Uso de la ultrasonografía doppler para diagnóstico reproductivo en hembras bovinas

El desarrollo de tecnologías de imagen ha contribuido significativamente a los avances en el campo de las ciencias biológicas. La posibilidad de un diagnóstico no invasivo, el enfoque en tiempo real para evaluar tejidos y órganos fue de gran importancia para el estudio de muchos mecanismos fisiológi...

Full description

Autores:
Abella Manjarres, Yovanny Alonso
Rojas Plaza, Santiago
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UCC
Idioma:
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/34815
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/34815
Palabra clave:
Doppler
Ovarios
Folículo
Progesterona
Técnicas
Diagnósticas
Reproducción
Biotecnología
Ultrasonografía
Doppler
Ovaries
Follicle
Progesterone
Reproductive
Diagnostic
Techniques
Biotechnology
Ultrasonography
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución
id COOPER2_731b29e0f0cfef3555b3a3623e6f3a02
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/34815
network_acronym_str COOPER2
network_name_str Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Uso de la ultrasonografía doppler para diagnóstico reproductivo en hembras bovinas
title Uso de la ultrasonografía doppler para diagnóstico reproductivo en hembras bovinas
spellingShingle Uso de la ultrasonografía doppler para diagnóstico reproductivo en hembras bovinas
Doppler
Ovarios
Folículo
Progesterona
Técnicas
Diagnósticas
Reproducción
Biotecnología
Ultrasonografía
Doppler
Ovaries
Follicle
Progesterone
Reproductive
Diagnostic
Techniques
Biotechnology
Ultrasonography
title_short Uso de la ultrasonografía doppler para diagnóstico reproductivo en hembras bovinas
title_full Uso de la ultrasonografía doppler para diagnóstico reproductivo en hembras bovinas
title_fullStr Uso de la ultrasonografía doppler para diagnóstico reproductivo en hembras bovinas
title_full_unstemmed Uso de la ultrasonografía doppler para diagnóstico reproductivo en hembras bovinas
title_sort Uso de la ultrasonografía doppler para diagnóstico reproductivo en hembras bovinas
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Abella Manjarres, Yovanny Alonso
Rojas Plaza, Santiago
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Vasquez, Ricaurte Lopera
Bonilla León, Lilian
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Abella Manjarres, Yovanny Alonso
Rojas Plaza, Santiago
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Doppler
Ovarios
Folículo
Progesterona
Técnicas
Diagnósticas
Reproducción
Biotecnología
Ultrasonografía
topic Doppler
Ovarios
Folículo
Progesterona
Técnicas
Diagnósticas
Reproducción
Biotecnología
Ultrasonografía
Doppler
Ovaries
Follicle
Progesterone
Reproductive
Diagnostic
Techniques
Biotechnology
Ultrasonography
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv Doppler
Ovaries
Follicle
Progesterone
Reproductive
Diagnostic
Techniques
Biotechnology
Ultrasonography
description El desarrollo de tecnologías de imagen ha contribuido significativamente a los avances en el campo de las ciencias biológicas. La posibilidad de un diagnóstico no invasivo, el enfoque en tiempo real para evaluar tejidos y órganos fue de gran importancia para el estudio de muchos mecanismos fisiológicos y para el diagnóstico de condiciones patológicas. Para estos fines, varias de las tecnologías, de la radiografía a la tomografía computarizada moderna, se han utilizado en medicina humana y veterinaria. Este artículo describe conceptos anatómicos y fisiológicos del tracto reproductivo de la hembra bovina, así como también el uso de la ecografía en el seguimiento de la dinámica ovárica, a través de mediciones del diámetro folicular y el volumen del cuerpo lúteo durante el ciclo estral, relacionando estas variables con la obtención exitosa de una preñez diagnosticada igualmente por medio de ultrasonido. La literatura relacionada, demuestra que la ultrasonografía con Doppler es una herramienta útil para la evaluación, diagnóstico y toma de decisiones con respecto a los eventos reproductivos de la hembra bovina, con potencial para ser usada en conjunto con la aplicación de biotecnologías reproductivas, como la inseminación artificial y la transferencia de embriones con el fin de optimizar su eficiencia.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-06-28T15:34:33Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-06-28T15:34:33Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-06-23
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/34815
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv Abella Manjarres, Y. A. y Rojas Plaza, S. (2021). Uso de la ultrasonografía doppler para diagnóstico reproductivo en hembras bovinas [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/34815
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/34815
identifier_str_mv Abella Manjarres, Y. A. y Rojas Plaza, S. (2021). Uso de la ultrasonografía doppler para diagnóstico reproductivo en hembras bovinas [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/34815
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Atkins, J. A., Smith, M. F., Wells, K. J., & Gearyf, T. W. (2010). Factors affecting preovulatory follicle diameter and ovulation rate after gonadotropin-releasing hormone in postpartum beef cows. Part I: Cycling cows. Journal of Animal Science, 88(7), 2300–2310. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2531
