Pruebas diagnósticas para el virus de inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF)

La inmunodeficiencia felina, es una enfermedad infecciosa que afecta exclusivamente a los felinos, causada por un Retrovirus, del género Lentivirus, que se presenta en la mayoría de los casos con signos o síntomas no específicos, no patognomónicos y adicional a esto, algunos pacientes pueden llegar...

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Autores:
Núñez Bocanegra, Lizeth Daniela
Mejía Guzmán, Laura Alexandra
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UCC
Idioma:
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/34850
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/34850
Palabra clave:
Virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina,
VIF
diagnóstico
ELISA
PCR
IFA
RIPA
TG 2021 MVZ 34850
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openAccess
License
Atribución – Compartir igual
id COOPER2_56352ee1cdf6f3aa4ec2debaf3598a77
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/34850
network_acronym_str COOPER2
network_name_str Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Pruebas diagnósticas para el virus de inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF)
title Pruebas diagnósticas para el virus de inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF)
spellingShingle Pruebas diagnósticas para el virus de inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF)
Virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina,
VIF
diagnóstico
ELISA
PCR
IFA
RIPA
TG 2021 MVZ 34850
title_short Pruebas diagnósticas para el virus de inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF)
title_full Pruebas diagnósticas para el virus de inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF)
title_fullStr Pruebas diagnósticas para el virus de inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF)
title_full_unstemmed Pruebas diagnósticas para el virus de inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF)
title_sort Pruebas diagnósticas para el virus de inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF)
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Núñez Bocanegra, Lizeth Daniela
Mejía Guzmán, Laura Alexandra
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Padilla Barreto, Mónica Yamile
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Núñez Bocanegra, Lizeth Daniela
Mejía Guzmán, Laura Alexandra
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina,
VIF
diagnóstico
ELISA
PCR
IFA
RIPA
topic Virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina,
VIF
diagnóstico
ELISA
PCR
IFA
RIPA
TG 2021 MVZ 34850
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv TG 2021 MVZ 34850
description La inmunodeficiencia felina, es una enfermedad infecciosa que afecta exclusivamente a los felinos, causada por un Retrovirus, del género Lentivirus, que se presenta en la mayoría de los casos con signos o síntomas no específicos, no patognomónicos y adicional a esto, algunos pacientes pueden llegar a ser sub clínicos, lo que conlleva a la necesidad de realizar pruebas diagnósticas para confirmar o descartar la presencia de VIF en un paciente sospechoso o aparentemente sano. Al detectar oportunamente la enfermedad en un paciente, se podrían establecer estrategias terapéuticas y de manejo que ayuden a mejorar la calidad de vida del animal y disminuir la probabilidad de contagio a la población circulante. En este documento se exponen las diferentes pruebas diagnósticas que se utilizan en la actualidad para detectar el VIF, las cuales son: ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA), reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), prueba de inmunofluorescencia (IFA) y Técnica de radio inmunoprecipitación (RIPA).
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-06-29T17:26:51Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-06-29T17:26:51Z
2021-06-27
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-06-28
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/34850
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv Núñez Bocanegra, L. D. y Mejía Guzmán, L. A. (2021). Pruebas diagnósticas para el virus de inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF). [tesis de Pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/34850
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/34850
identifier_str_mv Núñez Bocanegra, L. D. y Mejía Guzmán, L. A. (2021). Pruebas diagnósticas para el virus de inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF). [tesis de Pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/34850
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Miller C, Abdo Z, Ericsson A, Elder J, VandeWoude S. Applications of the FIV model to study HIV pathogenesis. Viruses. 2018;10(4):11–21.
Mohammadi H, Bienzle D. Pharmacological Inhibition of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV). Viruses [Internet]. 2012; 4:708–24. Available from: www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses
Eckstrand CD, Sparger EE, Murphy BG. Central and peripheral reservoirs of feline immunodeficiency virus in cats: A review. J Gen Virol. 2017;98(8):1985–96.
Perharić M, Starešina V, Turk N, Barbić L, Štritof Z, Hađina S, et al. The epidemiology features of retroviral infections in domestic cats from the zagreb urban area. Vet Arh. 2018;88(3):345–54.
