Factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente: Metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles
Fundamentos: En la literatura científica mundial no se han metanalizado investigaciones analíticas en tuberculosis. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis con resistencia a medicamentos y meta-analizar la relación causal del uso previo de antibi...
- Autores:
-
Higuita Gutiérrez, Luis Felipe
Arango Franco, Carlos Andrés
Cardona Arias, Jaiberth Antonio
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2018
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
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- Repositorio UCC
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- OAI Identifier:
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- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/16147
- Palabra clave:
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Antibióticos antituberculosos
Farmacorresistencia microbian
Estudios de Casos y Controles
Metanálisis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Antibiotics antitubercular
Drug resistance
Microbial
Case-Control Studies
Meta-Analysis
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución
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Factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente: Metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles |
| title |
Factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente: Metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles |
| spellingShingle |
Factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente: Metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antibióticos antituberculosos Farmacorresistencia microbian Estudios de Casos y Controles Metanálisis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antibiotics antitubercular Drug resistance Microbial Case-Control Studies Meta-Analysis |
| title_short |
Factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente: Metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles |
| title_full |
Factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente: Metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles |
| title_fullStr |
Factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente: Metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente: Metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles |
| title_sort |
Factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente: Metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Higuita Gutiérrez, Luis Felipe Arango Franco, Carlos Andrés Cardona Arias, Jaiberth Antonio |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Higuita Gutiérrez, Luis Felipe Arango Franco, Carlos Andrés Cardona Arias, Jaiberth Antonio |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antibióticos antituberculosos Farmacorresistencia microbian Estudios de Casos y Controles Metanálisis |
| topic |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antibióticos antituberculosos Farmacorresistencia microbian Estudios de Casos y Controles Metanálisis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antibiotics antitubercular Drug resistance Microbial Case-Control Studies Meta-Analysis |
| dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antibiotics antitubercular Drug resistance Microbial Case-Control Studies Meta-Analysis |
| description |
Fundamentos: En la literatura científica mundial no se han metanalizado investigaciones analíticas en tuberculosis. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis con resistencia a medicamentos y meta-analizar la relación causal del uso previo de antibióticos. Métodos: Revisión sistemática con metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles, en cinco bases de datos. Se aplicó un protocolo de búsqueda y selección ex ante, exhaustivo y reproducible; con criterios de inclusión, exclusión y evaluación de calidad metodológica. Se realizó síntesis cualitativa de los artículos y cuantitativa para los estudios que evaluaron el consumo previo de antibióticos. Se cumplió la guía PRISMA y se realizó metanálisis de efectos aleatorios para las razones de odds, con análisis de Galbraith, Funelt Plot, Forest plot y análisis de sensibilidad. Resultados: Se incluyeron 36 artículos para la síntesis cualitativa y 16 en el metanálisis. Se encontró una amplia heterogeneidad en los factores de riesgo que incluyen características sociodemográficas como edad, sexo, escolaridad, ocupación y estar en prisión; clínicas como contacto con infectados, ausencia vacuna con BCG, hospitalización, comorbilidades crónicas, malnutrición, coinfección por VIH; y variables microbiológicas como infección por genotipo Beijing y adherencia terapéutica. En los estudios que evaluaron el consumo de antibióticos se estudiaron 1880 casos y 5291 controles, la mayoría con moderada o baja calidad metodológica, con una medida combinada que evidencia que la odds de desarrollar resistencia en quienes presentan consumo previo de antibióticos es 12 (IC95%= 6,0-23,7) veces la hallada para los no expuestos, en la meta-regresión la odds fue 16,6 (IC95%=4,1-67,8) para los estudios de calidad moderada y 5,0 (IC95%=2,9- 8,7) para los de alta calidad metodológica. Conclusión: En este metanálisis se evidenció la asociación causal fuerte entre el uso previo de antibióticos antituberculosos y la infección por Micobacterium tuberculosis resistente a los fármacos. |
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2018 |
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2018-09-07 |
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2020-01-20T21:14:25Z |
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2020-01-20T21:14:25Z |
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Artículo |
