Eficacia antibacteriana de la clorhexidina, vitis orthodontic y perioaid sobre biopeliculas de steptococcus mutans

Introducción: La caries dental ha sido reconocida como una enfermedad infecciosa de etiología multifactorial, donde los microorganismos organizados en una biopelícula, denominada placa dental, constituyen un factor determinante en el desarrollo de caries.(1,2,3,4,5,6,7) El tratamiento de ortodoncia...

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Autores:: Bustamante Zapata, Valtiere
Pérez Álvarez, Luz Karime

Tipo de recurso:: Trabajo de grado de pregrado

Fecha de publicación:: 2014

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Eficacia antibacteriana de la clorhexidina, vitis orthodontic y perioaid sobre biopeliculas de steptococcus mutans
title	Eficacia antibacteriana de la clorhexidina, vitis orthodontic y perioaid sobre biopeliculas de steptococcus mutans
spellingShingle	Eficacia antibacteriana de la clorhexidina, vitis orthodontic y perioaid sobre biopeliculas de steptococcus mutans Estreptococos mutans Ortodoncia TG 2014 ODO 44867
title_short	Eficacia antibacteriana de la clorhexidina, vitis orthodontic y perioaid sobre biopeliculas de steptococcus mutans
title_full	Eficacia antibacteriana de la clorhexidina, vitis orthodontic y perioaid sobre biopeliculas de steptococcus mutans
title_fullStr	Eficacia antibacteriana de la clorhexidina, vitis orthodontic y perioaid sobre biopeliculas de steptococcus mutans
title_full_unstemmed	Eficacia antibacteriana de la clorhexidina, vitis orthodontic y perioaid sobre biopeliculas de steptococcus mutans
title_sort	Eficacia antibacteriana de la clorhexidina, vitis orthodontic y perioaid sobre biopeliculas de steptococcus mutans
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Bustamante Zapata, Valtiere Pérez Álvarez, Luz Karime
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Rendón Gómez, Jaime
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Bustamante Zapata, Valtiere Pérez Álvarez, Luz Karime
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Estreptococos mutans Ortodoncia
topic	Estreptococos mutans Ortodoncia TG 2014 ODO 44867
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv	TG 2014 ODO 44867
description	Introducción: La caries dental ha sido reconocida como una enfermedad infecciosa de etiología multifactorial, donde los microorganismos organizados en una biopelícula, denominada placa dental, constituyen un factor determinante en el desarrollo de caries.(1,2,3,4,5,6,7) El tratamiento de ortodoncia altera el entorno oral, debido al uso de la aparatología fija la higiene se dificulta y se presenta un aumento de placa alrededor de bandas y brackets, dando como resultado la descalcificación del esmalte causada por los subproductos bacterianos, principalmente St. Mutans.(8,9,10,11,12) Materiales y Métodos: El crecimiento de las biopelículas se realizó mediante el dispositivo de biopelículas MBEC high-through put Innovotech Inc, Edmonton, Alberta, Canadá, durante 24 horas a 37°C, las cuales fueron expuestas a 6 concentraciones de los antimicrobianos durante 2 minutos. La concentración de los antimicrobianos fue considerada efectiva en la erradicación de biopelículas cuando produjo un porcentaje de células bacterianas muertas.(13) Para comparar la eficacia de los diferentes antimicrobianos se utilizó la prueba estadística Anova multifactorial Resultados: la erradicación de la biopelícula del S. mutans fue efectiva a las concentraciones: 2%, 1% y 0,5%, 0,25% , 0,13% y 0,06% de la clorhexidina (CHX, Vista®), y a las concentraciones:0,05%, 0,03%, 0,013%, 0,01%, 0,0031%, y 0,0015% del Vitis, Dentaid®, en tanto que para el PerioAid, Dentaid® la erradicación fue efectiva en: 0,12%, 0,6%, 0,3%, 0,15% y 0,08%, luego de un tiempo de contacto de 2 min minutos. El análisis estadístico revelo que la efectividad antimicrobiana del CHX y el Vitis fue similar entre ellos, pero diferente de la del PerioAid. Conclusiones: La efectividad de las cinco primeras concentraciones para los 3 antimicrobianos evaluados fue similar, para la última concentración de PerioAid dicha efectividad disminuye de manera sustancial difiriendo estadísticamente en sus resultados de los obtenidos para Vitis y Clorhexidina. La efectividad antimicrobiana del PerioAid es menor respecto a la Clorhexidina y el Vitis Orthodontic.