Willett BJ, Hosie MJ. The virus receptor interaction in the replication of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) [Internet]. Vol. 3, Current Opinion in Virology. Elsevier; 2013 [cited 2021 May 13]. p. 670–5. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3857596/
Spada E, Perego R, Sgamma EA, Proverbio D. Survival time and effect of selected predictor variables on survival in owned pet cats seropositive for feline immunodeficiency and leukemia virus attending a referral clinic in northern Italy. 2018; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetme d.2017.12.001
Comité Internacional de Taxonomía de Virus (ICTV). Retroviridae - Figuras - Virus de ADN y ARN de transcripción inversa - Virus de ADN y ARN de transcripción inversa (2011) - ICTV [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 May 15]. Available from: https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/reverse-transcribing-dna-and-rna-viruses-2011/w/rt_viruses/162/retroviridae-figures
Kenyon JC, Lever AML. The molecular biology of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Viruses. 2011;3(11):2192–213
Aranyos AM, Roff SR, Pu R, Owen JL, Coleman JK, Yamamoto JK. An initial examination of the potential role of T-cell immunity in protection against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. Vaccine [Internet]. 2016; 34:1480–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.017
Virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF) | Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad de Cornell [Internet]. [cited 2021 May 14]. Available from: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-immunodeficiency-virus-fiv
Chhetri BK, Berke O, Pearl DL, Bienzle D. Comparison of risk factors for seropositivity to feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus among cats: A case-case study. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11(1):1–7.
T.Ç. O, MUZ D, TİMURKAN MÖ, MARAL N, GURCAN İS. Prevalences of Feline Coronavirus (FCoV), Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV), Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Parvovirus (FPV) among domestic cats in Ankara, Turkey [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2021 May 15]. p. 511–6. Available from: https://www.revmedvet.com/2013/RMV164_511_516.pdf
Little S, Sears W, Lachtara J, Bienzle D. Seroprevalence of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection among cats in Canada. Can Vet J. 2009;50(6):644–8.
Sivagurunathan A, Atwa AM, Lobetti R. Prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus infection in Malaysia: a retrospective study. J Feline Med Surg Open Reports. 2018;4(1):205511691775258.
Troncoso I, Rojas R, Fischer C, Venegas N. Inmunodeficiencia Viral en felinos domésticos: Seroprevalencia de 50 casos. Artic Cient. 2013; 5:15–7.
Phillips TR, Prospero-Garcia O, Puaoi DL, Lerner DL, Fox HS, Olmsted RA, et al. Neurological abnormalities associated with feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J Gen Virol. 1994;75(5):979–87.
Molina VM, David Blanco R, Estepa P, Tamayo S. Frequency of Feline Immunodeeciency Virus (FIV) in southern Aburrá Valley, Colombia (2013-2015). Rev Científica. 2016;26(6):374–8.
Murphy B, Vapniarsky N, Hillman C, Castillo D, McDonnel S, Moore P, et al. FIV establishes a latent infection in feline peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocytes in vivo during the asymptomatic phase of infection. Retrovirology [Internet]. 2012 Feb 7 [cited 2021 May 15];9(1):1–17. Available from: http://www.retrovirology.com/content/9/1/12
Taniwaki SA, Figueiredo AS, Araujo JP. Virus-host interaction in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;36(6):549–57.
Hartmann K. Clinical aspects of feline immunodeficiency and feline leukemia virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011;143:190–201.
Galdo Novo S, Bucafusco D, Diaz LM, Bratanich AC. Criterios diagnósticos para la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina y el virus de la leucemia felina en gatos domésticos de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2016;48(4):293–7.
Krecic MR, Velineni S, Meeus P, Fan H, Loenser M. Diagnostic performances of two rapid tests for detection of feline leukemia virus antigen in sera of experimentally feline leukemia virus-infected cats. J Feline Med Surg Open Reports. 2018;4(1):205511691774811.
Westman ME, Malik R, Hall E, Norris JM. Diagnosing feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in FIV-vaccinated and FIV-unvaccinated cats using saliva. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016 Jun 1;46:66–72.
Westman ME, Malik R, Norris JM. Erratum to: Diagnosing feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection: an update for clinicians (Australian Veterinary Journal, (2019), 97, 3, (47-55), 10.1111/avj.12781). Vol. 97, Australian Veterinary Journal. Blackwell Publishing; 2019. p. 371.
Willett BJ, Hosie MJ. Feline leukaemia virus: Half a century since its discovery. Vet J. 2013;195(1):16–23.
Westman ME, Malik R, Hall E, Sheehy PA, Norris JM. Determining the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) status of FIV-vaccinated cats using point-of-care antibody kits [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2021 May 16]. Available from: https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0147957115000569?token=2C0B42FAE1E5960F2413737C773A201DA6459E41ED83255F25636BA0E45B450C481EF12A44C6D84485CD6C4E210A1733&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20210516070720
EVALUACIÓN DE LA UTILIDAD DE LA TÉCNICA DE PCR PARA DIAGNÓSTICO DE RUTINA DE LOS VIRUS DE INMUNODEFICIENCIA FELINA Y LEUCEMIA FELINA. 2012 [cited 2021 Apr 20]; Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317434017
Scientific TF. Conceptos básicos de PCR | Thermo Fisher Scientific - CO [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2021 May 15]. Available from: https://www.thermofisher.com/co/en/home/life-science/cloning/cloning-learning-center/invitrogen-school-of-molecular-biology/pcr-education/pcr-reagents-enzymes/pcr-basics.html
PCR EN TIEMPO REAL PARA DISCRIMINACIÓN ALÉLICA [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2021 May 15]. Available from: https://www.iib.uam.es/portal/documents/76122/76162/ENSAYOS+DE+DISCRIMINACIÓN+ALÉLICA+V2.pdf/86a98f70-8a30-407f-a5e7-630414452f17
Palomo JDG, Balbín JA, Parra J a. Enfermedades Aspectos generales y específicos de las infecciones . Criterios enfermedad infecciosa . Pruebas Criterios de indicación. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010;10(49):3251–64.