Azawi, O. I., Ahmed, O. S., & Abass, S. F. (2012). Schistosomus reflexus foetus in cross breed iraqi cow: A case report. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 26(2), 103–104. https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2012.67481
Batista, E. O. S., Macedo, G. G., Sala, R. V., Ortolan, M. D. D. V., Sá Filho, M. F., Del Valle, T. A., Jesus, E. F., Lopes, R. N. V. R., Rennó, F. P., & Baruselli, P. S. (2014). Plasma antimullerian hormone as a predictor of ovarian antral follicular population in bos indicus (nelore) and bos taurus (holstein) heifers. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 49(3), 448–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12304
Bollwein, H., Heppelmann, M., & Lüttgenau, J. (2016). Ultrasonographic Doppler Use for Female Reproduction Management. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice, 32(1), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.005
Braun, U., Forster, E., Bleul, U., Hässig, M., & Schwarzwald, C. (2013). B-mode and colour Doppler ultrasonography of the milk vein and musculophrenic vein in eight cows during lactation. Research in Veterinary Science, 94(1), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.034
Carvalho, C. F., Chammas, M. C., & Cerri, G. G. (2008). Princípios físicos do Doppler em ultra-sonografia. Ciência Rural, 38(3), 872–879. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782008000300047
Castelló, C. M., Bragato, N., Martins, I., Santos, T. V., & Borges, N. C. (2015). Ultrassonografia Doppler. ENCICLOPÉDIA BIOSFERA, Centro Científico Conhecer, 11(22), 2691–2713.
Chamba Ochoa, H. R., Benítez González, E. E., & Pesántez Campoverde, M. T. (2017). Factores predisponentes para la enfermedad quística ovárica bovina y su efecto en la eficiencia reproductiva. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, 1(35), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.19052/mv.4384
Clavel, G., Marchiol-Fournigault, C., Renault, G., Boissier, M. C., Fradelizi, D., & Bessis, N. (2008). Ultrasound and Doppler micro-imaging in a model of rheumatoid arthritis in mice. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 67(12), 1765–1772. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.083915
Colazo, M., & Kastelic, J. (2014). Aspectos básicos y aplicados del uso de la ultrasonografía en el manejo reproductivo del ganado bovino. April, 22. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2008.9288
D’Enjoy, D., Cabrera, P., Vivas, I., & Díaz, T. (2012). Dinámica folicular ovárica durante el ciclo estral en vacas brahman. Revista de La Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UCV, 53(1), 39–47.
Debertolis, L., Mari, G., Merlo, B., Merbach, S., Schoon, H. A., Iacono, E., & Bollwein, H. (2016). Effects of induced endometritis on uterine blood flow in cows as evaluated by transrectal doppler sonography. Journal of Veterinary Science, 17(2), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2016.17.2.189
Díaz, P. U., Belotti, E. M., Notaro, U. S., Salvetti, N. R., Leiva, C. J. M., Durante, L. I., Marelli, B. E., Stangaferro, M. L., & Ortega, H. H. (2019). Hemodynamic changes detected by Doppler ultrasonography in the ovaries of cattle during early development of cystic ovarian disease. Animal Reproduction Science, 209(February), 106164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106164
Dubuc, J., Houle, J., Rousseau, M., Roy, J. P., & Buczinski, S. (2020). Short communication: Accuracy of corpus luteum color flow Doppler ultrasonography to diagnose nonpregnancy in dairy cows on day 21 after insemination. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(2), 2019–2023. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17234
Esposito, L., Salzano, A., Russ, M., Nicola, D. de, Alberto Prandi, Bianca Gasparrini, Campanile, G., & Neglia, G. (2020). Corpus Luteum Color Doppler Ultrasound and Transitional Period. Animals, 10, 8–17.
Fricke, P. M. (2002). Scanning the future - Ultrasonography as a reproductive management tool for dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 85(8), 1918–1926. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74268-9
García-Bracho, D., Hahn, M., Pino, D., Perea, F., & Merlis, L. (2015). Follicle Growth and Dominant Follicle Size in Grazing Crossbred Cows. Revista Cientifica, FCV-LUZ, XXV(3), 219–222.
Hansen, P. J. (2020). The incompletely fulfilled promise of embryo transfer in cattle-why aren’t pregnancy rates greater and what can we do about it? Journal of Animal Science, 98(11), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa288
Hart, C. G., Voelz, B. E., Brockus, K. E., & Lemley, C. O. (2018). Hepatic steroid inactivating enzymes, hepatic portal blood flow and corpus luteum blood perfusion in cattle. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 53(3), 751–758. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13166
Hasler, J. F. (1992). Current Status and Potential of Embryo Transfer and Reproductive Technology in Dairy Cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 75(10), 2857–2879. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78049-7
Hassan, M., Arshad, U., Bilal, M., Sattar, A., Avais, M., Bollwein, H., & Ahmad, N. (2019). the First Three Weeks After Artificial Insemination in Pregnant and. 65(1).
