular incompetence in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Vet Rec 2015.Detweiler DK, Patterson DF. The prevalence and types of cardiovascular disease in dogs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013.Di Marcello M, Terzo E, Locatelli C, Palermo V, Sala E, Dall’Aglio E, Bussadori CM, Spalla I, Brambilla PG. Assessment of mitral regurgitation severity by Doppler color flow mapping of the vena contracta in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014.Dickson D, et al., Two-dimensional echocardiographic estimates of left atrial function in healthy dogs and dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease, Journal of Veterinary Cardiology (2017) j.jvc.2017.09.003Disatian, S.; Ehrhart, E.J.; Zimmerman, S.; Orton, E.C. Interstitial cells from dogs with naturally occurring myxomatous mitral valve disease undergo phenotype transformation. J. Heart Valve Dis. 2008, 17, 402–411; discussion 412.Fleming JM, Creevy KE, Promislow DE. Mortality in North American dogs from 2004: an investigation into age-, size-, and breed- related causes of death. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 187-198.Haggstrom J, Hoglund K, Borgarelli M. An update on treatment and prognostic indicators in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Small Anim Pract 2009.Haggstrom J, Kvart C. Heart sounds and murmurs: Changes related to severity of chronic valvular disease in the Cavalier King Charles spaniel. J Vet Intern Med 9:75-85, 2013.Iraqi W, Rossignol P, Angioi M, Fay R, Nuee J, Ketelslegers JM, Vincent J, Pitt B, Zannad F. Extracellular cardiac matrix biomarkers in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure: insights from the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study (EPHESUS) study. Circulation 2012.Kaplan SR, Bashein G, Sheehan FH, Legget ME, Munt B, Li X-N, Sivarajan M, Bolson EL, Zeppa M, Archa M, Martin RW. Three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of annular shape changes in the normal and regurgitant mitral valve. Am Heart J 2000; 139:378.Kittleson, M.D. (2005). Myxomatous mitral valve disease. In: Kittleson, M.D. and Kienle R.D. Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine.Lange A, Palka P, Donnelly JE, Burstow DJ. Quantification of mitral regurgitation orifice area by 3-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with effective regurgitant orifice area by PISA method and proximal regurgitant jet diameter. Int J Cardiol 2016.Lacerda, C.M.R.; MacLea, H.B.; Kisiday, J.D.; Orton, E.C. Static and cyclic tensile strain induce myxomatous effector proteins and serotonin in canine mitral valves. J. Vet. Cardiol. 2016, 14, 223–230.Lake-Bakaar GA, et al., Effect of pimobendan on the incidence of arrhythmias in small breed dogs with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration, Journal of Veterinary Cardiology (2015), 2015.01.005Lewis, T.; Swift, S.; Woolliams, J.A.; Blott, S. Heritability of premature mitral valve disease in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. Vet. J. 2011, 188, 73–76.Ljungvall I, Hoglund K, Carnabuci C, Tidholm A, Haggstro m J. Assessment of global and regional left ventricular volume and shape by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2011.Lord P, Eriksson A, Haggstrom J, Jarvinen A-K, Kvart C, Hansson K, Maripuu E, Makela J. Increased pulmonary transit times in asymptomatic dogs with mitral regurgitation. J Vet Intern Med 2003;Lu C-C, et al., Comparison of cellular changes in Cavalier King Charles spaniel and mixed breed dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease, Journal of Veterinary Cardiology (2016), 2015.12.003.Menciotti, G., & Borgarelli, M. (26 de septiembre de 2017). Review of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Canine Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 4-47.Moustafa SE, Mookadam F, Alharthi M, Kansal M, Bansal RC, Chandrasekaran K. Mitral annular geometry in normal and myxomatous mitral valves: three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic quantification. J Heart Valve Dis 2012; 21-299.Muller S, et al., Anatomic regurgitant orifice area obtained using 3D-echocardiography as an indicator of severity of mitral regurgitation in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease, Journal of Veterinary Cardiology (2017).Menciotti G, et al., Mitral valve morphology assessed by three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in healthy dogs and dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease, Journal of Veterinary Cardiology (2017), 2017.01.002.Nelson RW, Couto CG. Cardiovascular system disorders. In: Small Animal Internal Medicine. 5th ed. pp. 1-216, Elsevier, St. Louis, 2014.Nemoto S, Hamawaki M, De Freitas G, Carabello BA. Differential effects of the Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril versus the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker atenolol on hemodynamics and left ventricular contractile function in experimental mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014.Olsen LH, Fredholm M, Pedersen HD. Epidemiology and inheritance of mitral valve prolapse in Dachshunds. J Vet Intern Med 2015.Olsen LH, Martinussen T, Pedersen HD. Early echocardiographic predictors of myxomatous mitral valve disease in Dachshunds. Vet Rec 2017.Oyama, M. Levy, R.J. Insights into serotonin signaling mechanisms associated with canine degenerative mitral valve disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2010, 24, 27–36.Orton, E.C.; Lacerda, C.M.R.; MacLea, H.B. Signaling pathways in mitral valve degeneration. J. Vet. Cardiol. 2012, 14, 7–17.Oyama M, Prosek R, Sisson D. Effect of amlodipine on severity of mitral regurgitation in dogs with chronic mitral valve disease. (abst). J Vet Intern Med 2013.Parker HG, Kilroy-Glynn P. Myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs: does size matter J Vet Cardiol 2012, 14, 19-29.Pedersen HD, Lorentzen KA, Kristensen BO. Echocardiographic mitral valve prolapse in cavalier King Charles spaniels: epidemiology and prognostic significance for regurgitation. 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Principles and clinical practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2014. p. 536-565.Smith P, French A, Van Israel N, Smith S, Swift S, Lee A, Corcoran B, Dukes-McEwan J. Efficacy and safet of pimobendan in canine heart failure caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 46:12-130.Swenson, L.; Häggström, J.; Kvart, C.; Juneja, R.K. Relationship between parental cardiac status in Cavalier King Charles spaniels and prevalence and severity of chronic valvular disease in offspring. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2016, 208, 2012.Terzo, E.; Di Marcello, M.; McAllister, H.; Glazier, B.; Lo Coco, D.; Locatelli, C.; Palermo, V.; Brambilla, P.G. Echocardiographic assessment of 537 dogs with mitral valve prolapse and leaflet involvement. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 2015, 50, 416–422.The BENCH (benazepril in Canine Heart disease) Study Group. 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