publishDate	2014
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2014-09-02
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2022-05-12T14:30:17Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2022-05-12T14:30:17Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/44867
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv	Bustamante Zapata, V. y Pérez Álvarez, L. K. (2014). Eficacia antibacteriana de la clorhexidina, vitis orthodontic y perioaid sobre biopeliculas de steptococcus mutans. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/44867
url	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/44867
identifier_str_mv	Bustamante Zapata, V. y Pérez Álvarez, L. K. (2014). Eficacia antibacteriana de la clorhexidina, vitis orthodontic y perioaid sobre biopeliculas de steptococcus mutans. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/44867
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Escobar, Gloria. El reto de la prevención en la práctica odontológica. Revista facultad de odontología Universidad de Antioquia.Vol 17 No 2.Primer semestre 2006. Diaz, Maria Victoria y JARAMILLO, Gonzalo. La promoción de la salud en el ámbito escolar del colegio José Celestino Mutis. Revista facultad de odontología de universidad de Antioquia.Vol 17 No1.segundo semestre.2005. Franco, AM, Molina H, Valencia LF. Prevalencia de caries y gingivitis en niños preescolares, conocimiento y prácticas de salud bucal de las madres, V encuentro de investigación, asociación colombiana de facultades odontológicas. Cali 1995. Franco, Molina H, Valencia. Prevalencia de caries y gingivitis en niños preescolares, conocimiento y prácticas de salud bucal de las madres, V encuentro de investigación, asociación colombiana de facultades odontológicas. Cali 1995 III ESTUDIO NACIONAL DE SALUD BUCAL (ENSAB III). Oficina de Epidemiología. Ministerio de Salud. 1998 Corby PM, Lyons-Weiler J, Bretz WA, Hart TC, Aas JA, Boumenna T, Goss J, Corby AL, Junior HM, Weyant RJ, Paster BJ. Microbial Risk Indicators of Early Childhood Caries. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43(11): 5753-5759 Clarke JK. On the bacterial factor in the aetiology of dental caries. J Exp Pathol 1924, 5:141 Foster JS, Palmer RJ, Jr., Kolenbrander PE (2003) Human oral cavity as a model for the study of genome-genome interactions. Biol Bull 204: 200–204. Dye ba, Tan S, Smith V, Lewis BG, Barker LK, et al. (2007) Trends in oralhealth status: United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Vital Health Stat Marsh pd. Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes?Microbiology 2003. 149: 279–294 Zero DT, van Houte J, Russo J . The intra-oral effect on enamel demineralization of extracellular matrix material synthesized from sucrose by Streptococcus mutans. J Dent Res 1996 65: 918–923 Klein MI, DeBaz L, Agidi S, Lee H, Xie G, et al. Dynamics of Streptococcus mutans transcriptome in response to starch and sucrose during biofilm development. 2010 Instructions The MBEC High-throughput (HTP) assay For antimicrobial susceptibility testing of biofilms. Innovotech Kornman, K. S.The role of supragingival plaque in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. A review of current concepts. Journal of Periodontal Research 21 1998 , 5–22 Lindquist, B., Edward, S., Torell, P. & Krasse, B. Effect of different caries preventive measures in children highly infected with mutans streptococci.Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 90, 1989 330–337 Schüpbach, P., Osterwalder, V. & Guggenheim, B. Human root caries: microbiota in plaque covering sound, carious and arrested carious root surfaces.Caries Research 29, 1998. 382–395 Vandekerckhove, B. N. A., van Steenberghe,D., Tricio, J., Rosenberg, D & Encarnacion, M. (1995) Efficacy on supragingival plaque control of cetylpiridinium chloride in a slowrelease dosage form. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 22 , 824–829 Koo H, Seils J, Abranches J, Burne RA, Bowen WH, et al. (2006) Influence of apigenin on gtf gene expression in Streptococcus mutans UA159. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 542–546 Ogaard B, Rolla G, Arends J. Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 1. Lesion development. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1988;94:68-73 Zezhang T Wen , David Yates , Sang-Joon Ahn , Robert A Burne. Biofilm formation and virulence expression by Streptococcus mutans are altered when grown in double species model; J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43(11): 5753-5759 Stoodley P, Sauer K, Davies DG, Costerton JW (2002) Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu Rev Microbiol 56: 187–209 Hall-stoodley l, Costerton JW, Stoodley P. Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases. . Annu Rev Microbiol 56: 187–209 Merlan Donlan and J. William Costerton Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2002, 15(2):167. DOI: Costerton Relevant Microorganisms Biofilms: Survival Mechanisms of Clinically Jin xiao, et al. The Exopolysaccharide Matrix Modulates the Interaction between 3D Architecture and Virulence of a Mixed-Species Oral Biofilm Flemming hc, Wingender J (2010) The biofilm matrix. Nat Rev Microbiol 8:623–633 Nobbs Amber, Lamont RJ, Jenkinson HF (2009) Streptococcus adherence and colonization. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 73: 407–450 B. M. Eley; Antibacterial agents in the control of supragingival plaque — a review; british dental journal, volume 186, no. 6, march 27 1999 Stoodley P, Sauer K, Davies DG, Costerton JW. Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu Rev Microbiol 56: 2002. 187–209 Wen ZT, Yates D, Ahn SJ, Burne RA. Biofilm formation and virulence expression by Streptococcus mutans are altered when grown in dual-species model. BMC Microbiol 2010. 10: 111 Herrera D, Roldan S, Santacruz I. Differences in antimicrobial activity of four commercial 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse formulations: an in vitro contact test and salivary bacterial counts study; J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30: 307–314 Quirynen M, Avontroodt P, Peeters W, Pauwels M. Effect of different chlorhexidine formulations in mouthrinses on de novo plaque formation; J Clin Periodontol 2001; 28: 1127–1136 Alonso, C. Martin, Pérez. Evaluation of Cetyl-Pyridinium Chloride Formulations In Orthodontic Patients: Orthodontic-related Outcomes; Meeting of the Continental European. Munich September 10-12, 2009 Olympio kpk, Bardal PAP, de M Bastos JR, Buzalaf MAR. Effectiveness of a chlorhexidine dentifrice in orthodontic patients: a randomized-controlled trial. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33: 421–426. Ciancio Sebastian, Chemical agents: plaque control, calculus reduction and treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity Periodontology 2000, Vol. 8, 1995, 75-86 Lobene R R, Lobene S, Soparker P M. The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse on plaque and gingivitis. J Dent Res 1977; 56: 595. Roberts W R, Addy M. Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro antibacterial properties of antiseptic mouthrinses containing chlorhexidine, alexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and hexidine. J Clin Periodontol 1981; 8: 295–310 Quirynen M, Avontroodt P,effect of defferent chlorhexidine formulation in mouthrinses on de novo plaque formation. J Clin Periodontol 2001; 28: 1127–1136 Addy, M., Jenkins, S. & Newcombe, R. The effect of some chlorhexidine-containing mouthrinses on salivary bacterial counts. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1991 1890– 93 Arweiler, N. B., Netuschil, L. & Reich, E. Alcohol-free mouthrinse solutions to reduce supragingival plaque regrowth and vitality. A controlled clinical study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2001 28, 168–174 Eldridge, K. R., Finnie, S. F., Stephens, J. A., Mauad, A. M., Munoz, C. A. & Kettering, J.D. (1998) Efficacy of an alcohol-free chlor-hexidine mouthrinse as an antimicrobial agent. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 80,685–690. Harper, P. R., Milsom, S., Wade, W., Addy, M., Moran, J. & Newcombe, R. G. An approach to efficacy screening of mouthrinses: studies on a group of French products (II). Inhibition of salivary bacteria and plaque in vivo. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1995. 22, 723–727 Jenkins, S., Addy, M. & Newcombe, R. The effect of triclosan, stannous fluoride and chlorhexidine products on: (II) salivary bacterial counts. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1990 17, 698–701 Jones, C. G. (1997) Chlorhexidine: is it still the gold standard? Periodontology 2000 15 55–62 Roberts, W. R. & Addy, M. (1981a) Comparison of in vitro and in vivo antibacterial properties of antiseptic mouth rinses contain ing chlorhexidine, alexidine, CPC and hexetidine. Relevance to mode of action. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 8 295–310 Addy, M. Chlorhexidine compared with other locally delivered anti-microbials. A short review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1986 13, 957–964. Addy, M., Moran, J. & Wade, W. Chemical plaque control in the prevention of gingivitis and periodontitis. In: Pro-ceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Periodontology, eds. Lang, N. P., Karring T., pp.1994 244–257. London: Quintessence Bonesvoll, P. & Gjermo, P. A comparison between chlorhexidine and some quaternary ammonium compounds with re-gard to retention, salivary concentration and plaque inhibiting effect in the human mouth after mouthrinses. Archives of Oral Biology 23, 1978 289–294 Jenkins, S., Addy, M. & Newcombe, R. G. A comparison of cetylpiridinium chloride, triclosan and chlorhexidine mouthrinse formulations for effects on plaque regrowth. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 21, 1999. 441–444 Mendieta, C., Vallcorba, N., Binney, A. & Addy, M. Comparison of 2 chlorhexidine mouthwashes on plaque regrowth in vivo and dietary staining in vitro.Journal of Clinical Periodontology 21, 1994 296–300 Renton-Harper, P., Addy, M., Moran, J., Doherty, F. M. & Newcombe, R. G. A comparison of chlorhexidine, cetylpyri- dinium chloride, triclosan and C31G mouthrinse products for plaque inhibition. Journal of Periodontology 67, 1996. 486–489 Roberts, W. R. & Addy, M. Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro antibacterial properties of antiseptic mouthrinses containing chlorhexidine, alexidine, cetyl pyridinium chloride and hexetidine. Relevance to mode of action. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 8, 1981. 295–310 Hope CK, Wilson M . Analysis of the effects of chlorhexidine on oral biofilm vitality and structure based on viability profiling and an indicator of membrane integrity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004. 48: 1461–1468 Sheen S, Owens J et al. The effect of toothpaste on the propensity of chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium chloride to produce staining in vitro: a possible predictor of inactivation. J Clin Periodontol 2001; 28: 46–51. Stoeken JE, Paraskevas S, Weijden van der GA. The long-term effect of a mouthrinse containing essential oils on dental plaque and gingivitis: a systematic review. J Periodontol 2007; 78: 1218–1228
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spelling	Rendón Gómez, JaimeBustamante Zapata, ValtierePérez Álvarez, Luz Karime2022-05-12T14:30:17Z2022-05-12T14:30:17Z2014-09-02https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/44867Bustamante Zapata, V. y Pérez Álvarez, L. K. (2014). Eficacia antibacteriana de la clorhexidina, vitis orthodontic y perioaid sobre biopeliculas de steptococcus mutans. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/44867Introducción: La caries dental ha sido reconocida como una enfermedad infecciosa de etiología multifactorial, donde los microorganismos organizados en una biopelícula, denominada placa dental, constituyen un factor determinante en el desarrollo de caries.(1,2,3,4,5,6,7) El tratamiento de ortodoncia altera el entorno oral, debido al uso de la aparatología fija la higiene se dificulta y se presenta un aumento de placa alrededor de bandas y brackets, dando como resultado la descalcificación del esmalte causada por los subproductos bacterianos, principalmente St. Mutans.