Uso de la dexmedetomidina en la anestesiología veterinaria actual y análisis de protocolo anestésico en 3 pacientes caninos

La anestesiología veterinaria hace parte de las especialidades médicas más complejas y de mayor importancia en la clínica de pequeños animales debido a sus diferentes usos, yendo desde procedimientos realizados dentro del centro quirúrgico hasta procedimientos ambulatorios que requieren de este esta...

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Autores:: Estupiñan Torres, Daniela

Tipo de recurso:: Trabajo de grado de pregrado

Fecha de publicación:: 2020

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Uso de la dexmedetomidina en la anestesiología veterinaria actual y análisis de protocolo anestésico en 3 pacientes caninos
title	Uso de la dexmedetomidina en la anestesiología veterinaria actual y análisis de protocolo anestésico en 3 pacientes caninos
spellingShingle	Uso de la dexmedetomidina en la anestesiología veterinaria actual y análisis de protocolo anestésico en 3 pacientes caninos Dexmedetomidina Anestesiología Caninos TG 2020 MVZ 20315 Dexmedetomidine Anesthesiology Canines
title_short	Uso de la dexmedetomidina en la anestesiología veterinaria actual y análisis de protocolo anestésico en 3 pacientes caninos
title_full	Uso de la dexmedetomidina en la anestesiología veterinaria actual y análisis de protocolo anestésico en 3 pacientes caninos
title_fullStr	Uso de la dexmedetomidina en la anestesiología veterinaria actual y análisis de protocolo anestésico en 3 pacientes caninos
title_full_unstemmed	Uso de la dexmedetomidina en la anestesiología veterinaria actual y análisis de protocolo anestésico en 3 pacientes caninos
title_sort	Uso de la dexmedetomidina en la anestesiología veterinaria actual y análisis de protocolo anestésico en 3 pacientes caninos
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Estupiñan Torres, Daniela
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Castro Varón, Jessica Alejandra Tabacchi Fantoni, Denise
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Estupiñan Torres, Daniela
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Dexmedetomidina Anestesiología Caninos
topic	Dexmedetomidina Anestesiología Caninos TG 2020 MVZ 20315 Dexmedetomidine Anesthesiology Canines
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv	TG 2020 MVZ 20315
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv	Dexmedetomidine Anesthesiology Canines
description	La anestesiología veterinaria hace parte de las especialidades médicas más complejas y de mayor importancia en la clínica de pequeños animales debido a sus diferentes usos, yendo desde procedimientos realizados dentro del centro quirúrgico hasta procedimientos ambulatorios que requieren de este estado de inconsciencia para un mejor resultado sin presencia de dolor en el paciente. En nuestra práctica diaria, ha sido posible evidenciar que la anestesiología veterinaria realizada en muchas clínicas de la ciudad y el país es reducida a una lista pequeña de medicamentos que son usados muchas veces sin un planeamiento previo y sin la monitorización adecuada, causando alteraciones, respuestas inesperadas de difícil control y a su vez, aumentando el número de muertes trans y post operatorias. Por esto, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo identificar los elementos teóricos que convierten a la dexmedetomidina en una alternativa en las cirugías de alta complejidad y a su vez, comparar esta literatura con los resultados encontrados en 3 pacientes caninos tras instaurar un protocolo con este principio activo. Finalmente, como principales resultados se resaltan la estabilidad hemodinámica producida por la dexmedetomidina, la producción de sedación y analgesia reduciendo la cantidad de fármacos usados, la posibilidad de revertir sus efectos gracias a su antídoto el atipamezole, además de la destacable calidad y recuperación anestésica.