Herzog, K., & Bollwein, H. (2007). Application of Doppler ultrasonography in cattle reproduction. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 42(SUPPL. 2), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00903.x
Javier, H., Bedoya, N., Viviana, A., & Rojas, S. (2020). Dinámica folicular y cuantificación de estradiol durante el ciclo estral de vacas criollas de la raza Blanco Orejinegro Follicular dynamics and estradiol quantification during the estrous cycle of creole cows of the Blanco Orejinegro breed. Rev Inv Vet Perú, 31(2), 16186. https://doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v31i2.16186
Kelley, D. E., Galvão, K. N., Mortensen, C. J., Risco, C. A., & Ealy, A. D. (2017). Using Doppler ultrasonography on day 34 of pregnancy to predict pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(4), 3266–3271. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11955
Kim-Egloff, C., Hässig, M., Bruckmaier, R., & Bleul, U. (2016). Doppler sonographic examination of uterine and placental perfusion in cows in the last month of gestation and effects of epidural anesthesia and isoxsuprine. Theriogenology, 85(5), 986–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.11.010
Mebarki, M., Kaidi, R., Azizi, A., & Basbaci, M. (2019). Comparative efficacy of two-dimensional mode and color Doppler sonography in predicting gender of the equine fetus. Veterinary World, 12(2), 325–330. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.325-330
Montero, E. R., Méndez, M. G., López, A. G., de la Campa, B. O., & Meliz, J. L. G. (2015). Utilidad de la ecografía Doppler en el diagnóstico de la trombosis carotidea traumátic. Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar, 44(4), 446–451.
Owen, M. P. T., McCarty, K. J., Hart, C. G., Steadman, C. S., & Lemley, C. O. (2018). Endometrial blood perfusion as assessed using a novel laser Doppler technique in Angus cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 190(February), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.01.015
Paola Paolinelli, G. (2012). PRINCIPIOS FÍSICOS E INDICACIONES. 1, 10–12.
Paola Paolinelli, G. (2013). Principios físicos e indicaciones clínicas del ultrasonido doppler. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes, 24(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0716-8640(13)70139-1
Pinaffi, F. L. V., Araujo, E. R., Silva, L. A., & Ginther, O. J. (2017a). Color-Doppler signals of blood flow in the corpus luteum and vascular perfusion index for ovarian and uterine arteries during expansion of the allantochorion in Bos taurus heifers. Theriogenology, 102, 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.008
Pinaffi, F. L. V., Araujo, E. R., Silva, L. A., & Ginther, O. J. (2017b). Color-Doppler signals of blood flow in the corpus luteum and vascular perfusion index for ovarian and uterine arteries during expansion of the allantochorion in Bos taurus heifers. Theriogenology, 102, 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.008
Potočnik, B., Cigale, B., & Zazula, D. (2012). Computerized detection and recognition of follicles in ovarian ultrasound images: A review. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 50(12), 1201–1212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-012-0956-y
Pugliesi, G., Scolari, S. C., Mesquita, F. S., Maturana Filho, M., Araújo, E. R., Cardoso, D., Sales, J. N., Martin, I., Sá Filho, M., Bertan, C. M., & Binelli, M. (2014). Impact of probing the reproductive tract during early pregnancy on fertility of beef cows. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 49(4), 35–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12345
Pugliesi, G, Rezende, R. G., Silva, J. C. B. da, Lopes, E., Nishimura, T. K., Baruselli, P. S., Madureira, E. H., & Binelli, M. (2017). Use of Doppler ultrasonography in timed-AI and ET programs in cattle. / Uso da ultrassonografia Doppler em programas de IATF e TETF em bovinos. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 41(1), 140–150. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lbh&AN=20173193194&lang=es&site=ehost-live%0Ahttp://www.cbra.org.br/portal/downloads/publicacoes/rbra/v41/n1/p140-150 (RB662).pdf%0Aemail: gpugliesi@usp.br
Pugliesi, Guilherme, Dalmaso de Melo, G., Silva, J. B., Carvalhêdo, A. S., Lopes, E., de Siqueira Filho, E., Silva, L. A., & Binelli, M. (2019). Use of color-Doppler ultrasonography for selection of recipients in timed-embryo transfer programs in beef cattle. Theriogenology, 135, 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.06.006
