Brain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite: A Pilot Study.

The aim of this study was to determine the activity of the brain cortex of children with AOB at rest and during phonation and deglutition and to evaluate the association of intelligence quotient (IQ), attention (Test of Variables of Attention, known as TOVA), beats per minute (BPM), and oxygen satur...

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Autores:: Restrepo, Claudia
Botero Mariaca, Paola María
Valderrama, David
Jiménez, Kelly
Manrique, Rubén

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2020

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

Idioma:

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network_acronym_str	COOPER2
network_name_str	Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Brain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite: A Pilot Study.
title	Brain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite: A Pilot Study.
spellingShingle	Brain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite: A Pilot Study. Corteza Cerebral Mordida Abierta Anterior Niños Deglución Fonación TG 2020 EOF Brain cortex Anterior Open Bite Children Deglutition Phonation
title_short	Brain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite: A Pilot Study.
title_full	Brain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite: A Pilot Study.
title_fullStr	Brain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite: A Pilot Study.
title_full_unstemmed	Brain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite: A Pilot Study.
title_sort	Brain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite: A Pilot Study.
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Restrepo, Claudia Botero Mariaca, Paola María Valderrama, David Jiménez, Kelly Manrique, Rubén
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Restrepo, Claudia Botero Mariaca, Paola María Valderrama, David Jiménez, Kelly Manrique, Rubén
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Corteza Cerebral Mordida Abierta Anterior Niños Deglución Fonación
topic	Corteza Cerebral Mordida Abierta Anterior Niños Deglución Fonación TG 2020 EOF Brain cortex Anterior Open Bite Children Deglutition Phonation
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv	TG 2020 EOF
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv	Brain cortex Anterior Open Bite Children Deglutition Phonation
description	The aim of this study was to determine the activity of the brain cortex of children with AOB at rest and during phonation and deglutition and to evaluate the association of intelligence quotient (IQ), attention (Test of Variables of Attention, known as TOVA), beats per minute (BPM), and oxygen saturation measurement (SpO2) with brain activity in subjects with AOB.
publishDate	2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2020-11-18T18:02:00Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2020-11-18T18:02:00Z 2025-06-30
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2020-06-30
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Artículo
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv	16625161
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00220
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/20638
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv	Restrepo, C., Botero, P., Valderrama, D., Jimenez, K. and Manrique, R. (2020). Brain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite: A Pilot Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 14:220. Recuperado de: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00220/full..[Tesis de posgrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC.
identifier_str_mv	16625161 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00220 Restrepo, C., Botero, P., Valderrama, D., Jimenez, K. and Manrique, R. (2020). Brain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite: A Pilot Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 14:220. Recuperado de: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00220/full..[Tesis de posgrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC.
url	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/20638
