Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students

Estudio no experimental, transversal y correlacional, que busca analizar la relación entre eventos traumáticos y síntomas psicopatológicos en 286 estudiantes universitarios (76.6% mujeres y 23.4% hombres) entre 18 y 59 años (M = 24.03; DE. 7.14) mediante muestreo por conveniencia. Gran parte de la m...

Full description

Autores:: Bedoya Cardona, Erika Yohanna
Ruíz León, Sara
Córdoba Baena, Alexander
Rendón Ospina, Gabriel David
Ruíz Alvarez, Gabriel Ignacio
Gómez Palacio, Germán David

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2020

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

Idioma:

id	COOPER2_65b5c0a3751f11bb83dc7caa7579a8a1
oai_identifier_str	oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/17619
network_acronym_str	COOPER2
network_name_str	Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students
title	Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students
spellingShingle	Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students Eventos traumáticos Síntomas psicopatológicos Ansiedad Esquizotipia Estudiantes universitarios Traumatic events Psychopathological symptoms Anxiety Schizotypy University students
title_short	Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students
title_full	Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students
title_fullStr	Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students
title_full_unstemmed	Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students
title_sort	Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Bedoya Cardona, Erika Yohanna Ruíz León, Sara Córdoba Baena, Alexander Rendón Ospina, Gabriel David Ruíz Alvarez, Gabriel Ignacio Gómez Palacio, Germán David
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Bedoya Cardona, Erika Yohanna Ruíz León, Sara Córdoba Baena, Alexander Rendón Ospina, Gabriel David Ruíz Alvarez, Gabriel Ignacio Gómez Palacio, Germán David
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Eventos traumáticos Síntomas psicopatológicos Ansiedad Esquizotipia Estudiantes universitarios
topic	Eventos traumáticos Síntomas psicopatológicos Ansiedad Esquizotipia Estudiantes universitarios Traumatic events Psychopathological symptoms Anxiety Schizotypy University students
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv	Traumatic events Psychopathological symptoms Anxiety Schizotypy University students
description	Estudio no experimental, transversal y correlacional, que busca analizar la relación entre eventos traumáticos y síntomas psicopatológicos en 286 estudiantes universitarios (76.6% mujeres y 23.4% hombres) entre 18 y 59 años (M = 24.03; DE. 7.14) mediante muestreo por conveniencia. Gran parte de la muestra no presentó ningún evento traumático y quienes si los presentaron manifestaron niveles de afectación neutra y/o algo negativa. Los eventos más frecuentes son muerte de un ser querido, robo o asalto, divorcio de los padres, ataque de nervios, fracaso escolar, rechazo o fracaso en una relación. Los eventos menos reportados son enfermedad grave o crónica, encarcelamiento o tortura, pérdida de un hijo o segundo matrimonio. En general la muestra presentó puntuaciones bajas en todas las dimensiones psicopatológicas. Todas las variables se relacionan de manera estadísticamente significativa, con lo cual se soporta la interacción entre eventos traumáticos y diversos síntomas psicopatológicos.
publishDate	2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2020-05-29T15:08:00Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2020-05-29T15:08:00Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2020-04
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Artículo
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.hasVersion.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
status_str	publishedVersion
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv	2254-6057
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	10.5944/rppc.25786
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/17619
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv	Bedoya, Ruíz, Córdoba, Rendón, Ruíz & Gómez. (2020). Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 25(1), 69-79. doi: 10.5944/rppc.25786
identifier_str_mv	2254-6057 10.5944/rppc.25786 Bedoya, Ruíz, Córdoba, Rendón, Ruíz & Gómez. (2020). Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 25(1), 69-79. doi: 10.5944/rppc.25786
url	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/17619
dc.relation.isversionof.spa.fl_str_mv	http://revistas.uned.es/index.php/RPPC/issue/view/1402
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv	Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Aas, M., Steen, N. E., Aminoff, S. R., Lorentzen, S., Sundet, K., Andreassen, O. A., & Melle, I. (2012). Is cognitive impairment following early life stress in severe mental disorders based on specific or general cognitive functioning? Psychiatry Research, 198(3), 495-500. doi: 10.1016/j. psychres.2011.12.045 Agorastos, A., Pittman, J. O., Angkaw, A. C., Nievergelt, C. M., Hansen, C. J., Aversa, L. H.,… Baker, D. G. (2014). The cumulative effect of different childhood trauma types on selfreported symptoms of adult male depression and PTSD, substance abuse and health-related quality of life in a large active-duty military cohort. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 58, 46-54. doi: 10.1016/ j.jpsychires.014.07.014 Alvarez, M. J., Roura, P., Oses, A., Foguet, Q., Sola, J., & Arrufat, F. X. (2011). Prevalence and clinical impact of childhood trauma in patients with severe mental disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199(3), 156-161. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31820c751c. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi. org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 Asselmann, E., Wittchen, H. U., Lieb, R., & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2018) Sociodemographic, clinical, and functional long term outcomes in adolescents and young adults with mental disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 137, 6-17. doi: 10.1111/acps.12792 Barzilay, R., Calkins, M., Moore, T., Wolf, D., Satterthwaite, T., Cobb Scott, J., . . . Gur, R. (2019). Association between traumatic stress load, psychopathology, and cognition in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Psychological Medicine, 49(2), 325-334. doi:10.1017/S0033291718000880 Bedoya, E. (2015). El estilo de apego adulto como moderador de la asociación entre trauma y experiencias pseudo-psicóticas. Revista Estudios Sociohumanísticos. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad de Santander – UDES, 1, 47-60. Berzenski, S. R. & Yates, T. M. (2011). Classes and consequences of multiple maltreatment: a person-centered analysis. Child Maltreatment, 16, 250-261. doi:10.1177/1077559511428353 Brietzke, E., Kauer-Sant’anna, M., Jackowski, A., Grassi-Oliveira, R., Bucker, J., Zugman, A.,…Affonseca Bressan, R. (2012). Impact of childhood stress on psychopathology. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 34, 480-488. doi: 10.1016/j. rbp.2012.04.009 Carr, C. P., Martins, C. P., Stingel, A. M., Lembruber, V. B., & Juruena, M. F. (2013). The role of early life stress in adult psychiatric disorders: A systematic review according to childhood trauma subtypes. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(12), 1007-1020. doi:10.1097/ NMD.0000000000000049 Chu, A. T. & Lieberman, A. F. (2010). Clinical implications of traumatic stress from birth to age five. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 469-494. doi: 10.1146/annurev. clinpsy.121208.131204 Chu, D. A., Williams, L. M., Harris, A.W., Bryant, R. A., & Gatt, J. M. (2013). Early life trauma predicts self-reported levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms in nonclinical community adults: Relative contributions of early life stressor types and adult trauma exposure. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(1), 23-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.08.006. Daalman, K., Diederen, K., Derks, E., Van Lutterveld, R., Kahn, R., & Sommer, I. (2012). Childhood trauma and auditory verbal hallucinations. Psychological Medicine, 42(12), 2475- 2484. doi:10.1017/S0033291712000761 Dell’Osso, L., Lorenzi, P., & Carpita, B. (2019). The neurodevelopmental continuum towards a neurodevelopmental gradient hypothesis. Journal of Psychopathology, 25,179-182 Derogatis, L. R. (1977). SCL-90-R: Administration, Scoring & Procedures. Manual II. Clinical Psychometric Research. Etain, B., Lajnef, M., Henry, C., Aubin, V., Azorin, J. M., Bellivier, F.,…FACE-BD Clinical Coordinating Center (FondaMental Foundation). (2017). Childhood trauma, dimensions of psychopathology and the clinical expression of bipolar disorders: A pathway analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 95, 37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.013. hal-01760382 Evans, G. W., Li, D., & Whipple, S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 1342– 1396. doi: 10.1037/a0031808 Falukozi, E. & Addington, J. (2012). Impact of trauma on attenuated psychotic symptoms. Psychosis, 4(3), 203-212. Doi: 10.1080/17522439.2011.62686712 Fink, D. S. & Galea, S. (2015). Life course epidemiology of trauma and related psychopathology in civilian populations. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(5), 566. doi:10.1007/s11920- 015-0566-0. Fischer, S., Dölitzsch, C., Schmeck, K., Fegert, J. M., & Schmida, M. (2016). Interpersonal trauma and associated psychopathology in girls and boys living in residential care. Children and Youth Services Review, 67, 203-211. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.06.013 Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Fumero, A., Paino, M., de Miguel, A., Ortuño-Sierra, J., Lemos Giraldez, S., & Muñiz, J. (2014). Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire: New sources of validity evidence in college students. Psychiatry Research, 219, 214-220. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.054 Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino, M., Lemos-Giráldez, S., & Muñiz, J. (2012). Validación de la Escala para la Evaluación Comunitaria de las Experiencias Psíquicas-42 (CAPE-42) en universitarios y pacientes con psicosis. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 40(4), 169-176 Freeman, D., Thompson, C., Vorontsova, N., Dunn, G., Carter, L. A., Garety, P., . . . Ehlers, A. (2013). Paranoia and posttraumatic stress disorder in the months after a physical assault: A longitudinal study examining shared and differential predictors. Psychological Medicine, 43, 2673–2684. doi:10.1017/S003329171300038X González de Rivera, J. L., Derogatis, L. R., de las Cuevas, C., Gracia Marco, R., Rodríguez-Pulido, F., Henry-Benitez, M., & Monterrey, A. L. (1989). The Spanish version of the CSL90-R. Normative data in the general population. Clinical Psychometric Research, Towson Groen, R. N., Wichers, M., Wigman, J. T. W., & Hartman, C. A. (2019). Specificity of psychopathology across levels of severity: a transdiagnostic network analysis. Scientific Reports, 9, 18298. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54801-y Hagan, M. J., Sulik, M. J., & Lieberman, A. F. (2016). Traumatic life events and psychopathology in a high risk, ethnically diverse sample of young children: A person-centered approach. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 833- 844. doi: 10.1007/s10802-015-0078-8 Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence-From domestic to political terror. New York: Basic Books Houston, J. E., Shevlin, M., Adamson, G., & Murphy, J. (2011). A person-centred approach to modelling population experiences of trauma and mental illness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(2), 149. doi: 10.1007/s00127-009-0176-4 Karam, E. G., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E. D., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Petukhova, M.,… Koenen, K. C. (2014). Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12-month PTSD in the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Depression and Anxiety, 31(2), 130-142. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22169 Kessler, R., McLaughlin, K., Green, J., Gruber, M., Sampson, N., Zaslavsky, A., . . . Williams, D. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(5), 378-385. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499 Keyes, K. M., Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., McLaughlin, K. A., Wall, M. M., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2012). Childhood maltreatment and the structure of common psychiatric disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(2), 107-115. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093062. Keyes, K. M., McLaughlin, K. A., Demmer, R. T., Cerda, M., Koenen, K. C., Uddin, M., & Galea, S. (2013). Potentially traumatic events and the risk of six physical health conditions in a population-based sample. Depression and Anxiety, 30(5), 451-460. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22090 Kira, I. A., Ashby, J. S., Odenat, L., & Lewandowsky, L. (2013). The mental health effects of torture trauma and its severity: A Replication and Extension. Psychology, 4(5), 472-482. doi:10.4236/psych.2013.45067 Kira, I., Lewandowski, L., Templin, T., Ramaswamy, V., Ozkan, V., & Mohanesh, J. (2008). Measuring cumulative trauma dose, types, and profiles using a development-based taxonomy of traumas. Traumatology, 14(2), 62 – 87. doi:10.1177/1534765608319324 Kleim, B., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2012). Investigating cognitive pathways to psychopathology: Predicting depression and posttraumatic stress disorder from early responses after assault. Psychological Trauma, 4, 527-537. doi:10.1037/ a0027006 Landolt, M. A., Schnyder, U., Maier, T., Schoenbucher, V., & Mohler-Kuo, M. (2013). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents: A national survey in Switzerland. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(2), 209-216. doi:10.1002/jts.21794 Lieberman, A., Chu, A., Van Horn, P., & Harris, W. (2011). Trauma in early childhood: Empirical evidence and clinical implications. Development and Psychopathology, 23(2), 397- 410. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000137 Luoni, C., Agosti, M., Crugnola, S., Rossi, G., & Termine, C. (2018). Psychopathology, dissociation and somatic symptoms in adolescents who were exposed to traumatic experiences. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2390. doi: 10.3389/ fpsyg.2018.02390 Mccrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2011). The impact of childhood maltreatment: a review of neurobiological and genetic factors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2, 1-14, doi: 10.3389/ fpsyt.2011.00048. McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Hill, E. D., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2013). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(8), 815–830. e14. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.011 McLaughlin, K. A. & Lambert, H. K. (2017). Child trauma exposure and psychopathology: Mechanisms of risk and resilience. Current Opinion in Psychology, 14, 29-34. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.004. McLaughlin, K. A. & Sheridan, M. A. (2016). Beyond cumulative risk: A dimensional approach to childhood adversity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(4), 239–245. doi: 10.1177/0963721416655883 McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014). Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 578-591. doi: 10.1016/j. neubiorev.2014.10.012 Niwa, M., Jaaro-Peled, H., Tankou, S., Seshadri, S., Hikida, T., Matsumoto, Y., … Sawa, A. (2013). Adolescent stress–induced epigenetic control of dopaminergic neurons via glucocorticoids. Science, 339, 335-339. doi: 10.1126/ science.1226931. Ordóñez-Camblor, N., Lemos-Giráldez, S., Paino, M., FonsecaPedrero, E., García-Álvarez, L., y Pizarro-Ruiz, J. P. (2014). Relación entre psicosis y experiencias traumáticas tempranas. Anuario de Psicología/The UB Journal of Psychology, 44(3), 283-294 Ordóñez-Camblor, N., Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino, M., GarcíaÁlvarez, L., Pizarro-Ruiz, J. P., y Lemos-Giráldez, S. (2016). Evaluación de experiencias traumáticas tempranas en adultos. Papeles del Psicólogo, 37(1), 36-44. Raine, A. (1991). The SPQ: A scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 555-564. doi:10.1093/ schbul/17.4.555 Robles, M. E., Badosa, J. M., Roig, A., Pina, B., & Feixas Viaplana, G. (2009). La evaluación del estrés y del trauma: Presentación de la versión española de la escala de trauma acumulativo (CTS). Revista de Psicoterapia, 20(80), 89-104. Sala, R., Goldstein, B. I., Wang, S., & Blanco, C. (2014). Childhood maltreatment and the course of bipolar disorders among adults: Epidemiologic evidence of dose response effects. Journal of Affective Disorders, 165, 74-80. doi: 10.1016/ j.jad.2014.04.035 Schauer, M., Neuner, F., & Elbert, T. (2011). Narrative Exposure Therapy. A short-term treatment for traumatic stress disorders. 2nd revised and expanded edition. Canadá: Hogrefe. ISBN 978-0-88937-388-4 Seidenfaden, D., Knorr, U., Greisen Soendergaard, M., Enghusen Poulsen, H., Fink-Jensen, A., Balslev Jorgensen, M., & Jorgensen, A. (2017). The relationship between self-reported childhood adversities, adulthood psychopathology and psychological stress markers in patients with schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 72, 48-55. doi: 10.1016/j. comppsych.2016.09.009 Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1982). Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado/Rasgo. Madrid: TEA Tran The, J. (2018). The Continuum between Normal and Pathological in Psychopathology: Freud, Canguilhem and Neurosciences. Research in Psychoanalysis, 26(2), 154-163. doi:10.3917/rep1.026.0154a. Trauelsen, A. M., Bendall, S., Jansen, J. E., Nielsen, H. L., Pedersen, M. B., Trier, C. H.,… Simonsen, E. (2015). Childhood adversity specificity and dose–response effect in non-affective first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 165, 52-59, doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.03.014 Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L., & Field, A. P. (2012). A meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 122-138. doi:10.1016/j. cpr.2011.12.001 Van Winkel, R., Van Nierop, M., Myin-Germeys, I., & van Os, J. (2013). Childhood trauma as a cause of psychosis: linking genes, psychology, and biology. Psychiatry, 58, 44-51. doi: 10.1177/070674371305800109 Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W.,…Bentall, R. P. (2012). Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patientcontrol, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 661-671. doi: 10.1093/schbul/ sbs050 Waikamp, V., & Barcellos Serralta, F. (2018). Repercussions of trauma in childhood in psychopathology of adult life. Ciencias Psicológicas,12(1), 137-144. doi: 10.22235/cp.v12i1.1603 Walker, S. P., Wachs, T. D., Grantham-McGregor, S., Black, M. M., Nelson, C. A., Huffman, S. L.,…Richter, L. (2011). Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development. Lancet, 378(9799), 1325-1338. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60555-2 Wilker, S., Kleim, B., Geiling, A., Pfeiffer, A., Elbert, T., & Kolassa, I. T. (2017). Mental defeat and cumulative trauma experiences predict trauma-related psychopathology: Evidence from a postconflict population in Northern Uganda. Clinical Psychological Science, 5(6), 974-984. doi: 10.1177/2167702617719946 Zarrella, I., Russolillo, L. A., Caviglia, G., & Perrella, R. (2017). Continuity and discontinuity between psychopathology of childhood and adulthood: A review on retrospective and prospective studies. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 20(2), 101-109. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2017.248
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv	Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv	Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv	openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv	10
dc.coverage.temporal.spa.fl_str_mv	25 (1)
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv	Asociación Española de Psicología Clínica y Psicopatología y Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Psicología, Bucaramanga
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv	Psicología
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv	Bucaramanga
institution	Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv	https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/cbd77488-7c50-4610-92a3-a3c66e2d3ade/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/9c24df74-1a45-4a8e-a06e-b53a573f5b0e/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/6fadd3e7-94b4-454a-b48b-871068e082da/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/0bdfb9c3-eaf8-4e9b-a3d3-64a8e4092da5/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv	605eff4a18e194815a3b4490030977f4 3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45 c17a624c3a2eca168ca06fff88f8111b 7ee785d0bc63e99b22e37ab754f8e6f1
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv	MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv	bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_	1814247333627428864
spelling	Bedoya Cardona, Erika YohannaRuíz León, SaraCórdoba Baena, AlexanderRendón Ospina, Gabriel DavidRuíz Alvarez, Gabriel IgnacioGómez Palacio, Germán David25 (1)2020-05-29T15:08:00Z2020-05-29T15:08:00Z2020-042254-605710.5944/rppc.25786https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/17619Bedoya, Ruíz, Córdoba, Rendón, Ruíz & Gómez. (2020). Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 25(1), 69-79. doi: 10.5944/rppc.25786Estudio no experimental, transversal y correlacional, que busca analizar la relación entre eventos traumáticos y síntomas psicopatológicos en 286 estudiantes universitarios (76.6% mujeres y 23.4% hombres) entre 18 y 59 años (M = 24.03; DE. 7.14) mediante muestreo por conveniencia. Gran parte de la muestra no presentó ningún evento traumático y quienes si los presentaron manifestaron niveles de afectación neutra y/o algo negativa. Los eventos más frecuentes son muerte de un ser querido, robo o asalto, divorcio de los padres, ataque de nervios, fracaso escolar, rechazo o fracaso en una relación. Los eventos menos reportados son enfermedad grave o crónica, encarcelamiento o tortura, pérdida de un hijo o segundo matrimonio. En general la muestra presentó puntuaciones bajas en todas las dimensiones psicopatológicas. Todas las variables se relacionan de manera estadísticamente significativa, con lo cual se soporta la interacción entre eventos traumáticos y diversos síntomas psicopatológicos.A non-experimental, cross-sectional and correlational study that aims to analyze the relationship between traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in 286 university students (76.6% women and 23.4% men) between 18 and 59 years (M = 24.03; SD 7.14) by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. A large part of the sample did not present any traumatic event and those who presented them showed levels of neutral and/or negative affectation. The most frequent events are the death of a loved one, robbery or assault, divorce of the parents, nervous breakdown, school failure, rejection or failure in a relationship. The least reported events are severe or chronic illness, imprisonment or torture, loss of a child or second marriage. In general, the sample presented low scores in all the psychopathological dimensions. All the variables are related in a statistically significant way, which supports the interaction between traumatic events and various psychopathological symptoms.