Pugliesi, Guilherme, de Melo, G. D., Ataíde, G. A., Pellegrino, C. A. G., Silva, J. B., Rocha, C. C., Motta, I. G., Vasconcelos, J. L. M., & Binelli, M. (2018). Use of Doppler ultrasonography in embryo transfer programs: Feasibility and field results. Animal Reproduction, 15(3), 239–246. https://doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-AR2018-0059
Pugliesi, Guilherme, Miagawa, B. T., Paiva, Y. N., França, M. R., Silva, L. A., & Binelli, M. (2014). Conceptus-induced changes in the gene expression of blood immune cells and the ultrasound-accessed luteal function in beef cattle: How early can we detect pregnancy? Biology of Reproduction, 91(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.114.121525
Quezada-Casasola, A., Avendaño-Reyes, L., Macías-Cruz, U., Ramírez-Godínez, J. A., & Rivas-Cáceres, R. R. (2015). Estrous behavior, ovulatory follicle dynamics, and corpus luteum size in creole cows after spontaneous or prostaglandin F2α-induced estrous. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 28(4), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v28n4a02
Rawy, M., Mido, S., El-sheikh Ali, H., Derar, D., Megahed, G., Kitahara, G., & Osawa, T. (2018). Effect of exogenous estradiol Benzoate on uterine blood flow in postpartum dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 192(October 2017), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.03.001
Ribeiro, E. S., Bisinotto, R. S., Lima, F. S., Greco, L. F., Morrison, A., Kumar, A., Thatcher, W. W., & Santos, J. E. P. (2014). Plasma anti-Müllerian hormone in adult dairy cows and associations with fertility. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(11), 6888–6900. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7908
Rodríguez-Zamora, A., Abuelo Sebio, A., Béjar González, J., Cazapal Monteiro, C., López, L., Pérez, A., Sanchís, J., Vigo, M., Teijeira, R., Contreras, J., Becerra González, J., Barrio López, M., García Herradón, P., & Quintela Arias, L. (2012). El uso de la ecografía Doppler color en la reproducción. Albéitar: Publicación Veterinaria Independiente, 154, 8–10.
Satheshkumar, S. (2018). Peri-follicular blood flow in the follicle from which ovulation occurs in cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 198, 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.09.014
Scully, S., Evans, A. C. O., Duffy, P., & Crowe, M. A. (2014). Characterization of follicle and CL development in beef heifers using high resolution three-dimensional ultrasonography. Theriogenology, 81(3), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.10.012
Sieme, H., Lüttgenau, J., Sielhorst, J., Martinsson, G., Bollwein, H., Thomas, S., & Burger, D. (2015). Improving the formation and function of the corpus luteum in the mare. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 39(1), 117–120. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-116508
edad, R. (2011). Universidad de Cuenca Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Laminitis Bovina, 17. https://dspace.ucuenca.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/3051/1/mv168.pdf
Symp, X. I. I. (2016). Aplicación de la ecografía reproductiva modo B en vacas de lidia. 73–75.
Terzano. (2012). Ultrasonography and Reproduction in Buffalo. Journal of Buffalo Science, January 2012. https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2012.01.02.06
Viana, J. H. M., Arashiro, E. K. N., Siqueira, L. G. B., Ghetti, A. M., Areas, V. S., & Guimarães, C. R. B. (2013). Doppler ultrasonography as a tool for ovarian management. Animal Reproduction, 10(3), 215–222.
Vieira, L. M., Sá Filho, M. F., Pugliesi, G., Guerreiro, B. M., Cristaldo, M. A., Batista, E. O. S., Freitas, B. G., Carvalho, F. J., Guimaraes, L. H. C., & Baruselli, P. S. (2014). Resynchronization in dairy cows 13 days after TAI followed by pregnancy diagnosis based on corpus luteum vascularization by color doppler. Animal Reproduction, 11(3), 378 (abstract).
Waldvogel, D., & Bleul, U. (2014). Effect of xylazine, isoxsuprine, and lidocaine on Doppler sonographic uterine and umbilical blood flow measurements in cows during the last month of pregnancy. Theriogenology, 81(7), 993–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.01.031
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv Atribución
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 25 p.
