Estudio de asociación entre la mezcla genética y las maloclusiones
La población latina ha mostrado un aumento en la prevalencia de las maloclusiones. Se ha reportado que las maloclusiones están relacionadas con la etnia por ejemplo, la maloclusión Clase III se presenta más en Asiáticos, la Clase I en Africanos y la Clase II en Caucásicos. Nuestro objetivo fue deter...
- Autores:
-
Romaña Barrientos, Enid Milena
Zuluaga Giraldo, Diana Luz
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2014
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UCC
- Idioma:
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/44871
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/44871
- Palabra clave:
- Maloclusion
Grupos étnicos
Ortodoncia
TG 2014 ODO 44871
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- closedAccess
- License
- NINGUNA
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Estudio de asociación entre la mezcla genética y las maloclusiones |
title |
Estudio de asociación entre la mezcla genética y las maloclusiones |
spellingShingle |
Estudio de asociación entre la mezcla genética y las maloclusiones Maloclusion Grupos étnicos Ortodoncia TG 2014 ODO 44871 |
title_short |
Estudio de asociación entre la mezcla genética y las maloclusiones |
title_full |
Estudio de asociación entre la mezcla genética y las maloclusiones |
title_fullStr |
Estudio de asociación entre la mezcla genética y las maloclusiones |
title_full_unstemmed |
Estudio de asociación entre la mezcla genética y las maloclusiones |
title_sort |
Estudio de asociación entre la mezcla genética y las maloclusiones |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Romaña Barrientos, Enid Milena Zuluaga Giraldo, Diana Luz |
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Bedoya, Gabriel Botero Mariaca, Paola María Duque Vélez, Constanza Elena |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Romaña Barrientos, Enid Milena Zuluaga Giraldo, Diana Luz |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Maloclusion Grupos étnicos Ortodoncia |
topic |
Maloclusion Grupos étnicos Ortodoncia TG 2014 ODO 44871 |
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv |
TG 2014 ODO 44871 |
description |
La población latina ha mostrado un aumento en la prevalencia de las maloclusiones. Se ha reportado que las maloclusiones están relacionadas con la etnia por ejemplo, la maloclusión Clase III se presenta más en Asiáticos, la Clase I en Africanos y la Clase II en Caucásicos. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la relación entre las maloclusiones y las proporciones de mezcla en una muestra de Antioquia‐ Colombia. Se realizó un estudio transversal con una muestra de 172 individuos no relacionados con diagnóstico esquelético de maloclusión (57 con Clase I, 65 Clase II y 50 Clase III) basados en medidas intermaxilares (ANB‐WITS) de la radiografía cefálica lateral. Los pacientes fueron genotipificados para 20 marcadores informativos de ancestría por PCR convencional. Las proporciones de mezcla fueron estimadas por ADMIXMAP v 3.8 (un programa para el modelamiento de la mezcla poblacional con datos genotipicos) asumiendo equilibrio de Hardy‐Weinberg. El promedio de la proporción de mezcla para el total de la población fué: 67% Europea, 11% Africana y 22% Amerindia, lo cual está de acuerdo con estudios previos de ancestría dentro de la misma área. Los datos se analizaron mediante la prueba de Kruskal‐Wallis, el cual no motró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tipos de maloclusión con respecto a las proporcione de ancestría (P> 0, 05). Por lo tanto, no encontramos ninguna evidencia para apoyar la asociación de la etnia con una clase particular de maloclusión, probablemente debido a la baja heredabilidad de medidas cefalométricas utilizadas y lo más importante la falta de medidas cefalométricas estandarizadas para la población mezclada con el fin de permitir un mejor diagnóstico y más preciso de las maloclusiones. La complejidad del fenotipo maloclusion se atribuye a la genética y al medio ambiente, y su diagnóstico implica además algunos aspectos clínicos como las relaciones molares y caninas, características oclusales como overjet, overbite, que debe ser tenidos en cuenta. Los estudios posteriores deberían incluir otras medidas cefalométricas más heredables como la base de cráneo anterior y posterior, el ángulo de flexión craneal (S‐N‐Ar), la altura facial anterior y posterior y la posición de la mandíbula,con el propósito de encontrar una relación directa con la ancestría. |
