Maternal Oral Health and Early Childhood Caries amongst Low-Income Families

Objective: To determine the association between maternal oral health and ECC and explore the role of maternal and child behaviours in explaining this association. Basic research design: A cross-sectional survey. Clinical setting: Public Healthcare Services in Pasto, Colombia. Participants: 384 mothe...

Full description

Autores:
Mafla Chamorro, Ana Cristina
Morán, Leidy Sofia
Bernabé, Eduardo
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UCC
Idioma:
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/33297
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/33297
Palabra clave:
madres
niño
caries dental
bolsa periodontal
pre-escolar
mothers
child
dental caries
periodontal pocket
pre-school
Rights
closedAccess
License
NINGUNA
id COOPER2_4c47a9d502e577fcf3c5c0cdca8958c7
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/33297
network_acronym_str COOPER2
network_name_str Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Maternal Oral Health and Early Childhood Caries amongst Low-Income Families
title Maternal Oral Health and Early Childhood Caries amongst Low-Income Families
spellingShingle Maternal Oral Health and Early Childhood Caries amongst Low-Income Families
madres
niño
caries dental
bolsa periodontal
pre-escolar
mothers
child
dental caries
periodontal pocket
pre-school
title_short Maternal Oral Health and Early Childhood Caries amongst Low-Income Families
title_full Maternal Oral Health and Early Childhood Caries amongst Low-Income Families
title_fullStr Maternal Oral Health and Early Childhood Caries amongst Low-Income Families
title_full_unstemmed Maternal Oral Health and Early Childhood Caries amongst Low-Income Families
title_sort Maternal Oral Health and Early Childhood Caries amongst Low-Income Families
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Mafla Chamorro, Ana Cristina
Morán, Leidy Sofia
Bernabé, Eduardo
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Mafla Chamorro, Ana Cristina
Morán, Leidy Sofia
Bernabé, Eduardo
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv madres
niño
caries dental
bolsa periodontal
pre-escolar
topic madres
niño
caries dental
bolsa periodontal
pre-escolar
mothers
child
dental caries
periodontal pocket
pre-school
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv mothers
child
dental caries
periodontal pocket
pre-school
description Objective: To determine the association between maternal oral health and ECC and explore the role of maternal and child behaviours in explaining this association. Basic research design: A cross-sectional survey. Clinical setting: Public Healthcare Services in Pasto, Colombia. Participants: 384 mothers and their 2-5-year-old children. Main outcome measures: Mothers completed a questionnaire to provide information on sociodemographic and behavioural factors and were examined for caries experience (DMFS index) and periodontal status (Community Periodontal Index). Children were examined for dental caries (dmfs index). The association between maternal dental indicators and child dmfs was assessed in negative binomial regression models adjusting for confounders. Results: About 96% and 33% of mothers had caries experience and periodontal disease, respectively. The mean dmfs was 7.4 (SD: 9.5, range: 0-71). Maternal DMFS, but not the CPI index, was positively associated with children’s dmfs (Rate Ratio: 2.51, 95%CI: 1.59-3.97) after adjustments for sociodemographic and behavioural factors. Conclusions: Maternal caries experience, but not their periodontal status, was positively associated with ECC in their children. Maternal and child behaviours explained little of this association.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-08-31
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-02-10T00:25:07Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-02-10T00:25:07Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Artículo
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 0265-539X (Print) - 0265-539X (Linking)
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv 10.1922/CDH_00040Mafla06
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/33297
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv Mafla, A.C., Moran L.S., Bernabe, E. (2020) Maternal Oral Health and Early Childhood Caries amongst Low-Income Families. Community Dent Health. 2020;37(3):223-228. doi: 10.1922/CDH_00040Mafla06
identifier_str_mv 0265-539X (Print) - 0265-539X (Linking)
10.1922/CDH_00040Mafla06
Mafla, A.C., Moran L.S., Bernabe, E. (2020) Maternal Oral Health and Early Childhood Caries amongst Low-Income Families. Community Dent Health. 2020;37(3):223-228. doi: 10.1922/CDH_00040Mafla06
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/33297
dc.relation.isversionof.spa.fl_str_mv https://www.cdhjournal.org/issues/37-3-september-2020/1030-maternal-oral-health-and-early-childhood-caries-amongst-low-income-families
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Community Dental Health
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv AAPD, American Academic of Pediatric Dentistry. (2008): [Definition of Early Childhood Caries (ECC)]. Chicago, IL: AAPD. https://www.aapd.org/assets/1/7/d_ecc.pdf
Al-Ayed, I.H. (2010): Mothers' knowledge of child health matters: Are we doing enough?. J Family Community Med 17, 22–28.