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Higuita-Gutiérrez LF, Arango-Franco CA, Cardona-Arias JA. Factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente: Metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles. Rev Esp Salud Pública.2018;92:7 de septiembre e201809067 |
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1135-5727 Higuita-Gutiérrez LF, Arango-Franco CA, Cardona-Arias JA. Factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente: Metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles. Rev Esp Salud Pública.2018;92:7 de septiembre e201809067 |
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Revista Española de Salud Pública |
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World Health Organization. Global tuberulosis report [Internet]. 2016 [cited March 4, 2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/. World Health Organization. Estrategia Fin a la TB: objetivos e indicadores. [Internet]. 2016 [cited marzo 2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/strategy/ end-tb/es/ World Health Organization. Drug-resistant TB Surveillance and Response [Internet]. 2014 [cited marzo 2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/gtbr14_supplement_web_v3.pdf Frieden TR, Sterling T, Pablos-Mendez A, et al.. The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in New York City. The New England journal of medicine. 1993;328(8):521-6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs--worldwide, 2000- 2004. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2006;55(11):301-5. Velayati AA, Masjedi MR, Farnia P, et al. Emergence of new forms of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli: super extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or totally drug-resistant strains in iran. Chest. 2009;136(2):420-5. Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani KK, et al. Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis in India. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2012;54(4):579-81. Fox GJ, Barry SE, Britton WJ, et al. Contact investigation for tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The European respiratory journal. 2013;41(1):140-56. Suchindran S, Brouwer ES, Van Rie A. Is HIV Infection a Risk Factor for Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis? A Systematic Review. PloS one. 2009;4(5):e5561. Biadglegne F, Rodloff AC, Sack U. Review of the prevalence and drug resistance of tuberculosis in prisons: a hidden epidemic. Epidemiology and infection. 2015;143(5):887-900. Rifat M, Milton AH, Hall J, et al. Development of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh: a case-control study on risk factors. PloS one. 2014;9(8):e105214. Brewer TF, Choi HW, Seas C, et al. Self-reported risks for multiple-drug resistance among new tuberculosis cases: implications for drug susceptibility screening and treatment. PloS one. 2011;6(10):e25861. Cardona Arias J, Higuita-Gutierrez,LF, Rios Osorio LA Revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura científica. Colombia. Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2016. Faustini A, Hall AJ, Perucci CA. Risk factors for multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Europe: a systematic review. Thorax. 2006;61(2):158-63. Zhao P, Li XJ, Zhang SF, et al. Social behaviour risk factors for drug resistant tuberculosis in mainland China: a meta-analysis. The Journal of international medical research. 2012;40(2):436-45. Berhan A, Berhan Y, Yizengaw D. A meta-analysis of drug resistant tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan Africa: how strongly associated with previous treatment and HIV co-infection? Ethiopian journal of health sciences. 2013;23(3):271-82. Álvarez-Martínez H, Pérez-Campos E. Causalidad en medicina. Gaceta médica de México. 2004;140:467-72. Bradford Hill A. Ambiente y enfermedad: ¿Asociación o causación? Revista Cubana de Salud Pública. 2008;34(2). Casal M, Vaquero M, Rinder H, et al. A case-control study for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: risk factors in four European countries. Microbial drug resistance. 2005;11(1):62-7. Ahmad AM, Akhtar S, Hasan R, et al. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in urban Pakistan: A multicenter case-control study. International journal of mycobacteriology. 2012;1(3):137-42. Mulu W, Mekonnen D, Yimer M, et al. Risk factors for multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients in Amhara National Regional State. African Health Sciences. 2015;15(2):368-77. Ignatyeva O, Balabanova Y, Nikolayevskyy V, et al. Resistance profile and risk factors of drug resistant tuberculosis in the Baltic countries. Tuberculosis. 2015;95(5):581-8. Fischl MA, Uttamchandani RB, Daikos GL, et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis caused by multiple-drug-resistant tubercle bacilli among patients with hiv infection. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992;117(3):177-83. Balaji V, Daley P, Anand AA, et al. Risk factors for MDR and XDR-TB in a tertiary referral hospital in India. PloS one. 2010;5(3):e9527. Souza MBd, Antunes CMdF, Garcia GF. Perfil de sensibilidade e fatores de risco associados à resistência do Mycobacterium tuberculosis, em centro de referência de doenças infecto-contagiosas de Minas Gerais. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 2006;32:430-7. El Mahalli AA, Al-Qahtani MF. Predictors of drug resistance in tuberculosis patients in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association. 2015;90(1):24-8. Flora MS, Amin MN, Karim MR, et al. Risk factors of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis in Bangladeshi population: a case control study. Bangladesh Medical Research Council bulletin. 