publishDate |
2014 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2014-06-22 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-05-12T17:45:36Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-05-12T17:45:36Z |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Pregrado |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
status_str |
acceptedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/44871 |
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Romaña Barrientos, E. M. y Zuluaga Giraldo, D. L. (2014). Estudio de asociación entre la mezcla genética y las maloclusiones. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/44871 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/44871 |
identifier_str_mv |
Romaña Barrientos, E. M. y Zuluaga Giraldo, D. L. (2014). Estudio de asociación entre la mezcla genética y las maloclusiones. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/44871 |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Johannsdottir B, Thorarinsson F, Thordarson A, Magnusson TE. Heritability of craniofacial characteristics between parents and offspring estimated from lateral cephalograms. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop [Internet]. 2005 Feb [cited 2013 May 27];127(2):200–7; quiz 260–1. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15750539 Blanca V, Victoria, Di Santi de Modano, Juana. MALOCLUSIÓN CLASE I: DEFINICIÓN, CLASIFICACIÓN, CARACTERÍSTICAS CLÍNICAS Y TRATAMIENTO. Rev Latinoam Ortod y Odontopediatría. 2003;1–23. Rosas A, Bastir M, Alarcón JA, Kuroe K. Thin‐plate spline analysis of the cranial base in African, Asian and European populations and its relationship with different malocclusions. Arch Oral Biol [Internet]. 2008 Sep;53(9):826–34. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18359003 Sarabjeet Singh Sandhu1, Nidhi bansal2 NS. Incidence of Malocclusions in India ‐ A Review. J Oral Heal Comm Dent. 2012;6(1):21–4. Mossey PA. The heritability of malocclusion: part 2. The influence of genetics in malocclusion. Br J Orthod [Internet]. 1999 Sep [cited 2014 Mar 19];26(3):195–203. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10532158 Evensen JP, Øgaard B. Are malocclusions more prevalent and severe now? A comparative study of medieval skulls from Norway. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop [Internet]. 2007 Jun [cited 2013 May 27];131(6):710–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17561048 MW A, DW N, Miller ML. Racial and ethnic differences in our genes. I Univ Cincinnati Winter/Spring. 2000;(19):1–16. Scheaffer RL, Mendenhall W, Ott L. Elementos de muestreo. Editorial Paraninfo; 2007. Eliana Santos, Marcela Cossio, Paula Andrea González, Eliana Gómez, Diana Paola Cuesta, Natalia Vélez, et al. Perfil Epidemiológico de oclusión dental en niños que consultan a la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia. Rev CES Odont. 2009;22(1):9–13. Steiner CC. CEPHALOMETRICS FOR YOU AND ME. Am J Orthod. 1953;39(10). Jacobson A. The “Wits” appraisal of jaw disharmony. Am J Orthod [Internet]. 1975 Feb [cited 2014 Apr 27];67(2):125–38. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1054214 Parra EJ, Marcini A, Akey J, Martinson J, Batzer MA, Cooper R, et al. Estimating African American admixture proportions by use of population‐specific alleles. Am J Hum Genet [Internet]. 1998 Dec;63(6):1839–51. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9837836 Calle, M.; Sánchez J. Árboles de clasificación y regresión en la investigación biomédica. Med Clin (Barc). 2007;129(18). Rojas W, Parra M V, Campo O, Caro MA, Lopera JG, Arias W, et al. Genetic make up and structure of Colombian populations by means of uniparental and biparental DNA markers. Am J Phys Anthr. 2010/08/25 ed. 2010;143(1):13–20. Bedoya G, Montoya P, García J, Soto I, Bourgeois S, Carvajal L, et al. Admixture dynamics in Hispanics: a shift in the nuclear genetic ancestry of a South American population isolate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2006 May;103(19):7234–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16648268 Allwright WC BW. A survey of handicapping dentofacial anomalies among Chinese in Hong‐ Kong. Int Dent J. 1964;14:505–19. Im DH, Kim TW, Nahm DS, Chang Y Il. Current trends in orthodontic patients in Seoul National University Dental Hospital. Korean J Orthod [Internet]. 