Cademartori, M.G., Custodio, N.B., Harter, A.L., and Goettems M.L. (2019): Maternal perception about child oral health is associated to child dental caries and to maternal self-report about oral health. Acta Odontol Scand 77, 359-363.
Chapple, I.L., Bouchard, P., Cagetti, M.G., Campus, G., Carra, M.C., Cocco, F., Nibali, L., Hujoel, P., Laine, M.L., Lingstrom, P., Manton, D.J., Montero, E., Pitts, N., Rangé, H., Schlueter, N., Teughels, W., Twetman, S., Van Loveren, C., Van der Weijden, F., Vieira, A.R., and Schulte, A.G. (2017): Interaction of lifestyle, behaviour or systemic diseases with dental caries and periodontal diseases: Consensus report of group 2 of the joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol 44, S39-S51.
Childers, N.K., Momeni, S.S., Whiddon, J., Cheon, K., Cutter, G.R., Wiener, H.W., Ghazal, T.S., Ruby, J.D., and Moser, S.A. (2017): Association between early childhood caries and colonization with Streptococcus mutans genotypes from mothers. Pediatr Dent 39, 130-135.
DiOrio, L.P., Miller, S.A., and Navia, J.M. (1973): The separate effects of protein and calorie malnutrition on the development and growth of rat bones and teeth. J Nutr 103, 856-865.
Dye, B.A., Vargas, C.M., Lee, J.J., Magder, L., and Tinanoff, N. (2011): Assessing the relationship between children's oral health status and that of their mothers. J Am Dent Assoc 142, 173-183.
Green, J.C., and Vermillion, J.R. (1964): The simplified oral hygiene index. J Am Dent Assoc 68, 7-13.
Green, J.C. (1967): The Oral Hygiene Index--development and uses. J Periodontol 38, 625-637.
Harris, R., Nicoll, A.D., Adair, P.M., and Pine, C.M. (2004): Risk factors for dental caries in young children: A systematic review of the literature. Community Dent Health 21, 71-85.
Hooley, M., Skouteris, H., Boganin, C., Satur, J., and Kilpatrick, N. (2012): Parental influence and the development of dental caries in children aged 0-6 years: A systematic review of the literature. J Dent 40, 873-885.
ICDAS, International Caries Detection and Assessment System Coordinating Committee. (2005): Rationale and Evidence for the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II). pp.1-43. Baltimore, Md, USA.
Kim Seow, W. (2012): Environmental, maternal, and child factors which contribute to early childhood caries: A unifying conceptual model. Int J Paediatr Dent 22,157-168.
Laniado, N., Shah, P., Moss, K.L., and Badner, V.M. (2019): Mother's caries experience as a risk factor for child's oral health: An analysis of a high-risk population in the Bronx, New York. Pediatr Dent 41, 279-284.
MINSALUD, Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia (2017): [IV Estudio Nacional de Salud Bucal (ENSAB IV)]. Bogotá, Colombia: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/ENSAB-IV-Situacion-Bucal-Actual.pdf
Nolvi, S., Bridgett, D.J., Korja, R., Kataja, E.L., Junttila, N., Karlsson, H., and Karlsson, L. (2019): Trajectories of maternal pre- and postnatal anxiety and depressive symptoms and infant fear: Moderation by infant sex. J Affect Disord 257, 589-597.
Nourijelyani, K., Yekaninejad, M.S., Eshraghian, M.R., Mohammad, K., Rahimi Foroushani, A., and Pakpour A. (2014): The influence of mothers' lifestyle and health behavior on their children: An exploration for oral health. Iran Red Crescent Med J 16, e16051.
Pinto, G.D.S., Azevedo, M.S., Goettems, M.L., Correa, M.B., Pinheiro, R.T., and Demarco F.F. (2017): Are maternal factors predictors for early childhood caries? Results from a cohort in Southern Brazil. Dent J 28, 391-397.
Sheetal, A., Hiremath, V.K., Patil, A.G., Sajjansetty, S., and Kumar, S.R. (2013): Malnutrition and its oral outcome - a review. J Clin Diagn Res 7, 178–180.
Stanley, B.O., Feingold, E., Cooper, M., Vanyukov, M.M., Maher, B.S., Slayton, R.L., Willing, M.C., Reis, S.E., McNeil, D.W., Crout, R.J., Weyant, R.J., Levy, S.M., Vieira, A.R., Marazita, M.L., and Shaffer, J.R. (2014): Genetic association of MPPED2 and ACTN2 with dental caries. J Dent Res 93:626-632.
Tinanoff, N., Baez, R.J., Diaz Guillory, C., Donly, K.J., Feldens, C.A., McGrath, C., Phantumvanit, P., Pitts, N.B., Seow, W.K., Sharkov, N., Songpaisan, Y., and Twetman, S. (2019): Early childhood caries epidemiology, aetiology, risk assessment, societal burden, management, education, and policy: Global perspective. Int J Paediatr Dent 29, 238-248.