2013;39(1):34-41. Li XX, Lu W, Zu RQ, et al. Comparing risk factors for primary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and primary drug-susceptible tuberculosis in Jiangsu province, China: a matched-pairs case-control study. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2015;92(2):280-5. Mohd Shariff N, Shah SA, Kamaludin F. Previous treatment, sputum-smear nonconversion, and suburban living: The risk factors of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among Malaysians. International journal of mycobacteriology. 2016;5(1):51-8. Li W-B, Zhang Y-Q, Xing J, et al. Factors associated with primary transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis compared with healthy controls in Henan Province, China. Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 2015;4:14. doi:10.1186/s40249-015-0045-1. Maguire H, Brailsford S, Carless J, et al. Large outbreak of isoniazid-monoresistant tuberculosis in London, 1995 to 2006: case-control study and recommendations. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. 2011;16(13). Law WS, Yew WW, Chiu Leung C, et al. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Hong Kong. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2008;12(9):1065-70. Diande S, Sangare L, Kouanda S, et al. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in four centers in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Microbial drug resistance. 2009;15(3):217-21. Ávalos Rodríguez AC, Imán Izquierdo FJC, Virú Loza MA, et al. Factores asociados a tuberculosis multidrogorresistente primaria en pacientes de Callao, Perú. Anales de la Facultad de Medicina. 2014; 75(3):233-236 Andrews JR, Shah NS, Weissman D, et al. Predictors of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence community. PloS one. 2010;5(12):e15735. Elmi OS, Hasan H, Abdullah S, et al. Multidrugresistant tuberculosis and risk factors associated with its development: a retrospective study. Journal of infection in developing countries. 2015;9(10):1076-85. Gomez-Gomez A, Magana-Aquino M, Lopez-Meza S, et al. Diabetes and Other Risk Factors for Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis in a Mexican Population with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Case Control Study. Archives of medical research. 2015;46(2):142-8. Barroso EC, Mota RMS, Oliveira ACM, et al. Papel da tuberculose domiciliar no surgimento da tuberculose multirresistente. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 2004;30:46-52 Zhang C, Wang Y, Shi G, et al. Determinants of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Henan province in China: a case control study. BMC Public Health. 2015;16:42. Ricks PM, Mavhunga F, Modi S, et al. Characteristics of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Namibia. BMC infectious diseases. 2012;12:385. Pearson ML, Jereb JA, Frieden TR, et al. Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A risk to patients and health care workers. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117(3):191-6. Hirpa S, Medhin G, Girma B, et al. Determinants of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in patients who underwent first-line treatment in Addis Ababa: a case control study. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:782. Pritchard AJ, Hayward AC, Monk PN, et al. Risk factors for drug resistant tuberculosis in Leicestershire--poor adherence to treatment remains an important cause of resistance. Epidemiology and infection. 2003;130(3):481-3. Chen S, Huai P, Wang X, et al. Risk factors for multidrug resistance among previously treated patients with tuberculosis in eastern China: a case-control study. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2013;17(12):e1116-20. Clark CM, Li J, Driver CR, et al. Risk factors for drug-resistant tuberculosis among non-US-born persons in New York City. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2005;9(9):964-9. Nodieva A, Jansone I, Broka L, et al. Recent nosocomial transmission and genotypes of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2010;14(4):427-33. Smith T, Wolff KA, Nguyen L. Molecular biology of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Current topics in microbiology and immunology. 2013;374:53-80. Karumbi J, Garner P. Directly observed therapy for treating tuberculosis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. (5):1-56. Cohen T, Sommers B, Murray M. The effect of drug resistance on the fitness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Lancet Infectious diseases. 2003;3(1):13-21. Merker M, Blin C, Mona S, et al. Evolutionary history and global spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage. Nature genetics. 2015;47(3):242-9. Vaquero M, Gutierrez J, Casal MJ. Methodology of case-control studies in the epidemiology of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Revista espanola de quimioterapia: publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia. 2000;13(1):20-30. Cardona-Arias JA. Ortodoxia y fisuras en el diseño y ejecución de estudios descriptivos. Revista Med; 2015; 23(1):40-51. |