(8,9,10,11,12) Materiales y Métodos: El crecimiento de las biopelículas se realizó mediante el dispositivo de biopelículas MBEC high-through put Innovotech Inc, Edmonton, Alberta, Canadá, durante 24 horas a 37°C, las cuales fueron expuestas a 6 concentraciones de los antimicrobianos durante 2 minutos. La concentración de los antimicrobianos fue considerada efectiva en la erradicación de biopelículas cuando produjo un porcentaje de células bacterianas muertas.(13) Para comparar la eficacia de los diferentes antimicrobianos se utilizó la prueba estadística Anova multifactorial Resultados: la erradicación de la biopelícula del S. mutans fue efectiva a las concentraciones: 2%, 1% y 0,5%, 0,25% , 0,13% y 0,06% de la clorhexidina (CHX, Vista®), y a las concentraciones:0,05%, 0,03%, 0,013%, 0,01%, 0,0031%, y 0,0015% del Vitis, Dentaid®, en tanto que para el PerioAid, Dentaid® la erradicación fue efectiva en: 0,12%, 0,6%, 0,3%, 0,15% y 0,08%, luego de un tiempo de contacto de 2 min minutos. El análisis estadístico revelo que la efectividad antimicrobiana del CHX y el Vitis fue similar entre ellos, pero diferente de la del PerioAid. Conclusiones: La efectividad de las cinco primeras concentraciones para los 3 antimicrobianos evaluados fue similar, para la última concentración de PerioAid dicha efectividad disminuye de manera sustancial difiriendo estadísticamente en sus resultados de los obtenidos para Vitis y Clorhexidina. La efectividad antimicrobiana del PerioAid es menor respecto a la Clorhexidina y el Vitis Orthodontic.valtiere.bustamantez@campusucc.edu.co13 p.Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Odontología, Medellín y EnvigadoOdontologíaMedellínEstreptococos mutansOrtodonciaTG 2014 ODO 44867Eficacia antibacteriana de la clorhexidina, vitis orthodontic y perioaid sobre biopeliculas de steptococcus mutansTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionNINGUNAinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbEscobar, Gloria. El reto de la prevención en la práctica odontológica. Revista facultad de odontología Universidad de Antioquia.Vol 17 No 2.Primer semestre 2006.Diaz, Maria Victoria y JARAMILLO, Gonzalo. La promoción de la salud en el ámbito escolar del colegio José Celestino Mutis. Revista facultad de odontología de universidad de Antioquia.Vol 17 No1.segundo semestre.2005.Franco, AM, Molina H, Valencia LF. Prevalencia de caries y gingivitis en niños preescolares, conocimiento y prácticas de salud bucal de las madres, V encuentro de investigación, asociación colombiana de facultades odontológicas. Cali 1995.Franco, Molina H, Valencia. Prevalencia de caries y gingivitis en niños preescolares, conocimiento y prácticas de salud bucal de las madres, V encuentro de investigación, asociación colombiana de facultades odontológicas. Cali 1995III ESTUDIO NACIONAL DE SALUD BUCAL (ENSAB III). Oficina de Epidemiología. Ministerio de Salud. 1998Corby PM, Lyons-Weiler J, Bretz WA, Hart TC, Aas JA, Boumenna T, Goss J, Corby AL, Junior HM, Weyant RJ, Paster BJ. Microbial Risk Indicators of Early Childhood Caries. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43(11): 5753-5759Clarke JK. On the bacterial factor in the aetiology of dental caries. J Exp Pathol 1924, 5:141Foster JS, Palmer RJ, Jr., Kolenbrander PE (2003) Human oral cavity as a model for the study of genome-genome interactions. Biol Bull 204: 200–204.Dye ba, Tan S, Smith V, Lewis BG, Barker LK, et al. (2007) Trends in oralhealth status: United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Vital Health StatMarsh pd. Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes?Microbiology 2003. 149: 279–294Zero DT, van Houte J, Russo J . The intra-oral effect on enamel demineralization of extracellular matrix material synthesized from sucrose by Streptococcus mutans. J Dent Res 1996 65: 918–923Klein MI, DeBaz L, Agidi S, Lee H, Xie G, et al. Dynamics of Streptococcus mutans transcriptome in response to starch and sucrose during biofilm development. 