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv	Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Arima, T., Yanagi, Y., Niddam, D. M., Ohata, N., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Minagi, S., et al. (2011). Corticomotor plasticity induced by tongue-task training in humans: a longitudinal fMRI study. Exp. Brain Res. 212, 199–212. doi: 10.1007/ s00221- 011- 2719- 7 Blunden, S., Lushington, K., Kennedy, D., Martin, J., and Dawson, D. (2000). Behavior and neurocognitive performance in children aged 5-10 years who snore compared to controls. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 22, 554–568. doi: 10.1076/1380- 3395(200010)22:5;1- 9;ft554 Bondemark, L., Holm, A. K., Hansen, K., Axelsson, S., Mohlin, B., Brattstrom, V., et al. (2007). Long-term stability of orthodontic treatment and patient satisfaction. a systematic review. Angle Orthod. 77, 181–191. doi: 10.2319/ 011006- 16r.1 Breshears, J. D., Molinaro, A. M., and Chang, E. F. (2015). A probabilistic map of the human ventral sensorimotor cortex using electrical stimulation. J. Neurosurg. 123, 340–349. doi: 10.3171/2014.11.jns 14889 Burgaleta, M., Johnson, W., Waber, D. P., Colom, R., and Karama, S. (2014). Cognitive ability changes and dynamics of cortical thickness development in healthy children and adolescents. Neuroimage 84, 810–819. doi: 10.1016/j. neuroimage.2013.09.038 Cazzolla, A. P., Lacarbonara, V., Pellegrino, B., Testa, N. F., Fidanza, F., and Lacaita, M. G. (2010). Sleep-disordered breathing in a sample of 495 children in Southern Italy. Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent. 11, 189–192. Chen, X., Xia, B., and Ge, L. (2015). Effects of breast-feeding duration, bottle-feeding duration and non-nutritive sucking habits on the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition. BMC Pediatr. 15:46. Jurkac, V., Tsuzuki, D., and Ippeita, D. (2007). 10/20, 10/10, and 10/5 systems revisited: their validity as relative head-surface-based positioning systems. NeuroImage 34, 1600–1611. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006. 09.024 Kaufman, A. S., and Kaufman, N. L. (2004). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, 2nd Edn. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services, 103. Knösel, M., Nüser, C., Jung, K., Helms, H. J., Engelke, W., and Sandoval, P. (2015). Interaction between deglutition, tongue posture, and malocclusion: a comparison of intraoral compartment formation in subjects with neutral occlusion or different types of malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 86, 697–705. doi: 10.2319/101615- 699.1 Kober, S. E., Gressenberger, B., Kurzmann, J., Neuper, C., and Wood, G. (2015). Voluntary modulation of hemodynamic responses in swallowing related motor areas: a near-infrared spectroscopy-based neurofeedback study. PLos One 10:e0143314. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.014 3314 Koletsi, D., Makou, M., and Pandis, N. (2018). Effect of orthodontic management and orofacial muscle training protocols on the correction of myofunctional and myoskeletal problems in developing dentition. a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthod. Craniofac. Res. 21, 202–215. doi: 10.1111/ocr. 12240 Lal, C., Strange, C., and Bachman, D. (2012). Neurocognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 141, 1601–1610. doi: 10.1378/chest.11- 2214 Lawrence, M., Greenberg, A., Urwin, D., and Waldman, F. (1993). Developmental normative data on the test variables of attetention (T.O.V.A). J. Child Psychol. Psychatr. 34, 1019–1030. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993. tb01105.x Lee, K. J., Park, C. A., Lee, Y. B., Kim, H. K., and Kang, C. K. (2019). EEG signals during mouth breathing in a working memory task. Int. J. Neurosci. 130, 425–434. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1667787 Llorente, A. M., Amado, A. J., Voigt, R. G., Berretta, M. C., Fraley, J. K., Jensen, C. L., et al. (2001). Internal consistency, temporal stability and reproducibility of individual index scores of the Test of Variables of Attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 16, 535–546. doi: 10.1016/s0887-6177(00)00065-2 Louly, F., Nouer, P. R., Janson, G., and Pinzan, A. (2011). Dental arch dimensions in the mixed dentition: a study of Brazilian children from 9 to 12 years of age. J. Appl. Oral. Sci. 19, 169–174. doi: 10.1590/s1678-77572011000200014 Ludlow, C. L. (2015). Central nervous system control of voice and swallowing. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 32, 294–303. doi: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000186 Maezawa, H., Mima, T., Yazawa, S., Matsuhashi, M., Shiraishi, H., and Funahashi, M. (2016). Cortico-muscular synchronization by proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles during isometric tongue protrusion. Neuroimage 128, 284–292. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.058 Martinez-Mihi, V., Silvestre, F. J., Orellana, L. M., and Silvestre-Rangil, J. (2014). Resting position of the head and malocclusion in a group of patients with cerebral palsy. J. Clin. Exp. Dent. 6, 1–6. Mervis, C. B., Kistler, D. J., Jhon, A. E., and Morris, C. A. (2012). Longitudinal assessment of intellectual abilities of children with Williams syndrome: multilevel modeling of performance on the kaufman brief intelligence test-2. Am. J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil. 117, 134–141. Nolla, C. M. (1960). The development of permanent teeth. J. Dent. Child. 27, 254–266. Ocampo-Parra, A., Escobar-Toro, B., Sierra-Alzate, V., Rueda, Z. V., and Lema, M. C. (2015). Prevalence of dyslalias in 8 to 16 year-old students with anterior open bite in the municipality of Envigado. Colombia. BMC Oral. Health 15, 77–85. doi: 10.1186/s12903-015-0063-1 Oostenveld, R., and Praamstra, P. (2001). The five percent electrode system for high-resolution EEG and ERP measurements. Clin. Neurophysiol.112, 713–719. doi: 10.1016/s1388-2457(00)00527-7 Pacheco, M. C., Fiorott, B. S., Finck, N. S., and Araújo, M. T. (2015). Craniofacial changes and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in healthy children. Dental. Press J. Orthod. 20, 80–87. doi: 10.1590/2176-9451.20.3.080-087.oar Raemaekers, M., Schellekens, W., Petridou, N., and Ramsey, N. F. (2018). Knowing left from right: asymmetric functional connectivity during resting state. Brain Struct. Funct. 223, 1909–1922. Rodriguez Moreno, D., Schiff, N. D., and Hirsch, J. (2015). Negative blood oxygen level dependent signals during speech comprehension. Brain Connect 5, 232– 244. doi: 10.1089/brain.2014.0272 Rodriguez-Larios, J., and Alaerts, K. (2019). Tracking transient changes in the neural frequency architecture: harmonic relationships between theta and alpha peaks facilitate cognitive performance. J. Neurosci. 39, 6291–6298. doi: 10.1523/ jneurosci.2919- 18.2019 Shenoy, U., Hazarey, P., Akhare, P. J., and Mute, B. K. (2015). Cephalometric appraisal of tongue and related soft tissues in normal and open bite subjects at rest. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 9, 16–20. Smithpeter, J., and Covell, D. Jr. (2010). Relapse of anterior open bites treated with orthodontic appliances with and without orofacial myofunctional therapy. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial. Orthop. 137, 605–614. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.07.016 Subtelny, J. D., and Sakuda, M. (1964). Open-bite: diagnosis and treatment. Am. J. Orthod. 50, 337–358. doi: 10.1016/0002-9416(64)90175-7 Svensson, P., Romaniello, A., Arendt-Nielsen, L., and Sessle, B. J. (2003). Plasticity in corticomotor control of the human tongue musculature induced by tongue-task training. Exp. Brain Res. 152, 42–51. doi: 10.1007/s00221-003- 1517-2 Thatcher, R. (2010). Validity and reliability of quantitative electroencephalography. J Neurother. 14, 122–152. doi: 10.1080/10874201003773500 Usakli, A. (2010). Improvement of EEG signal acquisition: an electrical aspect for state of the art of front end. Comput. Intel. Neurosci. 1-7:630649. Van Dyck, C., Dekeyser, A., Vantricht, E., Manders, E., Goeleven, A., Fieuws, S., et al. (2016). The effect of orofacial myofunctional treatment in children with anterior open bite and tongue dysfunction: a pilot study. Eur. J. Orthod. 38, 227–234. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjv044 Viechtbauer, W., Smits, L., Kotz, D., Budé, L., Spigt, M., Serroyen, J., et al. (2015). A simple formula for the calculation of sample size in pilot studies. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 68, 1375–1379. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.014 Xiao, F. L., Gao, P. Y., Qian, T. Y., Sui, B. B., Xue, J., Zhou, J., et al. (2017). Cortical representation of facial and tongue movements: a task functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging 37, 341–345. doi: 10.1111/cpf.12304 Zhou, Z., Liu, F., Shen, S., Shang, L., Shang, L., and Wang, X. (2016). Prevalence of and factors affecting malocclusion in primary dentition among children in Xi’an. China. BMC Oral. Health 16, 91–98. doi: 10.1186/s12903-016- 0285-x