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000565822https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3398-8188https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000011621erika.bedoyac@campusucc.edu.cosara.ruizl@campusucc.edu.coalexander.cordobab@campusucc.edu.cogabriel.rendono@campusucc.edu.cogabriel.ruiza@campusucc.edu.cogerman.gomez@campusucc.edu.co10Asociación Española de Psicología Clínica y Psicopatología y Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED)Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Psicología, BucaramangaPsicologíaBucaramangahttp://revistas.uned.es/index.php/RPPC/issue/view/1402Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología ClínicaAas, M., Steen, N. E., Aminoff, S. R., Lorentzen, S., Sundet, K., Andreassen, O. A., & Melle, I. (2012). Is cognitive impairment following early life stress in severe mental disorders based on specific or general cognitive functioning? Psychiatry Research, 198(3), 495-500. doi: 10.1016/j. psychres.2011.12.045Agorastos, A., Pittman, J. O., Angkaw, A. C., Nievergelt, C. M., Hansen, C. J., Aversa, L. H.,… Baker, D. G. (2014). The cumulative effect of different childhood trauma types on selfreported symptoms of adult male depression and PTSD, substance abuse and health-related quality of life in a large active-duty military cohort. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 58, 46-54. doi: 10.1016/ j.jpsychires.014.07.014Alvarez, M. J., Roura, P., Oses, A., Foguet, Q., Sola, J., & Arrufat, F. X. (2011). Prevalence and clinical impact of childhood trauma in patients with severe mental disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199(3), 156-161. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31820c751c.American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi. org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596Asselmann, E., Wittchen, H. U., Lieb, R., & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2018) Sociodemographic, clinical, and functional long term outcomes in adolescents and young adults with mental disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 137, 6-17. doi: 10.1111/acps.12792Barzilay, R., Calkins, M., Moore, T., Wolf, D., Satterthwaite, T., Cobb Scott, J., . . . Gur, R. (2019). Association between traumatic stress load, psychopathology, and cognition in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Psychological Medicine, 49(2), 325-334. doi:10.1017/S0033291718000880Bedoya, E. (2015). El estilo de apego adulto como moderador de la asociación entre trauma y experiencias pseudo-psicóticas. Revista Estudios Sociohumanísticos. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad de Santander – UDES, 1, 47-60.Berzenski, S. R. & Yates, T. M. (2011). Classes and consequences of multiple maltreatment: a person-centered analysis. Child Maltreatment, 16, 250-261. doi:10.1177/1077559511428353Brietzke, E., Kauer-Sant’anna, M., Jackowski, A., Grassi-Oliveira, R., Bucker, J., Zugman, A.,…Affonseca Bressan, R. (2012). Impact of childhood stress on psychopathology. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 34, 480-488. doi: 10.1016/j. rbp.2012.04.009Carr, C. P., Martins, C. P., Stingel, A. M., Lembruber, V. B., & Juruena, M. F. (2013). The role of early life stress in adult psychiatric disorders: A systematic review according to childhood trauma subtypes. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(12), 1007-1020. doi:10.1097/ NMD.0000000000000049Chu, A. T. & Lieberman, A. F. (2010). Clinical implications of traumatic stress from birth to age five. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 469-494. doi: 10.1146/annurev. clinpsy.121208.131204Chu, D. A., Williams, L. M., Harris, A.W., Bryant, R. A., & Gatt, J. M. (2013). Early life trauma predicts self-reported levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms in nonclinical community adults: Relative contributions of early life stressor types and adult trauma exposure. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(1), 23-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.08.006.Daalman, K., Diederen, K., Derks, E., Van Lutterveld, R., Kahn, R., & Sommer, I. (2012). Childhood trauma and auditory verbal hallucinations. Psychological Medicine, 42(12), 2475- 2484. doi:10.1017/S0033291712000761Dell’Osso, L., Lorenzi, P., & Carpita, B. (2019). The neurodevelopmental continuum towards a neurodevelopmental gradient hypothesis. Journal of Psychopathology, 25,179-182Derogatis, L. R. (1977). SCL-90-R: Administration, Scoring & Procedures. Manual II. Clinical Psychometric Research.Etain, B., Lajnef, M., Henry, C., Aubin, V., Azorin, J. M., Bellivier, F.,…FACE-BD Clinical Coordinating Center (FondaMental Foundation). (2017). Childhood trauma, dimensions of psychopathology and the clinical expression of bipolar disorders: A pathway analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 95, 37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.013. hal-01760382Evans, G. W., Li, D., & Whipple, S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 1342– 1396. doi: 10.1037/a0031808Falukozi, E. & Addington, J. (2012). Impact of trauma on attenuated psychotic symptoms. Psychosis, 4(3), 203-212. Doi: 10.1080/17522439.2011.62686712Fink, D. S. & Galea, S. (2015). Life course epidemiology of trauma and related psychopathology in civilian populations. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(5), 566. doi:10.1007/s11920- 015-0566-0.Fischer, S., Dölitzsch, C., Schmeck, K., Fegert, J. M., & Schmida, M. (2016). Interpersonal trauma and associated psychopathology in girls and boys living in residential care. Children and Youth Services Review, 67, 203-211. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.06.013Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Fumero, A., Paino, M., de Miguel, A., Ortuño-Sierra, J., Lemos Giraldez, S., & Muñiz, J. (2014). Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire: New sources of validity evidence in college students. Psychiatry Research, 219, 214-220. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.054Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino, M., Lemos-Giráldez, S., & Muñiz, J. (2012). Validación de la Escala para la Evaluación Comunitaria de las Experiencias Psíquicas-42 (CAPE-42) en universitarios y pacientes con psicosis. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 40(4), 169-176Freeman, D., Thompson, C., Vorontsova, N., Dunn, G., Carter, L. A., Garety, P., . . . Ehlers, A. (2013). Paranoia and posttraumatic stress disorder in the months after a physical assault: A longitudinal study examining shared and differential predictors. Psychological Medicine, 43, 2673–2684. doi:10.1017/S003329171300038XGonzález de Rivera, J. L., Derogatis, L. R., de las Cuevas, C., Gracia Marco, R., Rodríguez-Pulido, F., Henry-Benitez, M., & Monterrey, A. L. (1989). The Spanish version of the CSL90-R. Normative data in the general population. Clinical Psychometric Research, TowsonGroen, R. N., Wichers, M., Wigman, J. T. W., & Hartman, C. A. (2019). Specificity of psychopathology across levels of severity: a transdiagnostic network analysis. Scientific Reports, 9, 18298. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54801-yHagan, M. J., Sulik, M. J., & Lieberman, A. F. (2016). Traumatic life events and psychopathology in a high risk, ethnically diverse sample of young children: A person-centered approach. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 833- 844. doi: 10.1007/s10802-015-0078-8Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence-From domestic to political terror. New York: Basic BooksHouston, J. E., Shevlin, M., Adamson, G., & Murphy, J. (2011). A person-centred approach to modelling population experiences of trauma and mental illness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(2), 149. doi: 10.1007/s00127-009-0176-4Karam, E. G., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E. D., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Petukhova, M.,… Koenen, K. C. (2014). Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12-month PTSD in the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Depression and Anxiety, 31(2), 130-142. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22169Kessler, R., McLaughlin, K., Green, J., Gruber, M., Sampson, N., Zaslavsky, A., . . . Williams, D. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(5), 378-385. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499Keyes, K. M., Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., McLaughlin, K. A., Wall, M. M., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2012). Childhood maltreatment and the structure of common psychiatric disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(2), 107-115. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093062.Keyes, K. M., McLaughlin, K. A., Demmer, R. T., Cerda, M., Koenen, K. C., Uddin, M., & Galea, S. (2013). Potentially traumatic events and the risk of six physical health conditions in a population-based sample. Depression and Anxiety, 30(5), 451-460. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22090Kira, I. A., Ashby, J. S., Odenat, L., & Lewandowsky, L. (2013). The mental health effects of torture trauma and its severity: A Replication and Extension. Psychology, 4(5), 472-482. doi:10.4236/psych.2013.45067Kira, I., Lewandowski, L., Templin, T., Ramaswamy, V., Ozkan, V., & Mohanesh, J. (2008). Measuring cumulative trauma dose, types, and profiles using a development-based taxonomy of traumas. Traumatology, 14(2), 62 – 87. doi:10.1177/1534765608319324Kleim, B., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2012). Investigating cognitive pathways to psychopathology: Predicting depression and posttraumatic stress disorder from early responses after assault. Psychological Trauma, 4, 527-537. doi:10.1037/ a0027006Landolt, M. A., Schnyder, U., Maier, T., Schoenbucher, V., & Mohler-Kuo, M. (2013). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents: A national survey in Switzerland. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(2), 209-216. doi:10.1002/jts.21794Lieberman, A., Chu, A., Van Horn, P., & Harris, W. (2011). Trauma in early childhood: Empirical evidence and clinical implications. Development and Psychopathology, 23(2), 397- 410. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000137Luoni, C., Agosti, M., Crugnola, S., Rossi, G., & Termine, C. (2018). Psychopathology, dissociation and somatic symptoms in adolescents who were exposed to traumatic experiences. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2390. doi: 10.3389/ fpsyg.2018.02390Mccrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2011). The impact of childhood maltreatment: a review of neurobiological and genetic factors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2, 1-14, doi: 10.3389/ fpsyt.2011.00048.McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Hill, E. D., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2013). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(8), 815–830. e14. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.011McLaughlin, K. A. & Lambert, H. K. (2017). Child trauma exposure and psychopathology: Mechanisms of risk and resilience. Current Opinion in Psychology, 14, 29-34. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.004.McLaughlin, K. A. & Sheridan, M. A. (2016). Beyond cumulative risk: A dimensional approach to childhood adversity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(4), 239–245. doi: 10.1177/0963721416655883McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014). Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 578-591. doi: 10.1016/j. neubiorev.2014.10.012Niwa, M., Jaaro-Peled, H., Tankou, S., Seshadri, S., Hikida, T., Matsumoto, Y., … Sawa, A. (2013). Adolescent stress–induced epigenetic control of dopaminergic neurons via glucocorticoids. Science, 339, 335-339. doi: 10.1126/ science.1226931.Ordóñez-Camblor, N., Lemos-Giráldez, S., Paino, M., FonsecaPedrero, E., García-Álvarez, L., y Pizarro-Ruiz, J. P. (2014). Relación entre psicosis y experiencias traumáticas tempranas. Anuario de Psicología/The UB Journal of Psychology, 44(3), 283-294Ordóñez-Camblor, N., Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino, M., GarcíaÁlvarez, L., Pizarro-Ruiz, J. P., y Lemos-Giráldez, S. (2016). Evaluación de experiencias traumáticas tempranas en adultos. Papeles del Psicólogo, 37(1), 36-44.Raine, A. (1991). The SPQ: A scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 555-564. doi:10.1093/ schbul/17.4.555Robles, M. E., Badosa, J. M., Roig, A., Pina, B., & Feixas Viaplana, G. (2009). La evaluación del estrés y del trauma: Presentación de la versión española de la escala de trauma acumulativo (CTS). Revista de Psicoterapia, 20(80), 89-104.Sala, R., Goldstein, B. I., Wang, S., & Blanco, C. (2014). Childhood maltreatment and the course of bipolar disorders among adults: Epidemiologic evidence of dose response effects. Journal of Affective Disorders, 165, 74-80. doi: 10.1016/ j.jad.2014.04.035Schauer, M., Neuner, F., & Elbert, T. (2011). Narrative Exposure Therapy. A short-term treatment for traumatic stress disorders. 2nd revised and expanded edition. Canadá: Hogrefe. ISBN 978-0-88937-388-4Seidenfaden, D., Knorr, U., Greisen Soendergaard, M., Enghusen Poulsen, H., Fink-Jensen, A., Balslev Jorgensen, M., & Jorgensen, A. (2017). The relationship between self-reported childhood adversities, adulthood psychopathology and psychological stress markers in patients with schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 72, 48-55. doi: 10.1016/j. comppsych.2016.09.009Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1982). Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado/Rasgo. Madrid: TEATran The, J. (2018). The Continuum between Normal and Pathological in Psychopathology: Freud, Canguilhem and Neurosciences. Research in Psychoanalysis, 26(2), 154-163. doi:10.3917/rep1.026.0154a.Trauelsen, A. M., Bendall, S., Jansen, J. E., Nielsen, H. L., Pedersen, M. B., Trier, C. H.,… Simonsen, E. (2015). Childhood adversity specificity and dose–response effect in non-affective first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 165, 52-59, doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.03.014Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L., & Field, A. P. (2012). A meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 122-138. doi:10.1016/j. cpr.2011.12.001Van Winkel, R., Van Nierop, M., Myin-Germeys, I., & van Os, J. (2013). Childhood trauma as a cause of psychosis: linking genes, psychology, and biology. Psychiatry, 58, 44-51. doi: 10.1177/070674371305800109Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W.,…Bentall, R. P. (2012). Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patientcontrol, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 661-671. doi: 10.1093/schbul/ sbs050Waikamp, V., & Barcellos Serralta, F. (2018). Repercussions of trauma in childhood in psychopathology of adult life. Ciencias Psicológicas,12(1), 137-144. doi: 10.22235/cp.v12i1.1603Walker, S. P., Wachs, T. D., Grantham-McGregor, S., Black, M. M., Nelson, C. A., Huffman, S. L.,…Richter, L. (2011). Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development. Lancet, 378(9799), 1325-1338. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60555-2Wilker, S., Kleim, B., Geiling, A., Pfeiffer, A., Elbert, T., & Kolassa, I. T. (2017). Mental defeat and cumulative trauma experiences predict trauma-related psychopathology: Evidence from a postconflict population in Northern Uganda. Clinical Psychological Science, 5(6), 974-984. doi: 10.1177/2167702617719946Zarrella, I., Russolillo, L. A., Caviglia, G., & Perrella, R. (2017). Continuity and discontinuity between psychopathology of childhood and adulthood: A review on retrospective and prospective studies. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 20(2), 101-109. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2017.248Eventos traumáticosSíntomas psicopatológicosAnsiedadEsquizotipiaEstudiantes universitariosTraumatic eventsPsychopathological symptomsAnxietySchizotypyUniversity studentsTraumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university studentsArtículoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleAtribución – No comercial – Sin Derivarinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2PublicationORIGINAL2020_trauma_psychop_students.pdf2020_trauma_psychop_students.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf598609https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/cbd77488-7c50-4610-92a3-a3c66e2d3ade/download605eff4a18e194815a3b4490030977f4MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84334https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/9c24df74-1a45-4a8e-a06e-b53a573f5b0e/download3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45MD52THUMBNAIL2020_trauma_psychop_students.pdf.jpg2020_trauma_psychop_students.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5452https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/6fadd3e7-94b4-454a-b48b-871068e082da/downloadc17a624c3a2eca168ca06fff88f8111bMD53TEXT2020_trauma_psychop_students.pdf.txt2020_trauma_psychop_students.