2010Instructions The MBEC High-throughput (HTP) assay For antimicrobial susceptibility testing of biofilms. InnovotechKornman, K. S.The role of supragingival plaque in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. A review of current concepts. Journal of Periodontal Research 21 1998 , 5–22Lindquist, B., Edward, S., Torell, P. & Krasse, B. Effect of different caries preventive measures in children highly infected with mutans streptococci.Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 90, 1989 330–337Schüpbach, P., Osterwalder, V. & Guggenheim, B. Human root caries: microbiota in plaque covering sound, carious and arrested carious root surfaces.Caries Research 29, 1998. 382–395Vandekerckhove, B. N. A., van Steenberghe,D., Tricio, J., Rosenberg, D & Encarnacion, M. (1995) Efficacy on supragingival plaque control of cetylpiridinium chloride in a slowrelease dosage form. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 22 , 824–829Koo H, Seils J, Abranches J, Burne RA, Bowen WH, et al. (2006) Influence of apigenin on gtf gene expression in Streptococcus mutans UA159. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 542–546Ogaard B, Rolla G, Arends J. Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 1. Lesion development. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1988;94:68-73Zezhang T Wen , David Yates , Sang-Joon Ahn , Robert A Burne. Biofilm formation and virulence expression by Streptococcus mutans are altered when grown in double species model; J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43(11): 5753-5759Stoodley P, Sauer K, Davies DG, Costerton JW (2002) Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu Rev Microbiol 56: 187–209Hall-stoodley l, Costerton JW, Stoodley P. Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases. . Annu Rev Microbiol 56: 187–209Merlan Donlan and J. William Costerton Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2002, 15(2):167. DOI: Costerton Relevant Microorganisms Biofilms: Survival Mechanisms of ClinicallyJin xiao, et al. The Exopolysaccharide Matrix Modulates the Interaction between 3D Architecture and Virulence of a Mixed-Species Oral BiofilmFlemming hc, Wingender J (2010) The biofilm matrix. Nat Rev Microbiol 8:623–633Nobbs Amber, Lamont RJ, Jenkinson HF (2009) Streptococcus adherence and colonization. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 73: 407–450B. M. Eley; Antibacterial agents in the control of supragingival plaque — a review; british dental journal, volume 186, no. 6, march 27 1999Stoodley P, Sauer K, Davies DG, Costerton JW. Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu Rev Microbiol 56: 2002. 187–209Wen ZT, Yates D, Ahn SJ, Burne RA. Biofilm formation and virulence expression by Streptococcus mutans are altered when grown in dual-species model. BMC Microbiol 2010. 10: 111Herrera D, Roldan S, Santacruz I. Differences in antimicrobial activity of four commercial 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse formulations: an in vitro contact test and salivary bacterial counts study; J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30: 307–314Quirynen M, Avontroodt P, Peeters W, Pauwels M. Effect of different chlorhexidine formulations in mouthrinses on de novo plaque formation; J Clin Periodontol 2001; 28: 1127–1136Alonso, C. Martin, Pérez. Evaluation of Cetyl-Pyridinium Chloride Formulations In Orthodontic Patients: Orthodontic-related Outcomes; Meeting of the Continental European. Munich September 10-12, 2009Olympio kpk, Bardal PAP, de M Bastos JR, Buzalaf MAR. Effectiveness of a chlorhexidine dentifrice in orthodontic patients: a randomized-controlled trial. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33: 421–426.Ciancio Sebastian, Chemical agents: plaque control, calculus reduction and treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity Periodontology 2000, Vol. 8, 1995, 75-86Lobene R R, Lobene S, Soparker P M. 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Eficacia antibacteriana de la clorhexidina, vitis orthodontic y perioaid sobre biopeliculas de steptococcus mutans

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