2003 Feb [cited 2013 May 13];33(1):63–72. Available from: http://www.koreamed.org/SearchBasic.php?RID=0123KJOD/2003.33.1.63&DT=1 Mugonzibwa EA. Variations in occlusal and space characteristics in a series of 6‐18‐year olds, in Ilala District, Tanzania. Afr Dent J [Internet]. 1992 Jan [cited 2014 Oct 11];6:17–22. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1344273 Onyeaso CO. Prevalence of malocclusion among adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop [Internet]. 2004 Nov [cited 2013 Nov 8];126(5):604–7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15520693 Foster EJ. Profile preferences among diversified groups. Angle Orthod [Internet]. 1973 Jan [cited 2014 Oct 11];43(1):34–40. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4509525 Kerosuo H, Laine T, Nyyssonen V, Honkala E. Occlusal characteristics in groups of Tanzanian and Finnish urban schoolchildren. Angle Orthod [Internet]. 1991;61(1):49–56. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2012322 Lew KK, Foong WC. Horizontal skeletal typing in an ethnic Chinese population with true Class III malocclusions. Br J Orthod [Internet]. 1993 Feb [cited 2014 Dec 4];20(1):19–23. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8439527 Theuveny T, Cabe G. [An epidemiological survey: its history, its results]. Rev Orthop Dento Faciale [Internet]. 1984 Jul [cited 2014 Dec 4];18(3):307–31. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6597949 Bhat M, Enlow DH. Facial variations related to headform type. Angle Orthod [Internet]. 1985 Oct [cited 2014 Dec 4];55(4):269–80. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3865565 McNamara JA. Components of class II malocclusion in children 8‐10 years of age. Angle Orthod [Internet]. 1981 Jul [cited 2014 Dec 4];51(3):177–202. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7023290 Saunders SR, Popovich F, Thompson GW. A family study of craniofacial dimensions in the Burlington Growth Centre sample. Am J Orthod [Internet]. 1980 Oct [cited 2014 Apr 27];78(4):394–403. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6933848 Nakasima A, Ichinose M, Nakata S, Takahama Y. Hereditary factors in the craniofacial morphology of Angle’s Class II and Class III malocclusions. Am J Orthod [Internet]. 1982 Aug [cited 2014 Apr 27];82(2):150–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6961785 Lundström A, McWilliam J. The influence of heredity and environment on six variables describing incisor orientation. Eur J Orthod [Internet]. 1986 Nov [cited 2014 Apr 27];8(4):259–64. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3466800 Kerr WJ, Hirst D. Craniofacial characteristics of subjects with normal and postnormal occlusions‐‐a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop [Internet]. 1987 Sep [cited 2014 Jul 15];92(3):207–12. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3477087 Baccetti T, Antonini A, Franchi L, Tonti M, Tollaro I. Glenoid fossa position in different facial types: a cephalometric study. Br J Orthod [Internet]. 1997 Feb [cited 2014 Jul 15];24(1):55– 9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9088604 Gardner DE, Luschei ES, Joondeph DR. Alterations in the facial skeleton of the guinea pig following a lesion of the trigeminal motor nucleus. Am J Orthod [Internet]. 1980 Jul [cited 2014 Dec 4];78(1):66–80. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6930172 Buschang PH, Jacob H, Carrillo R. The Morphological Characteristics, Growth, and Etiology of the Hyperdivergent Phenotype. Semin Orthod [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2014 Dec 4];19(4):212–26. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1073874613000522 Varrela J. Dimensional variation of craniofacial structures in relation to changing masticatory‐functional demands. Eur J Orthod [Internet]. 1992 Feb [cited 2014 Dec 4];14(1):31–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1563473 Bouvier M, Hylander WL. The effect of dietary consistency on gross and histologic morphology in the craniofacial region of young rats. Am J Anat [Internet]. 1984 May [cited 2014 Dec 4];170(1):117–26. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6731337 Kiliaridis S, Engström C, Thilander B. Histochemical analysis of masticatory muscle in the growing rat after prolonged alteration in the consistency of the diet. Arch Oral Biol [Internet]. 1988 Jan [cited 2014 Dec 4];33(3):187–93. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3178538 Kiliaridis S, Shyu BC. Isometric muscle tension generated by masseter stimulation after prolonged alteration of the consistency of the diet fed to growing rats. Arch Oral Biol [Internet]. 1988 Jan [cited 2014 Dec 4];33(7):467–72. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3245777 Yamada K, Kimmel DB. The effect of dietary consistency on bone mass and turnover in the growing rat mandible. Arch Oral Biol [Internet]. 1991 Jan [cited 2014 Dec 4];36(2):129–38. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1711839 Tuominen M, Kantomaa T, Pirttiniemi P. Effect of food consistency on the shape of the articular eminence and the mandible. An experimental study on the rabbit. Acta Odontol Scand [Internet]. 1993 Apr [cited 2014 Dec 4];51(2):65–72. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8498163 Bresin A, Kiliaridis S, Strid KG. Effect of masticatory function on the internal bone structure in the mandible of the growing rat. Eur J Oral Sci [Internet]. 1999 Feb [cited 2014 Dec 4];107(1):35–44. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10102749 Thilander B, Pena L, Infante C, Parada SS, de Mayorga C. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Bogota, Colombia. An epidemiological study related to different stages of dental development. Eur J Orthod [Internet]. 2001 Apr;23(2):153–67. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11398553 Harrison RL, Davis DW. Dental malocclusion in native children of British Columbia, Canada. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol [Internet]. 1996 Jun [cited 2014 May 17];24(3):217–21. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8871023 Proffit WR, Jr HWF, Sarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics [Internet]. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006. Available from: http://books.google.com.co/books?id=1UJMrCGUKi0C Pachì F, Turlà R, Checchi AP. Head posture and lower arch dental crowding. Angle Orthod [Internet]. 2009 Sep [cited 2014 Mar 23];79(5):873–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19705927 Mew JRC. The postural basis of malocclusion: a philosophical overview. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop [Internet]. 2004 Dec [cited 2014 Apr 5];126(6):729–38. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15592223 Lindsten R. Secular changes in tooth size and dental arch dimensions in the mixed dentition. Swed Dent J Suppl [Internet]. 2003 Jan [cited 2014 May 17];(157):1–89. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12737091 |
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Bedoya, GabrielBotero Mariaca, Paola MaríaDuque Vélez, Constanza ElenaRomaña Barrientos, Enid MilenaZuluaga Giraldo, Diana Luz2022-05-12T17:45:36Z2022-05-12T17:45:36Z2014-06-22https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/44871Romaña Barrientos, E. M. y Zuluaga Giraldo, D. L. (2014). Estudio de asociación entre la mezcla genética y las maloclusiones. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/44871La población latina ha mostrado un aumento en la prevalencia de las maloclusiones. Se ha reportado que las maloclusiones están relacionadas con la etnia por ejemplo, la maloclusión Clase III se presenta más en Asiáticos, la Clase I en Africanos y la Clase II en Caucásicos. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la relación entre las maloclusiones y las proporciones de mezcla en una muestra de Antioquia‐ Colombia. Se realizó un estudio transversal con una muestra de 172 individuos no relacionados con diagnóstico esquelético de maloclusión (57 con Clase I, 65 Clase II y 50 Clase III) basados en medidas intermaxilares (ANB‐WITS) de la radiografía cefálica lateral. Los pacientes fueron genotipificados para 20 marcadores informativos de ancestría por PCR convencional. Las proporciones de mezcla fueron estimadas por ADMIXMAP v 3.8 (un programa para el modelamiento de la mezcla poblacional con datos genotipicos) asumiendo equilibrio de Hardy‐Weinberg. El promedio de la proporción de mezcla para el total de la población fué: 67% Europea, 11% Africana y 22% Amerindia, lo cual está de acuerdo con estudios previos de ancestría dentro de la misma área. Los datos se analizaron mediante la prueba de Kruskal‐Wallis, el cual no motró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tipos de maloclusión con respecto a las proporcione de ancestría (P> 0, 05). Por lo tanto, no encontramos ninguna evidencia para apoyar la asociación de la etnia con una clase particular de