publishDate	2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2020-09-30T17:12:03Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2020-09-30T17:12:03Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2020-09-29
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/20315
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv	Estupinan Torres, D. (2020). Uso de la dexmedetomidina en la anestesiología veterinaria actual y análisis de protocolo anestésico en 3 pacientes caninos. [tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/20315
url	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/20315
identifier_str_mv	Estupinan Torres, D. (2020). Uso de la dexmedetomidina en la anestesiología veterinaria actual y análisis de protocolo anestésico en 3 pacientes caninos. [tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/20315
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Grimm KA. Lumb and Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Vol. 5, Roca. 2015 Carter J, Story D. Veterinary and human anaesthesia: An overview of some parallels and contrasts. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2013;41(6):710–718. Fantoni D, Cortopassi S. Anestesia em caes e gatos. 2012. p. 3-100. Coppo J., Mussart de Coppo N. Valoración del riesgo anestésico-quirúrgico en pequeños animales (Anesthetic and surgical risk evaluation in small animals). Redvet. 2005;VI(10). Joubert KE. Pre-anaesthetic screening of geriatric dogs. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 2007;78(1):31–35. Chandler. Impact of Obesity on Cardiopulmonary Disease. Vet Clin North Am - Small Anim Pract [Internet]. 2016;46(5):817–830. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.04.005 Carciofi AC. Obesidade e suas conseqüências metabólicas e inflamatórias em cães e gatos [Internet]. Disciplina Clínica das Doenças Carenciais, Endócrinas e Metabólicas Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da UNESP, Jaboticabal. 2005. Peña. Obesidad Canina : Repercusiones Clínicas Y Factores Relacionados (Presión Arterial Y Parámetros Metabolicos) [Internet]. 2015. Mosing M, German AJ, Holden SL, MacFarlane P, Biourge V, Morris PJ. Oxygenation and ventilation characteristics in obese sedated dogs before and after weight loss: A clinical trial. Vet J [Internet]. 2013;198(2):367–371. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.08.008. Jones RS. Death in small animal anaesthesia. The Veterinary Journal [Internet]. 2009;182(3):375–376. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.06.004 Stern JA, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD. Effect of body position on electrocardiographic recordings in dogs. Australian Veterinary Journal. 2013;91(7):281–286. Flegal MC, Kuhlman SM. Anesthesia monitoring equipment for laboratory animals. Lab Anim (NY). 2004;33(7):31–36. Santeliz H., Estrada L., Chavez A., Hernandez H. Sistema Renina Angiotensina. Rev Mex Anestesiol [Internet]. 2008;19:21–29. Available from: http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/cardio/h-2008/h081d.pdf Tagle R. Diagnóstico De Hipertensión Arterial. Rev Médica Clínica Las Condes [Internet]. 2018;29(1):12–20. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmclc.2017.12.005 Saccò M, Meschi M, Regolisti G, Detrenis S, Bianchi L, Bertorelli M, et al. The relationship between blood pressure and pain. J Clin Hypertens. 2013;15(8):600–605. Rondeau DA, Mackalonis ME, Hess RS. Effect of body position on indirect measurement of systolic arterial blood pressure in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;242(11):1523–1527 Acierno MJ, Domingues ME, Ramos SJ, Shelby AM, Da Cunha AF. Comparison of directly measured arterial blood pressure at various anatomic locations in anesthetized dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2015;76(3):266–271 Matthews N., Mohn T., Yang M, Spofford N, Marsh A, Faunt K, et al. Factors associated with anesthetic-related death in Dogs and Cats in Primary Care Veterinary Hospitals. 2017;250(6):655–665 Pole Y. Evolution of the pulse oximeter. Int Congr Ser. 2002;1242(C):137–144. McMillan MW, Whitaker KE, Hughes D, Brodbelt DC, Boag AK. Effect of body position on the arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in spontaneously breathing, conscious dogs in an intensive care unit: Original study. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2009;19(6):564–570. Ortega R, Connor C, Kim S, Djang R, Patel K. Monitoring ventilation with capnography. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(19). Edling TM, Degernes LA, Flammer K, Horne WA. Capnographic monitoring of anesthetized African grey parrots receiving intermittent positive pressure ventilation. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;219(12):1714–1718 Sabbe M., Penning M. Spinal and Systemi Action of the alfa 2 Receptor Agonist Dexmedetomidine in Dogs. Vol. 80. 1994. Xu B, Zhou D, Ren L, Shulman S, Zhang X, Xiong M. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in morbidly obese patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. J Anesth. 