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spelling	Restrepo, ClaudiaBotero Mariaca, Paola María Valderrama, DavidJiménez, KellyManrique, Rubén142020-11-18T18:02:00Z2025-06-302020-11-18T18:02:00Z2020-06-3016625161doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00220https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/20638Restrepo, C., Botero, P., Valderrama, D., Jimenez, K. and Manrique, R. (2020). Brain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite: A Pilot Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 14:220. Recuperado de: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00220/full..[Tesis de posgrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC.The aim of this study was to determine the activity of the brain cortex of children with AOB at rest and during phonation and deglutition and to evaluate the association of intelligence quotient (IQ), attention (Test of Variables of Attention, known as TOVA), beats per minute (BPM), and oxygen saturation measurement (SpO2) with brain activity in subjects with AOB.GIOMCES - LPHcrestrepos@ces.edu.copaola.botero@ucc.edu.copsicotecnologia.medellin@gmail.comkjimenez@ces.edu.cormanrique@ces.edu.co8Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Programa de Odontología, Medellín y EnvigadoEspecialización en OrtodonciaMedellínCorteza CerebralMordida Abierta AnteriorNiñosDegluciónFonaciónTG 2020 EOFBrain cortexAnterior Open BiteChildrenDeglutitionPhonationBrain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite: A Pilot Study.Artículohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Sin Derivarinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Frontiers in Human NeuroscienceArima, T., Yanagi, Y., Niddam, D. M., Ohata, N., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Minagi, S., et al. (2011). Corticomotor plasticity induced by tongue-task training in humans: a longitudinal fMRI study. Exp. Brain Res. 212, 199–212. doi: 10.1007/ s00221- 011- 2719- 7Blunden, S., Lushington, K., Kennedy, D., Martin, J., and Dawson, D. (2000). Behavior and neurocognitive performance in children aged 5-10 years who snore compared to controls. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 22, 554–568. doi: 10.1076/1380- 3395(200010)22:5;1- 9;ft554Bondemark, L., Holm, A. K., Hansen, K., Axelsson, S., Mohlin, B., Brattstrom, V., et al. (2007). Long-term stability of orthodontic treatment and patient satisfaction. a systematic review. Angle Orthod. 77, 181–191. doi: 10.2319/ 011006- 16r.1Breshears, J. D., Molinaro, A. M., and Chang, E. F. (2015). A probabilistic map of the human ventral sensorimotor cortex using electrical stimulation. J. Neurosurg. 123, 340–349. doi: 10.3171/2014.11.jns 14889Burgaleta, M., Johnson, W., Waber, D. P., Colom, R., and Karama, S. (2014). Cognitive ability changes and dynamics of cortical thickness development in healthy children and adolescents. Neuroimage 84, 810–819. doi: 10.1016/j. neuroimage.2013.09.038Cazzolla, A. P., Lacarbonara, V., Pellegrino, B., Testa, N. F., Fidanza, F., and Lacaita, M. G. (2010). Sleep-disordered breathing in a sample of 495 children in Southern Italy. Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent. 11, 189–192.Chen, X., Xia, B., and Ge, L. (2015). Effects of breast-feeding duration, bottle-feeding duration and non-nutritive sucking habits on the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition. BMC Pediatr. 15:46.Jurkac, V., Tsuzuki, D., and Ippeita, D. (2007). 10/20, 10/10, and 10/5 systems revisited: their validity as relative head-surface-based positioning systems. NeuroImage 34, 1600–1611. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006. 09.024Kaufman, A. S., and Kaufman, N. L. (2004). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, 2nd Edn. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services, 103.Knösel, M., Nüser, C., Jung, K., Helms, H. J., Engelke, W., and Sandoval, P. (2015). Interaction between deglutition, tongue posture, and malocclusion: a comparison of intraoral compartment formation in subjects with neutral occlusion or different types of malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 86, 697–705. doi: 10.2319/101615- 699.1Kober, S. E., Gressenberger, B., Kurzmann, J., Neuper, C., and Wood, G. (2015). Voluntary modulation of hemodynamic responses in swallowing related motor areas: a near-infrared spectroscopy-based neurofeedback study. PLos One 10:e0143314. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.014 3314Koletsi, D., Makou, M., and Pandis, N. (2018). Effect of orthodontic management and orofacial muscle training protocols on the correction of myofunctional and myoskeletal problems in developing dentition. a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthod. Craniofac. Res. 21, 202–215. doi: 10.1111/ocr. 12240Lal, C., Strange, C., and Bachman, D. (2012). Neurocognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 141, 1601–1610. doi: 10.1378/chest.11- 2214Lawrence, M., Greenberg, A., Urwin, D., and Waldman, F. (1993). Developmental normative data on the test variables of attetention (T.O.V.A). J. Child Psychol. Psychatr. 34, 1019–1030. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993. tb01105.xLee, K. J., Park, C. A., Lee, Y. B., Kim, H. K., and Kang, C. K. (2019). EEG signals during mouth breathing in a working memory task. Int. J. Neurosci. 130, 425–434. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1667787Llorente, A. M., Amado, A. J., Voigt, R. G., Berretta, M. C., Fraley, J. K., Jensen, C. L., et al. (2001). Internal consistency, temporal stability and reproducibility of individual index scores of the Test of Variables of Attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 16, 535–546. doi: 10.1016/s0887-6177(00)00065-2Louly, F., Nouer, P. R., Janson, G., and Pinzan, A. (2011). Dental arch dimensions in the mixed dentition: a study of Brazilian children from 9 to 12 years of age. J. Appl. Oral. Sci. 19, 169–174. doi: 10.1590/s1678-77572011000200014Ludlow, C. L. (2015). Central nervous system control of voice and swallowing. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 32, 294–303. doi: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000186Maezawa, H., Mima, T., Yazawa, S., Matsuhashi, M., Shiraishi, H., and Funahashi, M. (2016). Cortico-muscular synchronization by proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles during isometric tongue protrusion. Neuroimage 128, 284–292. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.058Martinez-Mihi, V., Silvestre, F. J., Orellana, L. M., and Silvestre-Rangil, J. (2014). Resting position of the head and malocclusion in a group of patients with cerebral palsy. J. Clin. Exp. Dent. 6, 1–6.Mervis, C. B., Kistler, D. J., Jhon, A. E., and Morris, C. A. (2012). Longitudinal assessment of intellectual abilities of children with Williams syndrome: multilevel modeling of performance on the kaufman brief intelligence test-2. Am. J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil. 117, 134–141.Nolla, C. M. (1960). The development of permanent teeth. J. Dent. Child. 27, 254–266.Ocampo-Parra, A., Escobar-Toro, B., Sierra-Alzate, V., Rueda, Z. V., and Lema, M. C. (2015). Prevalence of dyslalias in 8 to 16 year-old students with anterior open bite in the municipality of Envigado. Colombia. BMC Oral. Health 15, 77–85. doi: 10.1186/s12903-015-0063-1Oostenveld, R., and Praamstra, P. (2001). The five percent electrode system for high-resolution EEG and ERP measurements. Clin. Neurophysiol.112, 713–719. doi: 10.1016/s1388-2457(00)00527-7Pacheco, M. C., Fiorott, B. S., Finck, N. S., and Araújo, M. T. (2015). Craniofacial changes and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in healthy children. Dental. Press J. Orthod. 20, 80–87. doi: 10.1590/2176-9451.20.3.080-087.oarRaemaekers, M., Schellekens, W., Petridou, N., and Ramsey, N. F. (2018). Knowing left from right: asymmetric functional connectivity during resting state. Brain Struct. Funct. 223, 1909–1922.Rodriguez Moreno, D., Schiff, N. D., and Hirsch, J. (2015). Negative blood oxygen level dependent signals during speech comprehension. Brain Connect 5, 232– 244. doi: 10.1089/brain.2014.0272Rodriguez-Larios, J., and Alaerts, K. (2019). Tracking transient changes in the neural frequency architecture: harmonic relationships between theta and alpha peaks facilitate cognitive performance. J. Neurosci. 39, 6291–6298. doi: 10.1523/ jneurosci.2919- 18.2019Shenoy, U., Hazarey, P., Akhare, P. J., and Mute, B. K. (2015). Cephalometric appraisal of tongue and related soft tissues in normal and open bite subjects at rest. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 9, 16–20.Smithpeter, J., and Covell, D. Jr. (2010). 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The effect of orofacial myofunctional treatment in children with anterior open bite and tongue dysfunction: a pilot study. Eur. J. Orthod. 38, 227–234. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjv044Viechtbauer, W., Smits, L., Kotz, D., Budé, L., Spigt, M., Serroyen, J., et al. (2015). A simple formula for the calculation of sample size in pilot studies. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 68, 1375–1379. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.014Xiao, F. L., Gao, P. Y., Qian, T. Y., Sui, B. B., Xue, J., Zhou, J., et al. (2017). Cortical representation of facial and tongue movements: a task functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging 37, 341–345. doi: 10.1111/cpf.12304Zhou, Z., Liu, F., Shen, S., Shang, L., Shang, L., and Wang, X. (2016). Prevalence of and factors affecting malocclusion in primary dentition among children in Xi’an. China. BMC Oral. 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Brain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite: A Pilot Study.

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