Martins NS, Rodrigues APS, da Luz LA, dos Reis LL, de Oliveira RM, de Oliveira RA, et al. Feline immudeficiency virus subtypes B and A in cats from São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil. Arch Virol. 2018;163(2):549–54.
De R, Española S, Concepción A, Cardona G. rocedimientos en Microbiología Clínica Editores : Emilia Cercenado y Rafael Cantón. Vol. 8. 2009. 1–78 p.
Flores-Suárez LF. Utilidad de los anticuerpos anticitoplasma de neutrófilo en reumatología. Reumatol Clin. 2012;8(6):351–7.
Mortola E, Oliva G, Risso M, Pecoraro M, Venturini MC. Feline immunodeficiency virus infection: A comparative study of different diagnostic techniques. Arq Bras Med Vet e Zootec. 2004;56(1):13–8.
Richards JR. Feline immunodeficiency virus vaccine: Implications for diagnostic testing and disease management. Biologicals. 2005;33(4):215–7.
Kang EH, Kuwana M, Okazaki Y, Lee EY, Lee YJ, Lee EB, et al. Comparison of radioimmunoprecipitation versus antigen-specific assays for identification of myositis-specific autoantibodies in dermatomyositis patients. Mod Rheumatol. 2014;24(6):945–8.
Iwabu Y, Kinomoto M, Tatsumi M, Fujita H, Shimura M, Tanaka Y, et al. Differential anti-APOBEC3G activity of HIV-1 Vif proteins derived from different subtypes. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(46):35350–8.
O’Connor TP, Tanguay S, Steinman R, Smith R, Barr MC, Yamamoto JK, et al. Development and evaluation of immunoassay for detection of antibodies to the feline T-lymphotropic lentivirus (feline immunodeficiency virus). J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27(3):474–9.
Mazur C, Reis enner KP, Leite RC, Danelli M das GM, Hagiwara MK, Góes ACMA de, et al. Evaluation of a recombinant p24 antigen for the detectionof Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-specific antibodies [Internet]. 2010. Available from: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-736X2010001000011
Ramírez-Salcedo J, Chavez L, Guzmán-León S. Microarreglos de DNA: Fabricación Proceso y Análisis Plant-pathogen interactions View project Microarreglos de DNA View project. 2014.
Levy JK, Crawford PC, Tucker SJ. Performance of 4 Point-of-Care Screening Tests for Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. J Vet Intern Med [Internet]. 2017 Mar 1 [cited 2021 May 3];31(2):521–6. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jvim.14648
Carballés Pérez V. DIAGNÓSTICO DE LEUCEMIA FELINA: RESULTADOS DISCORDANTES ELISA-PCR.
2020 AAFP Feline Retrovirus Testing and Management Guidelines. 2020;
Gabor LJ, Love DN, Malik R, Canfield PJ. Feline immunodeficiency virus status of Australian cats with lymphosarcoma. Aust Vet J [Internet]. 2001 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Jun 24];79(8):540–5. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10742.x
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spelling Padilla Barreto, Mónica YamileNúñez Bocanegra, Lizeth DanielaMejía Guzmán, Laura Alexandra2021-06-29T17:26:51Z2021-06-29T17:26:51Z2021-06-272021-06-28https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/34850Núñez Bocanegra, L. D. y Mejía Guzmán, L. A. (2021). Pruebas diagnósticas para el virus de inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF). [tesis de Pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/34850La inmunodeficiencia felina, es una enfermedad infecciosa que afecta exclusivamente a los felinos, causada por un Retrovirus, del género Lentivirus, que se presenta en la mayoría de los casos con signos o síntomas no específicos, no patognomónicos y adicional a esto, algunos pacientes pueden llegar a ser sub clínicos, lo que conlleva a la necesidad de realizar pruebas diagnósticas para confirmar o descartar la presencia de VIF en un paciente sospechoso o aparentemente sano. Al detectar oportunamente la enfermedad en un paciente, se podrían establecer estrategias terapéuticas y de manejo que ayuden a mejorar la calidad de vida del animal y disminuir la probabilidad de contagio a la población circulante. En este documento se exponen las diferentes pruebas diagnósticas que se utilizan en la actualidad para detectar el VIF, las cuales son: ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA), reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), prueba de inmunofluorescencia (IFA) y Técnica de radio inmunoprecipitación (RIPA).lizeth.nunezb@campusucc.edu.co17 p.Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, IbaguéMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaIbaguéVirus de la inmunodeficiencia felina,VIFdiagnósticoELISAPCRIFARIPATG 2021 MVZ 34850Pruebas diagnósticas para el virus de inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF)Trabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribución – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Miller C, Abdo Z, Ericsson A, Elder J, VandeWoude S. Applications of the FIV model to study HIV pathogenesis. Viruses. 