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain49949https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/0bdfb9c3-eaf8-4e9b-a3d3-64a8e4092da5/download7ee785d0bc63e99b22e37ab754f8e6f1MD5420.500.12494/17619oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/176192024-08-10 09:34:27.558open.accesshttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.comVU5JVkVSU0lEQUQgQ09PUEVSQVRJVkEgREUgQ09MT01CSUEKUkVQT1NJVE9SSU9TIElOU1RJVFVDSU9OQUxFUwpMSUNFTkNJQSBERSBVU08KClBvciBtZWRpbyBkZWwgcHJlc2VudGUgZG9jdW1lbnRvLCBlbCBBdXRvcihlcyksIG1heW9yIChlcykgZGUgZWRhZCwgcXVpZW4gZW4gYWRlbGFudGUgc2UgZGVub21pbmFyw6EgZWwgQVVUT1IsIGNvbmZpZXJlIGEgbGEgVU5JVkVSU0lEQUQgQ09PUEVSQVRJVkEgREUgQ09MT01CSUEsIGNvbiBOSVQuIDg2MC0wMjk5MjQtNywgdW5hIExJQ0VOQ0lBIERFIFVTTyBkZSBvYnJhLCBiYWpvIGxhcyBzaWd1aWVudGVzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzLgoKQ0zDgVVTVUxBUwoKUFJJTUVSQS4gT2JqZXRvLiBFTCBBVVRPUiBwb3IgZXN0ZSBhY3RvIGF1dG9yaXphIGxhIHV0aWxpemFjacOzbiBkZSBsYSBvYnJhLCBkZSBjb25mb3JtaWRhZCBjb24gbG8gZXN0aXB1bGFkbyBhIGNvbnRpbnVhY2nDs246IAoKKGEpIFBhcmEgZWZlY3RvcyBkZSBsYSBwcmVzZW50ZSBsaWNlbmNpYSBzZSBhdXRvcml6YSBsYSByZXByb2R1Y2Npw7NuIGRlIGxhIG9icmEgYW50ZXJpb3JtZW50ZSBjaXRhZGEsIGxhIGN1YWwgc2UgYWxvamFyw6EgZW4gZm9ybWF0byBkaWdpdGFsIGVuIGxhcyBwbGF0YWZvcm1hcyBvIHJlcG9zaXRvcmlvcyBhZG1pbmlzdHJhZG9zIHBvciBsYSBVTklWRVJTSURBRCBvIGVuIG90cm8gdGlwbyBkZSByZXBvc2l0b3Jpb3MgZXh0ZXJub3MgbyBww6FnaW5hcyB3ZWIgZXNjb2dpZG9zIHBvciBsYSBVTklWRVJTSURBRCwgcGFyYSBmaW5lcyBkZSBkaWZ1c2nDs24geSBkaXZ1bGdhY2nDs24uIEFkaWNpb25hbG1lbnRlLCBzZSBhdXRvcml6YSBhIHF1ZSBsb3MgdXN1YXJpb3MgaW50ZXJub3MgeSBleHRlcm5vcyBkZSBkaWNoYXMgcGxhdGFmb3JtYXMgbyByZXBvc2l0b3Jpb3MgcmVwcm9kdXpjYW4gbyBkZXNjYXJndWVuIGxhIG9icmEsIHNpbiDDoW5pbW8gZGUgbHVjcm8sIHBhcmEgZmluZXMgcHJpdmFkb3MsIGVkdWNhdGl2b3MgbyBhY2Fkw6ltaWNvczsgc2llbXByZSB5IGN1YW5kbyBubyBzZSB2aW9sZW4gYWN1ZXJkb3MgY29uIGVkaXRvcmVzLCBwZXJpb2RvcyBkZSBlbWJhcmdvIG8gYWN1ZXJkb3MgZGUgY29uZmlkZW5jaWFsaWRhZCBxdWUgYXBsaXF1ZW4uCgooYikgU2UgYXV0b3JpemEgbGEgY29tdW5pY2FjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSB5IGxhIHB1ZXN0YSBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIG1lbmNpb25hZGEsIGVuIGFjY2VzbyBhYmllcnRvLCBwYXJhIHN1IHV0aWxpemFjacOzbiBlbiBsYXMgcGxhdGFmb3JtYXMgbyByZXBvc2l0b3Jpb3MgYWRtaW5pc3RyYWRvcyBwb3IgbGEgVU5JVkVSU0lEQUQuCgooYykgTG8gYW50ZXJpb3IgZXN0YXLDoSBzdWpldG8gYSBsYXMgZGVmaW5pY2lvbmVzIGNvbnRlbmlkYXMgZW4gbGEgRGVjaXNpw7NuIEFuZGluYSAzNTEgZGUgMTk5MyB5IGxhIExleSAyMyBkZSAxOTgyLgoKClNFR1VOREEuIE9yaWdpbmFsaWRhZCB5IHJlY2xhbWFjaW9uZXMuIEVsIEFVVE9SIGRlY2xhcmEgcXVlIGxhIE9CUkEgZXMgb3JpZ2luYWwgeSBxdWUgZXMgZGUgc3UgY3JlYWNpw7NuIGV4Y2x1c2l2YSwgbm8gZXhpc3RpZW5kbyBpbXBlZGltZW50byBkZSBjdWFscXVpZXIgbmF0dXJhbGV6YSAoZW1iYXJnb3MsIHVzbyBkZSBtYXRlcmlhbCBwcm90ZWdpZG8gcG9yIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yKSBwYXJhIGxhIGNvbmNlc2nDs24gZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIHByZXZpc3RvcyBlbiBlc3RlIGFjdWVyZG8uIEVsIEFVVE9SIHJlc3BvbmRlcsOhIHBvciBjdWFscXVpZXIgYWNjacOzbiBkZSByZWl2aW5kaWNhY2nDs24sIHBsYWdpbyB1IG90cmEgY2xhc2UgZGUgcmVjbGFtYWNpw7NuIHF1ZSBhbCByZXNwZWN0byBwdWRpZXJhIHNvYnJldmVuaXIuCgpURVJDRVJBLiBDb250cmFwcmVzdGFjacOzbi4gRWwgQVVUT1IgYXV0b3JpemEgYSBxdWUgc3Ugb2JyYSBzZWEgdXRpbGl6YWRhIGRlIGNvbmZvcm1pZGFkIGNvbiBsYSBjbMOhdXN1bGEgUFJJTUVSQSBkZSBmb3JtYSBncmF0dWl0YSwgZXMgZGVjaXIsIHF1ZSBsYSB1dGlsaXphY2nDs24gZGUgbGEgbWlzbWEgbm8gZ2VuZXJhIG5pbmfDum4gcGFnbyBvIHJlZ2Fsw61hcyBlbiBmYXZvciBkZSBlc3RlLgoKQ1VBUlRBLiBUaXR1bGFyaWRhZCBkZSBkZXJlY2hvcy4gRWwgcHJlc2VudGUgY29udHJhdG8gbm8gdHJhbnNmaWVyZSBsYSB0aXR1bGFyaWRhZCBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWxlcyBzb2JyZSBsYXMgb2JyYXMgYW50ZXJpb3JtZW50ZSBtZW5jaW9uYWRhcyBhIGxhIFVOSVZFUlNJREFELiDDmm5pY2FtZW50ZSBoYWNlIHJlbGFjacOzbiBhIHVuYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBubyBleGNsdXNpdmEgZW4gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyB5IGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGFudGVyaW9ybWVudGUgcGFjdGFkb3MuCgpRVUlOVEEuIENyw6lkaXRvcy4gTGEgVU5JVkVSU0lEQUQgc2UgY29tcHJvbWV0ZSBhIGRhciBhbCBBVVRPUiwgZWwgcmVjb25vY2ltaWVudG8gZGVudHJvIGNhZGEgZm9ybWEgZGUgdXRpbGl6YWNpw7NuIGVuIGxhIG9icmEuIExvcyBjcsOpZGl0b3MgZGViZW4gZmlndXJhciBlbiBjYWRhIHVubyBkZSBsb3MgZm9ybWF0b3MgbyByZWdpc3Ryb3MgZGUgcHVibGljYWNpw7NuLiBObyBjb25zdGl0dWlyw6EgdW5hIHZpb2xhY2nDs24gYSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgbW9yYWxlcyBkZWwgYXV0b3IgbGEgbm8gcmVwcm9kdWNjacOzbiwgY29tdW5pY2FjacOzbiBvIGRlbcOhcyB1dGlsaXphY2lvbmVzIGRlIGxhIG9icmEuIExhIHV0aWxpemFjacOzbiBvIG5vIGRlIGxhIG9icmEsIGFzw60gY29tbyBzdSBmb3JtYSBkZSB1dGlsaXphY2nDs24gc2Vyw6EgZmFjdWx0YWQgZXhjbHVzaXZhIGRlIGxhIFVOSVZFUlNJREFELgogClNFWFRBLiBEdXJhY2nDs24geSB0ZXJyaXRvcmlvLiBMYSBwcmVzZW50ZSBsaWNlbmNpYSBkZSB1c28gcXVlIHNlIG90b3JnYSBhIGZhdm9yIGRlIGxhIFVOSVZFUlNJREFEIHRlbmRyw6EgdW5hIGR1cmFjacOzbiBlcXVpdmFsZW50ZSBhbCB0w6lybWlubyBkZSBwcm90ZWNjacOzbiBsZWdhbCBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIHkgcGFyYSB0b2RvcyBsb3MgcGHDrXNlcyBkZWwgbXVuZG8uCgpTw4lQVElNQS4gVXNvIGRlIENyZWF0aXZlIENvbW1vbnMuIEVsIEFVVE9SIGF1dG9yaXphcsOhIGxhIGRpZnVzacOzbiBkZSBzdSBjb250ZW5pZG8gYmFqbyB1bmEgbGljZW5jaWEgQ3JlYXRpdmUgQ29tbW9ucyBhdHJpYnVjacOzbiA0LjAgaW50ZXJuYWNpb25hbCwgcXVlIGRlYmVyw6EgaW5jbHVpcnNlIGVuIGVsIGNvbnRlbmlkby4gCgpPQ1RBVkEuIERlcmVjaG8gZGUgZXhjbHVzacOzbi4gQ2FkYSBhdXRvciBwdWVkZSBpbmRpY2FyIGVuIGVsIG1vbWVudG8gZGUgZGVww7NzaXRvIGRlbCBjb250ZW5pZG8gcXVlIGVsIHRleHRvIGNvbXBsZXRvIGRlIGxhIHByb2R1Y2Npw7NuIGFjYWTDqW1pY2EgbyBjaWVudMOtZmljYSBubyBlc3RlIGNvbiBhY2Nlc28gYWJpZXJ0byBlbiBlbCBSZXBvc2l0b3JpbyBJbnN0aXR1Y2lvbmFsIHBvciBtb3Rpdm9zIGRlIGNvbmZpZGVuY2lhbGlkYWQsIHBvcnF1ZSBzZSBlbmN1ZW50cmUgZW4gdsOtYXMgZGUgb2J0ZW5lciB1biBkZXJlY2hvIGRlIHByb3BpZWRhZCBpbmR1c3RyaWFsIG8gZXhpc3RpciBhY3VlcmRvcyBwcmV2aW9zIGNvbiB0ZXJjZXJvcyAoZWRpdG9yaWFsZXMsIHJldmlzdGFzIGNpZW50w61maWNhcywgb3RyYXMgaW5zdGl0dWNpb25lcykuIEVsIGF1dG9yIHNlIGNvbXByb21ldGUgYSBkZXBvc2l0YXIgbG9zIG1ldGFkYXRvcyBlIGluZm9ybWFyIGVsIHRpZW1wbyBkZSBlbWJhcmdvIGR1cmFudGUgZWwgY3VhbCBlbCB0ZXh0byBjb21wbGV0byB0ZW5kcsOhIGFjY2VzbyByZXN0cmluZ2lkby4gCgpOT1ZFTkEuIEVsIEFVVE9SIGFsIGFjZXB0YXIgZXN0YSBsaWNlbmNpYSBhZHVjZSBxdWUgZXN0YSBwcm9kdWNjacOzbiBzZSBkZXNhcnJvbGzDsyBlbiBlbCBwZXJpb2RvIGVuIHF1ZSBzZSBlbmN1ZW50cmEgY29uIHbDrW5jdWxvcyBjb24gTGEgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWQuCgpEw4lDSU1BLiBOb3JtYXMgYXBsaWNhYmxlcy4gUGFyYSBsYSBpbnRlcnByZXRhY2nDs24geSBjdW1wbGltaWVudG8gZGVsIHByZXNlbnRlIGFjdWVyZG8gbGFzIHBhcnRlcyBzZSBzb21ldGVuIGEgbGEgRGVjaXNpw7NuIEFuZGluYSAzNTEgZGUgMTk5MywgbGEgTGV5IDIzIGRlIDE5ODIgeSBkZW3DoXMgbm9ybWFzIGFwbGljYWJsZXMgZGUgQ29sb21iaWEuIEFkZW3DoXMsIGEgbGFzIG5vcm1hcyBJbnN0aXR1Y2lvbmFsZXMgcXVlIGFwbGlxdWVuLgoKTGEgcHJlc2VudGUgbGljZW5jaWEgc2UgYXV0b3JpemEgZW4gbGEgZmVjaGEgZGUgcHVibGljYWNpw7NuIGVuIGxvcyByZXBvc2l0b3Jpb3MgaW5zdGl0dWNpb25hbGVzLgo=

Traumatic events and psychopathological symptoms in university students

Publicaciones similares