2017;31(6):813–820. Pérez-Guillé MG, Toledo-López A, Rivera-Espinosa L, Alemon-Medina R, Murata C, Lares-Asseff I, et al. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine in children undergoing ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg. 2018;127(3):716. Santangelo B, Harel M, Fourel I, Micieli F, Cataldi M, Segard-Weisse E, et al. Intranasal dexmedetomidine in healthy beagles: An echocardiographic and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study. Vet J [Internet]. 2019;251:105346. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105346 Micieli F, Santangelo B, Reynaud F, Mirra A, Napoleone G, Della Valle G, et al. Sedative and cardiovascular effects of intranasal or intramuscular dexmedetomidine in healthy dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg [Internet]. 2017;44(4):703–709. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2016.08.009 Illum L. Transport of drugs from the nasal cavity to the central nervous system. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2000;11(1):1–18. Rolle A, Paredes S, Cortínez LI, Anderson BJ, Quezada N, Solari S, et al. Dexmedetomidine metabolic clearance is not affected by fat mass in obese patients. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120(5):969–977 Kuusela E, Raekallio M, Anttila M, Falck I, Mölsä S, Vainio O. Clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of medetomidine and its enantiomers in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2000;23(1):15–20. Christian B, Hong L. Is It Time for an Expanded Role of Dexmedetomidine in Contemporary Anesthesia Practice? - A Clinician’s Perspective. Transl Perioper Pain Med. 2018;5(3):55–62. Weerink MAS, Struys MMRF, Hannivoort LN, Barends CRM, Absalom AR, Colin P. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Dexmedetomidine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017;56(8):893–913. Oostrom H., Doornenbal A, Schot A, Stienen P., Hellebrekers L. Neurophysiological assessment of the sedative and analgesic effects of a constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine in the dog. Vet J [Internet]. 2011;190(3):338–344. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.025 Duan X, Li Y, Zhou C, Huang L, Dong Z. Dexmedetomidine provides neuroprotection: Impact on ketamine-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing rat brain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014;58(9):1121–1126. Kim NY, Yoo Y-C, Park H, Choi Y, Kim C, Bai S. The effect of dexmedetomidine on intraocular pressure increase in patients during robot-Assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in the steep trendelenburg position. J Endourol. 2015;29(3):310–316. Murrell JC, Hellebrekers LJ. Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine: A review of cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive properties in the dog. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2005;32(3):117–127. Gómez-Villamandos RJ, Palacios C, Benítez A, Granados MM, Domínguez JM, López I, et al. Dexmedetomidine or medetomidine premedication before propofol-desflurane anaesthesia in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2006;29(3):157–163 Granholm M, McKusick BC, Westerholm FC, Aspegrén JC. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of intramuscular and intravenous doses of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs and their reversal with atipamezole. Vet Rec. 2007;160(26):891–897 Congdon JM, Marquez M, Niyom S, Boscan P. Cardiovascular, respiratory, electrolyte and acid-base balance during continuous dexmedetomidine infusion in anesthetized dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2013;40(5):464–471. Kim H, Min KT, Lee JR, Ha SH, Lee WK, Seo JH, et al. Comparison of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil on airway reflex and hemodynamic changes during recovery after craniotomy. Yonsei Med J. 2016;57(4):980–986 Brioschi FA, Gioeni D, Jacchetti A, Carotenuto AM. Effect of metoclopramide on nausea and emesis in dogs premedicated with morphine and dexmedetomidine. Vet Anaesth Analg [Internet]. 2018;45(2):190–194. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2017.09.042 Papastefanou AK, Galatos AD, Pappa E, Lymperis AG, Kostoulas P. The effect of butorphanol on the incidence of dexmedetomidine-induced emesis in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2015;42(6):608–613. Gonullu E, Ozkardesler S, Kume T, Duru LS, Akan M, Guneli ME, et al. Comparison of the effects of dexmedetomidine administered at two different times on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Brazilian J Anesthesiol (English Ed [Internet]. 2014;64(3):152–158. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2013.06.002 Villela N., Nascimento J.R, Carvalho L.R, Texeira. Efeitos da Dexmedetomidina sobre o sistema renal e sobre a concentração plasmática do hormônio antidiuretico.Estudo experimental em cães. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2005;55:429–440. Larenza MP, Althaus H, Conrot A, Balmer C, Schatzmann U, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. Anaesthesia recovery quality after racemic ketamine or S-ketamine administration to male cats undergoing neutering surgery. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2008;150(12):599–607 Bekker A, Haile M, Kline R, Didehvar S, Babu R, Martiniuk F, et al. The effect of intraoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine on the quality of recovery after major spinal surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2013;25(1):16–24