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv NINGUNA
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
rights_invalid_str_mv NINGUNA
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
eu_rights_str_mv closedAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 223-228
dc.coverage.temporal.spa.fl_str_mv 37 (3)
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Odontología, Pasto
Peter G. Robinson
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Odontología
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Pasto
institution Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/a3670918-1732-4163-a570-539737cfd8ec/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/b2eea2eb-ee38-4699-bae4-07780b9227fe/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/9e07ef86-ed10-4569-813f-cdbc637eb43b/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/fc322e55-7f6f-4bfa-98f6-584b108d86e2/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 332a0877048f86d33067f80ec17ba26a
3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45
d796033d717ebe29e7c00a88da976848
5dbe86c1111d64f45ba435df98fdc825
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_ 1814247159050010624
spelling Mafla Chamorro, Ana CristinaMorán, Leidy SofiaBernabé, Eduardo37 (3)2021-02-10T00:25:07Z2021-02-10T00:25:07Z2020-08-310265-539X (Print) - 0265-539X (Linking)10.1922/CDH_00040Mafla06https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/33297Mafla, A.C., Moran L.S., Bernabe, E. (2020) Maternal Oral Health and Early Childhood Caries amongst Low-Income Families. Community Dent Health. 2020;37(3):223-228. doi: 10.1922/CDH_00040Mafla06Objective: To determine the association between maternal oral health and ECC and explore the role of maternal and child behaviours in explaining this association. Basic research design: A cross-sectional survey. Clinical setting: Public Healthcare Services in Pasto, Colombia. Participants: 384 mothers and their 2-5-year-old children. Main outcome measures: Mothers completed a questionnaire to provide information on sociodemographic and behavioural factors and were examined for caries experience (DMFS index) and periodontal status (Community Periodontal Index). Children were examined for dental caries (dmfs index). The association between maternal dental indicators and child dmfs was assessed in negative binomial regression models adjusting for confounders. Results: About 96% and 33% of mothers had caries experience and periodontal disease, respectively. The mean dmfs was 7.4 (SD: 9.5, range: 0-71). Maternal DMFS, but not the CPI index, was positively associated with children’s dmfs (Rate Ratio: 2.51, 95%CI: 1.59-3.97) after adjustments for sociodemographic and behavioural factors. Conclusions: Maternal caries experience, but not their periodontal status, was positively associated with ECC in their children. Maternal and child behaviours explained little of this association.Introduction. -- Method. -- Results. -- Discussion. -- Conclusionhttp://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000676616https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2805-7901https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000002911ana.mafla@campusucc.edu.cohttps://scholar.google.com/citations?user=MSFc5YoAAAAJ&hl=es223-228Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Odontología, PastoPeter G. RobinsonOdontologíaPastohttps://www.cdhjournal.org/issues/37-3-september-2020/1030-maternal-oral-health-and-early-childhood-caries-amongst-low-income-familiesCommunity Dental HealthAAPD, American Academic of Pediatric Dentistry. (2008): [Definition of Early Childhood Caries (ECC)]. Chicago, IL: AAPD. https://www.aapd.org/assets/1/7/d_ecc.pdfAl-Ayed, I.H. (2010): Mothers' knowledge of child health matters: Are we doing enough?. J Family Community Med 17, 22–28.Cademartori, M.G., Custodio, N.B., Harter, A.L., and Goettems M.L. (2019): Maternal perception about child oral health is associated to child dental caries and to maternal self-report about oral health. Acta Odontol Scand 77, 359-363.Chapple, I.L., Bouchard, P., Cagetti, M.G., Campus, G., Carra, M.C., Cocco, F., Nibali, L., Hujoel, P., Laine, M.L., Lingstrom, P., Manton, D.J., Montero, E., Pitts, N., Rangé, H., Schlueter, N., Teughels, W., Twetman, S., Van Loveren, C., Van der Weijden, F., Vieira, A.R., and Schulte, A.G. (2017): Interaction of lifestyle, behaviour or systemic diseases with dental caries and periodontal diseases: Consensus report of group 2 of the joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol 44, S39-S51.Childers, N.K., Momeni, S.S., Whiddon, J., Cheon, K., Cutter, G.R., Wiener, H.W., Ghazal, T.S., Ruby, J.D., and Moser, S.A. (2017): Association between early childhood caries and colonization with Streptococcus mutans genotypes from