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Higuita Gutiérrez, Luis FelipeArango Franco, Carlos AndrésCardona Arias, Jaiberth Antonio92(7)2020-01-20T21:14:25Z2020-01-20T21:14:25Z2018-09-071135-5727https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/16147Higuita-Gutiérrez LF, Arango-Franco CA, Cardona-Arias JA. Factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente: Metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles. Rev Esp Salud Pública.2018;92:7 de septiembre e201809067Fundamentos: En la literatura científica mundial no se han metanalizado investigaciones analíticas en tuberculosis. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar factores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis con resistencia a medicamentos y meta-analizar la relación causal del uso previo de antibióticos. Métodos: Revisión sistemática con metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles, en cinco bases de datos. Se aplicó un protocolo de búsqueda y selección ex ante, exhaustivo y reproducible; con criterios de inclusión, exclusión y evaluación de calidad metodológica. Se realizó síntesis cualitativa de los artículos y cuantitativa para los estudios que evaluaron el consumo previo de antibióticos. Se cumplió la guía PRISMA y se realizó metanálisis de efectos aleatorios para las razones de odds, con análisis de Galbraith, Funelt Plot, Forest plot y análisis de sensibilidad. Resultados: Se incluyeron 36 artículos para la síntesis cualitativa y 16 en el metanálisis. Se encontró una amplia heterogeneidad en los factores de riesgo que incluyen características sociodemográficas como edad, sexo, escolaridad, ocupación y estar en prisión; clínicas como contacto con infectados, ausencia vacuna con BCG, hospitalización, comorbilidades crónicas, malnutrición, coinfección por VIH; y variables microbiológicas como infección por genotipo Beijing y adherencia terapéutica. En los estudios que evaluaron el consumo de antibióticos se estudiaron 1880 casos y 5291 controles, la mayoría con moderada o baja calidad metodológica, con una medida combinada que evidencia que la odds de desarrollar resistencia en quienes presentan consumo previo de antibióticos es 12 (IC95%= 6,0-23,7) veces la hallada para los no expuestos, en la meta-regresión la odds fue 16,6 (IC95%=4,1-67,8) para los estudios de calidad moderada y 5,0 (IC95%=2,9- 8,7) para los de alta calidad metodológica. Conclusión: En este metanálisis se evidenció la asociación causal fuerte entre el uso previo de antibióticos antituberculosos y la infección por Micobacterium tuberculosis resistente a los fármacos.Background: In the world scientific literature, analytical research on tuberculosis has not been meta-analyzed. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for tuberculosis infection with drug resistance and meta-analyze the causal relationship of prior antibiotic use. Methods: Systematic review with meta-analysis of case-control studies, in five databases. An ex ante, exhaustive and reproducible protocol of search and selection was applied; with criteria of inclusion, exclusion and evaluation of methodological quality. Were performed a qualitative and quantitative synthesis of the articles that evaluated the previous consumption of antibiotics. The PRISMA guide applied and a meta-analysis of random effects was performed for the odds ratios, with analysis of Galbraith, Funelt Plot, Forest plot and sensitivity analysis. Results: We included 36 articles for the qualitative synthesis and 16 in the meta-analysis. We found a wide heterogeneity in the risk factors that include sociodemographic characteristics such as age, sex, schooling, occupation and prison; Clinics as contact with infected, absence of BCG vaccine, hospitalization, chronic comorbidities, malnutrition, HIV coinfection; And microbiological variables such as infection by Beijing genotype and therapeutic adherence. In the studies that evaluated previous consumption of antibiotic, 1880 cases and 5291 controls were studied, most with moderate or low methodological quality, with a combined measure that shows that the odds of developing resistance in patients with previous antibiotic use are 12 (95% = 6.0-23.7) times found for the non-exposed, in the meta-regression the odds were 16.6 (95% CI = 4.1-67.8) for the moderate quality studies and 5.0 (95% CI = 2.9, 8.7) for those with high methodological quality Conclusion: this meta-analysis revealed a strong causal association between the prior use of anti-tuberculosis antibiotics and drug-resistant Micobacterium tuberculosis infection.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001501791http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001349630https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1361-3124http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7101-929Xhttps://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000011355luis.higuita@campusucc.edu.co2-13Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina, Medellín y EnvigadoMedicinaMedellínhttp://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/resp/v92/1135-5727-resp-92-e201809067.pdfRevista Española de Salud PúblicaWorld Health Organization. Global tuberulosis report [Internet]. 2016 [cited March 4, 2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/.World Health Organization. Estrategia Fin a la TB: objetivos e indicadores. [Internet]. 2016 [cited marzo 2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/strategy/ end-tb/es/World Health Organization. Drug-resistant TB Surveillance and Response [Internet]. 2014 [cited marzo 2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/gtbr14_supplement_web_v3.pdfFrieden TR, Sterling T, Pablos-Mendez A, et al.. The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in New York City. The New England journal of medicine. 1993;328(8):521-6.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs--worldwide, 2000- 2004. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2006;55(11):301-5.Velayati AA, Masjedi MR, Farnia P, et al. Emergence of new forms of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli: super extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or totally drug-resistant strains in iran. Chest. 2009;136(2):420-5.Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani KK, et al. Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis in India. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2012;54(4):579-81.Fox GJ, Barry SE, Britton WJ, et al. Contact investigation for tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The European respiratory journal. 