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spelling	Castro Varón, Jessica AlejandraTabacchi Fantoni, DeniseEstupiñan Torres, Daniela2020-09-30T17:12:03Z2020-09-30T17:12:03Z2020-09-29https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/20315Estupinan Torres, D. (2020). Uso de la dexmedetomidina en la anestesiología veterinaria actual y análisis de protocolo anestésico en 3 pacientes caninos. [tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/20315La anestesiología veterinaria hace parte de las especialidades médicas más complejas y de mayor importancia en la clínica de pequeños animales debido a sus diferentes usos, yendo desde procedimientos realizados dentro del centro quirúrgico hasta procedimientos ambulatorios que requieren de este estado de inconsciencia para un mejor resultado sin presencia de dolor en el paciente. En nuestra práctica diaria, ha sido posible evidenciar que la anestesiología veterinaria realizada en muchas clínicas de la ciudad y el país es reducida a una lista pequeña de medicamentos que son usados muchas veces sin un planeamiento previo y sin la monitorización adecuada, causando alteraciones, respuestas inesperadas de difícil control y a su vez, aumentando el número de muertes trans y post operatorias. Por esto, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo identificar los elementos teóricos que convierten a la dexmedetomidina en una alternativa en las cirugías de alta complejidad y a su vez, comparar esta literatura con los resultados encontrados en 3 pacientes caninos tras instaurar un protocolo con este principio activo. Finalmente, como principales resultados se resaltan la estabilidad hemodinámica producida por la dexmedetomidina, la producción de sedación y analgesia reduciendo la cantidad de fármacos usados, la posibilidad de revertir sus efectos gracias a su antídoto el atipamezole, además de la destacable calidad y recuperación anestésica.Veterinary anesthesiology is part of the most complex and important medical specialties in the small animal clinic due to its different uses, ranging from procedures performed within the surgical center to outpatient procedures that require this unconsciousness state for a better result without the presence of pain in the patient. In our daily practice, it has been possible to show that veterinary anesthesiology performed in many clinics in the city and the country is reduced to a small list of drugs that are used many times without prior planning and adequate monitoring, causing alterations, unexpected responses of difficult control and in turn, increasing the number of trans and post-operative deaths. For this reason, the present work aimed to identify the theoretical elements that make dexmedetomidine an alternative in highly complex surgeries and, in turn, to compare this literature with the results found in three canine patients after establishing a protocol with this active principle. Finally, the main results are the hemodynamic stability produced by dexmedetomidine, the production of sedation and analgesia reducing the number of drugs used, the possibility of reversing their effects thanks to its antidote, atipamezole, in addition to the remarkable quality and anesthetic recovery.1. Justificación. -- 2. Revisión de literatura. – 2.1 Historia de la anestesia veterinaria. -- 2.2 Evaluación preanestésica del paciente. -- 2.3 Monitorización anestésica. -- 2.3.1 Electrocardiograma. -- 2.3.2 Presión arterial. – 2.3.3 Oximetría de pulso. – 2.3.4 Capnografía. – 2.4 Dexmedetomidina. – 2.4.1 Farmacocinética y farmacodinamia. – 2.4.2 Efectos en el sistema nervioso. – 2.4.3 Efectos cardiovasculares. – 2.4.4 Efectos respiratorios. – 2.4.5 Efectos gastrointestinales. – 2.4.6 Efectos renales. – 3. Análisis de protocolo anestésico con dexmedetomidina instaurado en 3 pacientes caninos. – 3.1 Materiales y métodos. – 3.1.1 Animales incluidos. – 3.1.2 Criterios de exclusión. – 3.2 Delineamiento experimental. – 3.2.1 Procedimientos preoperatorios. – 3.2.2 Procedimientos intraoperatorios. – 3.3 Evaluación paramétrica. – 3.4 Momentos de evaluación. – 3.4.1 Momentos de evaluación cardiovascular y respiratoria. – 3.4.2 Momentos para evaluar recuperación post anestésica. – 4. Resultados. – 4.1 Características demográficas. – 4.2 Parámetros hemodinámicos. 4.2.1 Frecuencia Cardiaca. – 4.2.2 Presión arterial media. – 4.3 Saturación parcial de oxígeno. – 4.4 Diuresis transoperatoria. – 4.5 Recuperación anestésica. – 4.6 calidad anestésica y rescate analgésico. – 5. Discusión. – 6. Conclusiones. – 7. Consideraciones finales. – 8. Anexos. – 9. Bibliografía.daniela.estupinant@campusucc.edu.co53 p.Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Administrativas y Contables, Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, BucaramangaMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaBucaramangaDexmedetomidinaAnestesiologíaCaninosTG 2020 MVZ 20315DexmedetomidineAnesthesiologyCaninesUso de la dexmedetomidina en la anestesiología veterinaria actual y análisis de protocolo anestésico en 3 pacientes caninosTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Sin Derivarinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Grimm KA. Lumb and Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Vol. 5, Roca. 2015Carter J, Story D. Veterinary and human anaesthesia: An overview of some parallels and contrasts. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2013;41(6):710–718.Fantoni D, Cortopassi S. Anestesia em caes e gatos. 2012. p. 3-100.Coppo J., Mussart de Coppo N. Valoración del riesgo anestésico-quirúrgico en pequeños animales (Anesthetic and surgical risk evaluation in small animals). Redvet. 2005;VI(10).Joubert KE. Pre-anaesthetic screening of geriatric dogs. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 2007;78(1):31–35.Chandler. Impact of Obesity on Cardiopulmonary Disease. Vet Clin North Am - Small Anim Pract [Internet]. 2016;46(5):817–830. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.04.005Carciofi AC. Obesidade e suas conseqüências metabólicas e inflamatórias em cães e gatos [Internet]. Disciplina Clínica das Doenças Carenciais, Endócrinas e Metabólicas Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da UNESP, Jaboticabal. 2005.Peña. Obesidad Canina : Repercusiones Clínicas Y Factores Relacionados (Presión Arterial Y Parámetros Metabolicos) [Internet]. 2015.Mosing M, German AJ, Holden SL, MacFarlane P, Biourge V, Morris PJ. Oxygenation and ventilation characteristics in obese sedated dogs before and after weight loss: A clinical trial. Vet J [Internet]. 2013;198(2):367–371. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.08.008.Jones RS. Death in small animal anaesthesia. The Veterinary Journal [Internet]. 2009;182(3):375–376. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.06.004Stern JA, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD. Effect of body position on electrocardiographic recordings in dogs. Australian Veterinary Journal. 2013;91(7):281–286.Flegal MC, Kuhlman SM. Anesthesia monitoring equipment for laboratory animals. Lab Anim (NY). 2004;33(7):31–36.Santeliz H., Estrada L., Chavez A., Hernandez H. Sistema Renina Angiotensina. Rev Mex Anestesiol [Internet]. 2008;19:21–29. Available from: http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/cardio/h-2008/h081d.pdfTagle R. Diagnóstico De Hipertensión Arterial. Rev Médica Clínica Las Condes [Internet]. 2018;29(1):12–20. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmclc.2017.12.005Saccò M, Meschi M, Regolisti G, Detrenis S, Bianchi L, Bertorelli M, et al. The relationship between blood pressure and pain. J Clin Hypertens. 2013;15(8):600–605.Rondeau DA, Mackalonis ME, Hess RS. Effect of body position on indirect measurement of systolic arterial blood pressure in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;242(11):1523–1527Acierno MJ, Domingues ME, Ramos SJ, Shelby AM, Da Cunha AF. Comparison of directly measured arterial blood pressure at various anatomic locations in anesthetized dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2015;76(3):266–271Matthews N., Mohn T., Yang M, Spofford N, Marsh A, Faunt K, et al. Factors associated with anesthetic-related death in Dogs and Cats in Primary Care Veterinary Hospitals. 2017;250(6):655–665Pole Y. Evolution of the pulse oximeter. Int Congr Ser. 2002;1242(C):137–144.McMillan MW, Whitaker KE, Hughes D, Brodbelt DC, Boag AK. 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The effect of butorphanol on the incidence of dexmedetomidine-induced emesis in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2015;42(6):608–613.Gonullu E, Ozkardesler S, Kume T, Duru LS, Akan M, Guneli ME, et al. Comparison of the effects of dexmedetomidine administered at two different times on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Brazilian J Anesthesiol (English Ed [Internet]. 2014;64(3):152–158. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2013.06.002Villela N., Nascimento J.R, Carvalho L.R, Texeira. Efeitos da Dexmedetomidina sobre o sistema renal e sobre a concentração plasmática do hormônio antidiuretico.Estudo experimental em cães. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2005;55:429–440.Larenza MP, Althaus H, Conrot A, Balmer C, Schatzmann U, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. Anaesthesia recovery quality after racemic ketamine or S-ketamine administration to male cats undergoing neutering surgery. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2008;150(12):599–607Bekker A, Haile M, Kline R, Didehvar S, Babu R, Martiniuk F, et al. 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Uso de la dexmedetomidina en la anestesiología veterinaria actual y análisis de protocolo anestésico en 3 pacientes caninos

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