2018;10(4):11–21.Mohammadi H, Bienzle D. Pharmacological Inhibition of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV). Viruses [Internet]. 2012; 4:708–24. Available from: www.mdpi.com/journal/virusesEckstrand CD, Sparger EE, Murphy BG. Central and peripheral reservoirs of feline immunodeficiency virus in cats: A review. J Gen Virol. 2017;98(8):1985–96.Perharić M, Starešina V, Turk N, Barbić L, Štritof Z, Hađina S, et al. The epidemiology features of retroviral infections in domestic cats from the zagreb urban area. Vet Arh. 2018;88(3):345–54.Willett BJ, Hosie MJ. The virus receptor interaction in the replication of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) [Internet]. Vol. 3, Current Opinion in Virology. Elsevier; 2013 [cited 2021 May 13]. p. 670–5. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3857596/Spada E, Perego R, Sgamma EA, Proverbio D. Survival time and effect of selected predictor variables on survival in owned pet cats seropositive for feline immunodeficiency and leukemia virus attending a referral clinic in northern Italy. 2018; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetme d.2017.12.001Comité Internacional de Taxonomía de Virus (ICTV). Retroviridae - Figuras - Virus de ADN y ARN de transcripción inversa - Virus de ADN y ARN de transcripción inversa (2011) - ICTV [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 May 15]. Available from: https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/reverse-transcribing-dna-and-rna-viruses-2011/w/rt_viruses/162/retroviridae-figuresKenyon JC, Lever AML. The molecular biology of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Viruses. 2011;3(11):2192–213Aranyos AM, Roff SR, Pu R, Owen JL, Coleman JK, Yamamoto JK. An initial examination of the potential role of T-cell immunity in protection against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. Vaccine [Internet]. 2016; 34:1480–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.017Virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF) | Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad de Cornell [Internet]. [cited 2021 May 14]. Available from: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-immunodeficiency-virus-fivChhetri BK, Berke O, Pearl DL, Bienzle D. Comparison of risk factors for seropositivity to feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus among cats: A case-case study. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11(1):1–7.T.Ç. O, MUZ D, TİMURKAN MÖ, MARAL N, GURCAN İS. Prevalences of Feline Coronavirus (FCoV), Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV), Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Parvovirus (FPV) among domestic cats in Ankara, Turkey [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2021 May 15]. p. 511–6. Available from: https://www.revmedvet.com/2013/RMV164_511_516.pdfLittle S, Sears W, Lachtara J, Bienzle D. Seroprevalence of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection among cats in Canada. Can Vet J. 2009;50(6):644–8.Sivagurunathan A, Atwa AM, Lobetti R. Prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus infection in Malaysia: a retrospective study. J Feline Med Surg Open Reports. 2018;4(1):205511691775258.Troncoso I, Rojas R, Fischer C, Venegas N. Inmunodeficiencia Viral en felinos domésticos: Seroprevalencia de 50 casos. Artic Cient. 2013; 5:15–7.Phillips TR, Prospero-Garcia O, Puaoi DL, Lerner DL, Fox HS, Olmsted RA, et al. Neurological abnormalities associated with feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J Gen Virol. 1994;75(5):979–87.Molina VM, David Blanco R, Estepa P, Tamayo S. Frequency of Feline Immunodeeciency Virus (FIV) in southern Aburrá Valley, Colombia (2013-2015). Rev Científica. 2016;26(6):374–8.Murphy B, Vapniarsky N, Hillman C, Castillo D, McDonnel S, Moore P, et al. FIV establishes a latent infection in feline peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocytes in vivo during the asymptomatic phase of infection. Retrovirology [Internet]. 2012 Feb 7 [cited 2021 May 15];9(1):1–17. Available from: http://www.retrovirology.com/content/9/1/12Taniwaki SA, Figueiredo AS, Araujo JP. Virus-host interaction in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;36(6):549–57.Hartmann K. Clinical aspects of feline immunodeficiency and feline leukemia virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011;143:190–201.Galdo Novo S, Bucafusco D, Diaz LM, Bratanich AC. Criterios diagnósticos para la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina y el virus de la leucemia felina en gatos domésticos de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2016;48(4):293–7.Krecic MR, Velineni S, Meeus P, Fan H, Loenser M. 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