mothers. Pediatr Dent 39, 130-135.DiOrio, L.P., Miller, S.A., and Navia, J.M. (1973): The separate effects of protein and calorie malnutrition on the development and growth of rat bones and teeth. J Nutr 103, 856-865.Dye, B.A., Vargas, C.M., Lee, J.J., Magder, L., and Tinanoff, N. (2011): Assessing the relationship between children's oral health status and that of their mothers. J Am Dent Assoc 142, 173-183.Green, J.C., and Vermillion, J.R. (1964): The simplified oral hygiene index. J Am Dent Assoc 68, 7-13.Green, J.C. (1967): The Oral Hygiene Index--development and uses. J Periodontol 38, 625-637.Harris, R., Nicoll, A.D., Adair, P.M., and Pine, C.M. (2004): Risk factors for dental caries in young children: A systematic review of the literature. Community Dent Health 21, 71-85.Hooley, M., Skouteris, H., Boganin, C., Satur, J., and Kilpatrick, N. (2012): Parental influence and the development of dental caries in children aged 0-6 years: A systematic review of the literature. J Dent 40, 873-885.ICDAS, International Caries Detection and Assessment System Coordinating Committee. (2005): Rationale and Evidence for the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II). pp.1-43. Baltimore, Md, USA.Kim Seow, W. (2012): Environmental, maternal, and child factors which contribute to early childhood caries: A unifying conceptual model. Int J Paediatr Dent 22,157-168.Laniado, N., Shah, P., Moss, K.L., and Badner, V.M. (2019): Mother's caries experience as a risk factor for child's oral health: An analysis of a high-risk population in the Bronx, New York. Pediatr Dent 41, 279-284.MINSALUD, Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia (2017): [IV Estudio Nacional de Salud Bucal (ENSAB IV)]. Bogotá, Colombia: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/ENSAB-IV-Situacion-Bucal-Actual.pdfNolvi, S., Bridgett, D.J., Korja, R., Kataja, E.L., Junttila, N., Karlsson, H., and Karlsson, L. (2019): Trajectories of maternal pre- and postnatal anxiety and depressive symptoms and infant fear: Moderation by infant sex. J Affect Disord 257, 589-597.Nourijelyani, K., Yekaninejad, M.S., Eshraghian, M.R., Mohammad, K., Rahimi Foroushani, A., and Pakpour A. (2014): The influence of mothers' lifestyle and health behavior on their children: An exploration for oral health. Iran Red Crescent Med J 16, e16051.Pinto, G.D.S., Azevedo, M.S., Goettems, M.L., Correa, M.B., Pinheiro, R.T., and Demarco F.F. (2017): Are maternal factors predictors for early childhood caries? Results from a cohort in Southern Brazil. Dent J 28, 391-397.Sheetal, A., Hiremath, V.K., Patil, A.G., Sajjansetty, S., and Kumar, S.R. (2013): Malnutrition and its oral outcome - a review. J Clin Diagn Res 7, 178–180.Stanley, B.O., Feingold, E., Cooper, M., Vanyukov, M.M., Maher, B.S., Slayton, R.L., Willing, M.C., Reis, S.E., McNeil, D.W., Crout, R.J., Weyant, R.J., Levy, S.M., Vieira, A.R., Marazita, M.L., and Shaffer, J.R. (2014): Genetic association of MPPED2 and ACTN2 with dental caries. J Dent Res 93:626-632.Tinanoff, N., Baez, R.J., Diaz Guillory, C., Donly, K.J., Feldens, C.A., McGrath, C., Phantumvanit, P., Pitts, N.B., Seow, W.K., Sharkov, N., Songpaisan, Y., and Twetman, S. (2019): Early childhood caries epidemiology, aetiology, risk assessment, societal burden, management, education, and policy: Global perspective. Int J Paediatr Dent 29, 238-248.madresniñocaries dentalbolsa periodontalpre-escolarmotherschilddental cariesperiodontal pocketpre-schoolMaternal Oral Health and Early Childhood Caries amongst Low-Income FamiliesArtículohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionNINGUNAinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbPublicationORIGINALArt_CDH_abst.pdfArt_CDH_abst.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf276444https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/a3670918-1732-4163-a570-539737cfd8ec/download332a0877048f86d33067f80ec17ba26aMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84334https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/b2eea2eb-ee38-4699-bae4-07780b9227fe/download3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45MD52THUMBNAILArt_CDH_abst.pdf.jpgArt_CDH_abst.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5840https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/9e07ef86-ed10-4569-813f-cdbc637eb43b/downloadd796033d717ebe29e7c00a88da976848MD53TEXTArt_CDH_abst.pdf.txtArt_CDH_abst.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain5https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/fc322e55-7f6f-4bfa-98f6-584b108d86e2/download5dbe86c1111d64f45ba435df98fdc825MD5420.500.12494/33297oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/332972024-08-10 22:40:01.895restrictedhttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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