2013;41(1):140-56.Suchindran S, Brouwer ES, Van Rie A. Is HIV Infection a Risk Factor for Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis? A Systematic Review. PloS one. 2009;4(5):e5561.Biadglegne F, Rodloff AC, Sack U. Review of the prevalence and drug resistance of tuberculosis in prisons: a hidden epidemic. Epidemiology and infection. 2015;143(5):887-900.Rifat M, Milton AH, Hall J, et al. Development of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh: a case-control study on risk factors. PloS one. 2014;9(8):e105214.Brewer TF, Choi HW, Seas C, et al. Self-reported risks for multiple-drug resistance among new tuberculosis cases: implications for drug susceptibility screening and treatment. PloS one. 2011;6(10):e25861.Cardona Arias J, Higuita-Gutierrez,LF, Rios Osorio LA Revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura científica. Colombia. Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2016.Faustini A, Hall AJ, Perucci CA. Risk factors for multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Europe: a systematic review. Thorax. 2006;61(2):158-63.Zhao P, Li XJ, Zhang SF, et al. Social behaviour risk factors for drug resistant tuberculosis in mainland China: a meta-analysis. The Journal of international medical research. 2012;40(2):436-45.Berhan A, Berhan Y, Yizengaw D. A meta-analysis of drug resistant tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan Africa: how strongly associated with previous treatment and HIV co-infection? 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Bangladesh Medical Research Council bulletin. 2013;39(1):34-41.Li XX, Lu W, Zu RQ, et al. Comparing risk factors for primary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and primary drug-susceptible tuberculosis in Jiangsu province, China: a matched-pairs case-control study. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2015;92(2):280-5.Mohd Shariff N, Shah SA, Kamaludin F. Previous treatment, sputum-smear nonconversion, and suburban living: The risk factors of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among Malaysians. International journal of mycobacteriology. 2016;5(1):51-8.Li W-B, Zhang Y-Q, Xing J, et al. Factors associated with primary transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis compared with healthy controls in Henan Province, China. Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 2015;4:14. doi:10.1186/s40249-015-0045-1.Maguire H, Brailsford S, Carless J, et al. Large outbreak of isoniazid-monoresistant tuberculosis in London, 1995 to 2006: case-control study and recommendations. 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Multidrugresistant tuberculosis and risk factors associated with its development: a retrospective study. Journal of infection in developing countries. 2015;9(10):1076-85.Gomez-Gomez A, Magana-Aquino M, Lopez-Meza S, et al. Diabetes and Other Risk Factors for Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis in a Mexican Population with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Case Control Study. Archives of medical research. 2015;46(2):142-8.Barroso EC, Mota RMS, Oliveira ACM, et al. Papel da tuberculose domiciliar no surgimento da tuberculose multirresistente. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 2004;30:46-52Zhang C, Wang Y, Shi G, et al. Determinants of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Henan province in China: a case control study. BMC Public Health. 2015;16:42.Ricks PM, Mavhunga F, Modi S, et al. Characteristics of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Namibia. BMC infectious diseases. 2012;12:385.Pearson ML, Jereb JA, Frieden TR, et al. Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 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The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2005;9(9):964-9.Nodieva A, Jansone I, Broka L, et al. Recent nosocomial transmission and genotypes of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2010;14(4):427-33.Smith T, Wolff KA, Nguyen L. Molecular biology of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Current topics in microbiology and immunology. 2013;374:53-80.Karumbi J, Garner P. Directly observed therapy for treating tuberculosis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. (5):1-56.Cohen T, Sommers B, Murray M. The effect of drug resistance on the fitness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Lancet Infectious diseases. 2003;3(1):13-21.Merker M, Blin C, Mona S, et al. Evolutionary history and global spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage. Nature genetics. 2015;47(3):242-9.Vaquero M, Gutierrez J, Casal MJ. Methodology of case-control studies in the epidemiology of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Revista espanola de quimioterapia: publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia. 2000;13(1):20-30.Cardona-Arias JA. Ortodoxia y fisuras en el diseño y ejecución de estudios descriptivos. Revista Med; 2015; 23(1):40-51.Mycobacterium tuberculosisAntibióticos antituberculososFarmacorresistencia microbianEstudios de Casos y ControlesMetanálisisMycobacterium tuberculosisAntibiotics antitubercularDrug resistanceMicrobialCase-Control StudiesMeta-AnalysisFactores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente: Metanálisis de estudios de casos y controlesArtículohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAtribucióninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2PublicationORIGINALFactores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente Metanálisis de estudios de casos y controles.pdfFactores de riesgo para la infección por tuberculosis resistente Metanálisis de estudios de casos y 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