maloclusión, probablemente debido a la baja heredabilidad de medidas cefalométricas utilizadas y lo más importante la falta de medidas cefalométricas estandarizadas para la población mezclada con el fin de permitir un mejor diagnóstico y más preciso de las maloclusiones. La complejidad del fenotipo maloclusion se atribuye a la genética y al medio ambiente, y su diagnóstico implica además algunos aspectos clínicos como las relaciones molares y caninas, características oclusales como overjet, overbite, que debe ser tenidos en cuenta. Los estudios posteriores deberían incluir otras medidas cefalométricas más heredables como la base de cráneo anterior y posterior, el ángulo de flexión craneal (S‐N‐Ar), la altura facial anterior y posterior y la posición de la mandíbula,con el propósito de encontrar una relación directa con la ancestría.Latino population exhibits an increased prevalence of malocclusion. It is known that malocclusions are related to ethnicity as follows: Class III is more present in Asians, Class I in Africans and Class II in Caucasians. Our aim was to determine the relationship between malocclusion and admixture proportions in a sample from Antioquia ‐ Colombia. A cross‐sectional study was conducted with a sample of 172 unrelated individuals with skeletal diagnosis of malocclusion (57 with Class I, 65 Class II and 50 Class III) based on intermaxillary measurements (ANB‐WITS) from cephalic lateral radiographs. Patients were genotyped for 20 autosomal Ancestry Informative Markers by conventional PCR. Autosomal admixture proportions were estimated by ADMIXMAP v 3.8 (a program for modeling population admixture with genotype data) assuming Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. The average admixture proportions for the entire population was: 67% European, 11% African and 22% Native American, which is in accordance to our previous ancestry studies in the same area. Data were analyzed by Kruskal‐Wallis test, showing no statistically significant difference between the malocclusion types regarding to ancestry proportions (P>0•05). So, there was no evidence to support an association of the ethnic with a particular Class of malocclusion, probably because of low heritability of cephalometric measures used and most important the lack of cephalometric standardized measures for the admixed population in order to enable a better and more accurate diagnosis of malocclusions. The complexity of malocclusion’s phenotype is attributed to genetics and environment, and also involves some clinical aspects such as molar and canine relationships, occlusal characteristics like overjet and overbite, which must be taken into account. Further studies should include others cephalometric measures more heritable such as the anterior and posterior base skull, cranial flexion angle (NS‐Ar), anterior and posterior facial height and jaw position, to find out straight relationship with ancestry.enid.romañab@campusucc.edu.co20 p.Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Odontología, Medellín y EnvigadoOdontologíaMedellínMaloclusionGrupos étnicosOrtodonciaTG 2014 ODO 44871Estudio de asociación entre la mezcla genética y las maloclusionesTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionNINGUNAinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbJohannsdottir B, Thorarinsson F, Thordarson A, Magnusson TE. Heritability of craniofacial characteristics between parents and offspring estimated from lateral cephalograms. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop [Internet]. 2005 Feb [cited 2013 May 27];127(2):200–7; quiz 260–1. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15750539Blanca V, Victoria, Di Santi de Modano, Juana. MALOCLUSIÓN CLASE I: DEFINICIÓN, CLASIFICACIÓN, CARACTERÍSTICAS CLÍNICAS Y TRATAMIENTO. Rev Latinoam Ortod y Odontopediatría. 2003;1–23.Rosas A, Bastir M, Alarcón JA, Kuroe K. Thin‐plate spline analysis of the cranial base in African, Asian and European populations and its relationship with different malocclusions. Arch Oral Biol [Internet]. 2008 Sep;53(9):826–34. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18359003Sarabjeet Singh Sandhu1, Nidhi bansal2 NS. Incidence of Malocclusions in India ‐ A Review. J Oral Heal Comm Dent. 2012;6(1):21–4.Mossey PA. The heritability of malocclusion: part 2. The influence of genetics in malocclusion. Br J Orthod [Internet]. 1999 Sep [cited 2014 Mar 19];26(3):195–203. 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