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ibagué
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Medicina veterinaria y zootecnia
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Ibagué
institution Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/8836bf86-b5db-4df6-a99d-58982619623d/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/597c4783-6f87-43d0-9bd4-810bed098609/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/31a70492-3552-4237-af88-a99a1d108e0b/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/9b0f7286-a52e-4f3f-a481-1f15692a6b94/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/4732cdf4-c39a-4bd8-9248-3c0d490e1371/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/9892db4b-8467-4f86-b041-d53f93bf4be6/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/8611ad03-8e3b-4afa-bd5b-6702b7a50cd5/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv e848839256d1e034c86fb0d87daede9c
86574385f32fd46e1cfd460bf9d3a12c
3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45
10dd1705e75d49570cb41b278149d13f
bdda2d23102afe14d653a39e5e2dd018
a52a6f70e3a8dfce821835c9e69a89aa
48b326c20450b877ee2b62e7103df760
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_ 1814246645562343424
spelling Vasquez, Ricaurte LoperaBonilla León, LilianAbella Manjarres, Yovanny AlonsoRojas Plaza, Santiago2021-06-28T15:34:33Z2021-06-28T15:34:33Z2021-06-23https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/34815Abella Manjarres, Y. A. y Rojas Plaza, S. (2021). Uso de la ultrasonografía doppler para diagnóstico reproductivo en hembras bovinas [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/34815El desarrollo de tecnologías de imagen ha contribuido significativamente a los avances en el campo de las ciencias biológicas. La posibilidad de un diagnóstico no invasivo, el enfoque en tiempo real para evaluar tejidos y órganos fue de gran importancia para el estudio de muchos mecanismos fisiológicos y para el diagnóstico de condiciones patológicas. Para estos fines, varias de las tecnologías, de la radiografía a la tomografía computarizada moderna, se han utilizado en medicina humana y veterinaria. Este artículo describe conceptos anatómicos y fisiológicos del tracto reproductivo de la hembra bovina, así como también el uso de la ecografía en el seguimiento de la dinámica ovárica, a través de mediciones del diámetro folicular y el volumen del cuerpo lúteo durante el ciclo estral, relacionando estas variables con la obtención exitosa de una preñez diagnosticada igualmente por medio de ultrasonido. La literatura relacionada, demuestra que la ultrasonografía con Doppler es una herramienta útil para la evaluación, diagnóstico y toma de decisiones con respecto a los eventos reproductivos de la hembra bovina, con potencial para ser usada en conjunto con la aplicación de biotecnologías reproductivas, como la inseminación artificial y la transferencia de embriones con el fin de optimizar su eficiencia.The development of imaging technologies has contributed significantly to advances in the field of life sciences. The possibility of a non-invasive diagnosis, the real-time approach to evaluating tissues and organs, was of great importance for the study of many physiological mechanisms and for the diagnosis of pathological conditions. For these purposes, several of the technologies, from radiography to modern computed tomography, have been used in human and veterinary medicine. This article describes anatomical and physiological concepts of the reproductive tract of the bovine female, as well as the use of ultrasound in the monitoring of ovarian dynamics, through measurements of the follicular diameter and the volume of the corpus luteum during the estrous cycle, relating these variables with the successful obtaining of a pregnancy also diagnosed by ultrasound. The related literature shows that Doppler ultrasonography is a useful tool for the evaluation, diagnosis, and decision-making regarding the reproductive events of the bovine female, with the potential to be used in conjunction with the application of reproductive biotechnologies, such as the artificial insemination and embryo transfer in order to optimize their efficiency.Yovanny.abellam@campusucc.edu.cosantiago.rojasp@campusucc.edu.co25 p.Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, IbaguéMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaIbaguéDopplerOvariosFolículoProgesteronaTécnicasDiagnósticasReproducciónBiotecnologíaUltrasonografíaDopplerOvariesFollicleProgesteroneReproductiveDiagnosticTechniquesBiotechnologyUltrasonographyUso de la ultrasonografía doppler para diagnóstico reproductivo en hembras bovinasTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribucióninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Atkins, J. A., Smith, M. F., Wells, K. J., & Gearyf, T. W. (2010). Factors affecting preovulatory follicle diameter and ovulation rate after gonadotropin-releasing hormone in postpartum beef cows. Part I: Cycling cows. Journal of Animal Science, 88(7), 2300–2310. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2531Azawi, O. I., Ahmed, O. S., & Abass, S. F. (2012). Schistosomus reflexus foetus in cross breed iraqi cow: A case report. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 26(2), 103–104. https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2012.67481Batista, E. O. S., Macedo, G. G., Sala, R. V., Ortolan, M. D. D. V., Sá Filho, M. F., Del Valle, T. A., Jesus, E. F., Lopes, R. N. V. R., Rennó, F. P., & Baruselli, P. S. (2014). Plasma antimullerian hormone as a predictor of ovarian antral follicular population in bos indicus (nelore) and bos taurus (holstein) heifers. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 49(3), 448–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12304Bollwein, H., Heppelmann, M., & Lüttgenau, J. (2016). Ultrasonographic Doppler Use for Female Reproduction Management. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice, 32(1), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.005Braun, U., Forster, E., Bleul, U., Hässig, M., & Schwarzwald, C. (2013). B-mode and colour Doppler ultrasonography of the milk vein and musculophrenic vein in eight cows during lactation. Research in Veterinary Science, 94(1), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.034Carvalho, C. F., Chammas, M. C., & Cerri, G. G. (2008). Princípios físicos do Doppler em ultra-sonografia. Ciência Rural, 38(3), 872–879. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782008000300047Castelló, C. M., Bragato, N., Martins, I., Santos, T. V., & Borges, N. C. (2015). Ultrassonografia Doppler. ENCICLOPÉDIA BIOSFERA, Centro Científico Conhecer, 11(22), 2691–2713.Chamba Ochoa, H. R., Benítez González, E. E., & Pesántez Campoverde, M. T. (2017). Factores predisponentes para la enfermedad quística ovárica bovina y su efecto en la eficiencia reproductiva. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, 1(35), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.19052/mv.4384Clavel, G., Marchiol-Fournigault, C., Renault, G., Boissier, M. C., Fradelizi, D., & Bessis, N. (2008). Ultrasound and Doppler micro-imaging in a model of rheumatoid arthritis in mice. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 67(12), 1765–1772. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.083915Colazo, M., & Kastelic, J. (2014). Aspectos básicos y aplicados del uso de la ultrasonografía en el manejo reproductivo del ganado bovino. April, 22. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2008.9288D’Enjoy, D., Cabrera, P., Vivas, I., & Díaz, T. (2012). Dinámica folicular ovárica durante el ciclo estral en vacas brahman. Revista de La Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UCV, 53(1), 39–47.Debertolis, L., Mari, G., Merlo, B., Merbach, S., Schoon, H. A., Iacono, E., & Bollwein, H. (2016). Effects of induced endometritis on uterine blood flow in cows as evaluated by transrectal doppler sonography. Journal of Veterinary Science, 17(2), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2016.17.2.189Díaz, P. U., Belotti, E. M., Notaro, U. S., Salvetti, N. R., Leiva, C. J. M., Durante, L. I., Marelli, B. E., Stangaferro, M. L., & Ortega, H. H. (2019). Hemodynamic changes detected by Doppler ultrasonography in the ovaries of cattle during early development of cystic ovarian disease. Animal Reproduction Science, 209(February), 106164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106164Dubuc, J., Houle, J., Rousseau, M., Roy, J. P., & Buczinski, S. (2020). Short communication: Accuracy of corpus luteum color flow Doppler ultrasonography to diagnose nonpregnancy in dairy cows on day 21 after insemination. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(2), 2019–2023. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17234Esposito, L., Salzano, A., Russ, M., Nicola, D. de, Alberto Prandi, Bianca Gasparrini, Campanile, G., & Neglia, G. (2020). Corpus Luteum Color Doppler Ultrasound and Transitional Period. Animals, 10, 8–17.Fricke, P. M. (2002). Scanning the future - Ultrasonography as a reproductive management tool for dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 85(8), 1918–1926. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74268-9García-Bracho, D., Hahn, M., Pino, D., Perea, F., & Merlis, L. (2015). Follicle Growth and Dominant Follicle Size in Grazing Crossbred Cows. Revista Cientifica, FCV-LUZ, XXV(3), 219–222.Hansen, P. J. (2020). The incompletely fulfilled promise of embryo transfer in cattle-why aren’t pregnancy rates greater and what can we do about it? Journal of Animal Science, 98(11), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa288Hart, C. G., Voelz, B. E., Brockus, K. E., & Lemley, C. O. (2018). Hepatic steroid inactivating enzymes, hepatic portal blood flow and corpus luteum blood perfusion in cattle. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 53(3), 751–758. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13166Hasler, J. F. (1992). Current Status and Potential of Embryo Transfer and Reproductive Technology in Dairy Cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 75(10), 2857–2879. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78049-7Hassan, M., Arshad, U., Bilal, M., Sattar, A., Avais, M., Bollwein, H., & Ahmad, N. (2019). the First Three Weeks After Artificial Insemination in Pregnant and. 65(1).Herzog, K., & Bollwein, H. (2007). Application of Doppler ultrasonography in cattle reproduction. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 42(SUPPL. 2), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00903.xJavier, H., Bedoya, N., Viviana, A., & Rojas, S. (2020). Dinámica folicular y cuantificación de estradiol durante el ciclo estral de vacas criollas de la raza Blanco Orejinegro Follicular dynamics and estradiol quantification during the estrous cycle of creole cows of the Blanco Orejinegro breed. Rev Inv Vet Perú, 31(2), 16186. https://doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v31i2.16186Kelley, D. E., Galvão, K. N., Mortensen, C. J., Risco, C. A., & Ealy, A. D. (2017). Using Doppler ultrasonography on day 34 of pregnancy to predict pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(4), 3266–3271. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11955Kim-Egloff, C., Hässig, M., Bruckmaier, R., & Bleul, U. (2016). Doppler sonographic examination of uterine and placental perfusion in cows in the last month of gestation and effects of epidural anesthesia and isoxsuprine. Theriogenology, 85(5), 986–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.11.010Mebarki, M., Kaidi, R., Azizi, A., & Basbaci, M. (2019). Comparative efficacy of two-dimensional mode and color Doppler sonography in predicting gender of the equine fetus. Veterinary World, 12(2), 325–330. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.325-330Montero, E. R., Méndez, M. G., López, A. G., de la Campa, B. O., & Meliz, J. L. G. (2015). Utilidad de la ecografía Doppler en el diagnóstico de la trombosis carotidea traumátic. Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar, 44(4), 446–451.Owen, M. P. T., McCarty, K. J., Hart, C. G., Steadman, C. S., & Lemley, C. O. (2018). Endometrial blood perfusion as assessed using a novel laser Doppler technique in Angus cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 190(February), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.01.015Paola Paolinelli, G. (2012). PRINCIPIOS FÍSICOS E INDICACIONES. 1, 10–12.Paola Paolinelli, G. (2013). Principios físicos e indicaciones clínicas del ultrasonido doppler. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes, 24(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0716-8640(13)70139-1Pinaffi, F. L. V., Araujo, E. R., Silva, L. A., & Ginther, O. J. (2017a). Color-Doppler signals of blood flow in the corpus luteum and vascular perfusion index for ovarian and uterine arteries during expansion of the allantochorion in Bos taurus heifers. Theriogenology, 102, 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.008Pinaffi, F. L. V., Araujo, E. R., Silva, L. A., & Ginther, O. J. (2017b). Color-Doppler signals of blood flow in the corpus luteum and vascular perfusion index for ovarian and uterine arteries during expansion of the allantochorion in Bos taurus heifers. Theriogenology, 102, 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.008Potočnik, B., Cigale, B., & Zazula, D. (2012). Computerized detection and recognition of follicles in ovarian ultrasound images: A review. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 50(12), 1201–1212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-012-0956-yPugliesi, G., Scolari, S. C., Mesquita, F. S., Maturana Filho, M., Araújo, E. R., Cardoso, D., Sales, J. N., Martin, I., Sá Filho, M., Bertan, C. M., & Binelli, M. (2014). Impact of probing the reproductive tract during early pregnancy on fertility of beef cows. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 49(4), 35–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12345Pugliesi, G, Rezende, R. G., Silva, J. C. B. da, Lopes, E., Nishimura, T. K., Baruselli, P. S., Madureira, E. H., & Binelli, M. (2017). Use of Doppler ultrasonography in timed-AI and ET programs in cattle. / Uso da ultrassonografia Doppler em programas de IATF e TETF em bovinos. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 41(1), 140–150. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lbh&AN=20173193194&lang=es&site=ehost-live%0Ahttp://www.cbra.org.br/portal/downloads/publicacoes/rbra/v41/n1/p140-150 (RB662).pdf%0Aemail: gpugliesi@usp.brPugliesi, Guilherme, Dalmaso de Melo, G., Silva, J. B., Carvalhêdo, A. S., Lopes, E., de Siqueira Filho, E., Silva, L. A., & Binelli, M. (2019). Use of color-Doppler ultrasonography for selection of recipients in timed-embryo transfer programs in beef cattle. Theriogenology, 135, 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.06.006Pugliesi, Guilherme, de Melo, G. D., Ataíde, G. A., Pellegrino, C. A. G., Silva, J. B., Rocha, C. C., Motta, I. G., Vasconcelos, J. L. M., & Binelli, M. (2018). Use of Doppler ultrasonography in embryo transfer programs: Feasibility and field results. Animal Reproduction, 15(3), 239–246. https://doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-AR2018-0059Pugliesi, Guilherme, Miagawa, B. T., Paiva, Y. N., França, M. R., Silva, L. A., & Binelli, M. (2014). Conceptus-induced changes in the gene expression of blood immune cells and the ultrasound-accessed luteal function in beef cattle: How early can we detect pregnancy? Biology of Reproduction, 91(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.114.121525Quezada-Casasola, A., Avendaño-Reyes, L., Macías-Cruz, U., Ramírez-Godínez, J. A., & Rivas-Cáceres, R. R. (2015). Estrous behavior, ovulatory follicle dynamics, and corpus luteum size in creole cows after spontaneous or prostaglandin F2α-induced estrous. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 28(4), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v28n4a02Rawy, M., Mido, S., El-sheikh Ali, H., Derar, D., Megahed, G., Kitahara, G., & Osawa, T. (2018). Effect of exogenous estradiol Benzoate on uterine blood flow in postpartum dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 192(October 2017), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.03.001Ribeiro, E. S., Bisinotto, R. S., Lima, F. S., Greco, L. F., Morrison, A., Kumar, A., Thatcher, W. W., & Santos, J. E. P. (2014). Plasma anti-Müllerian hormone in adult dairy cows and associations with fertility. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(11), 6888–6900. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7908Rodríguez-Zamora, A., Abuelo Sebio, A., Béjar González, J., Cazapal Monteiro, C., López, L., Pérez, A., Sanchís, J., Vigo, M., Teijeira, R., Contreras, J., Becerra González, J., Barrio López, M., García Herradón, P., & Quintela Arias, L. (2012). El uso de la ecografía Doppler color en la reproducción. Albéitar: Publicación Veterinaria Independiente, 154, 8–10.Satheshkumar, S. (2018). Peri-follicular blood flow in the follicle from which ovulation occurs in cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 198, 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.09.014Scully, S., Evans, A. C. O., Duffy, P., & Crowe, M. A. (2014). Characterization of follicle and CL development in beef heifers using high resolution three-dimensional ultrasonography. Theriogenology, 81(3), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.10.012Sieme, H., Lüttgenau, J., Sielhorst, J., Martinsson, G., Bollwein, H., Thomas, S., & Burger, D. (2015). Improving the formation and function of the corpus luteum in the mare. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 39(1), 117–120. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-116508edad, R. (2011). Universidad de Cuenca Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Laminitis Bovina, 17. https://dspace.ucuenca.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/3051/1/mv168.pdfSymp, X. I. I. (2016). Aplicación de la ecografía reproductiva modo B en vacas de lidia. 73–75.Terzano. (2012). Ultrasonography and Reproduction in Buffalo. Journal of Buffalo Science, January 2012. https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520x.2012.01.02.06Viana, J. H. M., Arashiro, E. K. N., Siqueira, L. G. B., Ghetti, A. M., Areas, V. S., & Guimarães, C. R. B. (2013). Doppler ultrasonography as a tool for ovarian management. Animal Reproduction, 10(3), 215–222.Vieira, L. M., Sá Filho, M. F., Pugliesi, G., Guerreiro, B. M., Cristaldo, M. A., Batista, E. O. S., Freitas, B. G., Carvalho, F. J., Guimaraes, L. H. C., & Baruselli, P. S. (2014). Resynchronization in dairy cows 13 days after TAI followed by pregnancy diagnosis based on corpus luteum vascularization by color doppler. Animal Reproduction, 11(3), 378 (abstract).Waldvogel, D., & Bleul, U. (2014). Effect of xylazine, isoxsuprine, and lidocaine on Doppler sonographic uterine and umbilical blood flow measurements in cows during the last month of pregnancy. Theriogenology, 81(7), 993–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.01.031PublicationORIGINAL2021_Ultrasonografia_ Doppler_Diagnostico.pdf2021_Ultrasonografia_ Doppler_Diagnostico.pdfTrabajo de gradoapplication/pdf473376https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/8836bf86-b5db-4df6-a99d-58982619623d/downloade848839256d1e034c86fb0d87daede9cMD512021_Ultrasonografia_ Doppler_Diagnostico-LicenciaUso.pdf2021_Ultrasonografia_ Doppler_Diagnostico-LicenciaUso.pdfLicencia de usoapplication/pdf252404https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/597c4783-6f87-43d0-9bd4-810bed098609/download86574385f32fd46e1cfd460bf9d3a12cMD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84334https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/31a70492-3552-4237-af88-a99a1d108e0b/download3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45MD53THUMBNAIL2021_Ultrasonografia_ Doppler_Diagnostico.pdf.jpg2021_Ultrasonografia_ Doppler_Diagnostico.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg2623https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/9b0f7286-a52e-4f3f-a481-1f15692a6b94/download10dd1705e75d49570cb41b278149d13fMD542021_Ultrasonografia_ Doppler_Diagnostico-LicenciaUso.pdf.jpg2021_Ultrasonografia_ Doppler_Diagnostico-LicenciaUso.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5238https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/4732cdf4-c39a-4bd8-9248-3c0d490e1371/downloadbdda2d23102afe14d653a39e5e2dd018MD55TEXT2021_Ultrasonografia_ Doppler_Diagnostico.pdf.txt2021_Ultrasonografia_ Doppler_Diagnostico.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain35152https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/9892db4b-8467-4f86-b041-d53f93bf4be6/downloada52a6f70e3a8dfce821835c9e69a89aaMD562021_Ultrasonografia_ Doppler_Diagnostico-LicenciaUso.pdf.txt2021_Ultrasonografia_ Doppler_Diagnostico-LicenciaUso.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain5908https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/8611ad03-8e3b-4afa-bd5b-6702b7a50cd5/download48b326c20450b877ee2b62e7103df760MD5720.500.12494/34815oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/348152024-08-09 12:51:38.686open.accesshttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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

Publicaciones similares