Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Internal Consistency of the Suicidal Ideation Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Among Colombian Adolescents
The current study tested the one-dimensionality of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Suicidal Ideation (CES-D-SI) and its reliability among high school students in Santa Marta, Colombia. A total of 1,462 tenth and eleventh-grade students from public and private schools comp...
- Autores:
-
Suárez Colorado, Yuly Paola
Campo Arias, Adalberto
Caballero Dominguez, Carmen Cecilia
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2020
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- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
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- Repositorio UCC
- Idioma:
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/33273
- Palabra clave:
- Suicidal ideation
Adolescent
Students
Reliability and validity
Validation studies
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Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Internal Consistency of the Suicidal Ideation Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Among Colombian Adolescents |
| title |
Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Internal Consistency of the Suicidal Ideation Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Among Colombian Adolescents |
| spellingShingle |
Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Internal Consistency of the Suicidal Ideation Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Among Colombian Adolescents Suicidal ideation Adolescent Students Reliability and validity Validation studies |
| title_short |
Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Internal Consistency of the Suicidal Ideation Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Among Colombian Adolescents |
| title_full |
Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Internal Consistency of the Suicidal Ideation Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Among Colombian Adolescents |
| title_fullStr |
Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Internal Consistency of the Suicidal Ideation Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Among Colombian Adolescents |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Internal Consistency of the Suicidal Ideation Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Among Colombian Adolescents |
| title_sort |
Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Internal Consistency of the Suicidal Ideation Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Among Colombian Adolescents |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Suárez Colorado, Yuly Paola Campo Arias, Adalberto Caballero Dominguez, Carmen Cecilia |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Suárez Colorado, Yuly Paola Campo Arias, Adalberto Caballero Dominguez, Carmen Cecilia |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Suicidal ideation Adolescent Students Reliability and validity Validation studies |
| topic |
Suicidal ideation Adolescent Students Reliability and validity Validation studies |
| description |
The current study tested the one-dimensionality of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Suicidal Ideation (CES-D-SI) and its reliability among high school students in Santa Marta, Colombia. A total of 1,462 tenth and eleventh-grade students from public and private schools completed the CES-D-SI. The students were between 13 and 17 years (M = 16.0, SD = 0.8), 60.3% were female, and 55.3% were in the tenth grade. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted, and the chi-square, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) statistics were calculated. The internal consistency of the dimension was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega coefficients. The results of the CFA were as follows: chi-square = 26.51, df =2, p = .001; RMSEA = .092; 90% confidence interval = .063–.124; CFI = .983; TLI = .950; and SRMR = .019. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was .75, and McDonald’s omega coefficient was .77. As conclusions, the scale exhibited a unidimensional structure similar to that in other studies and presented good reliability values. Hence, its use is recommended to screen suicidal ideation in school-aged adolescents in Santa Marta, Colombia |
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2020 |
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2020-11 |
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2021-02-09T15:02:45Z |
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2021-02-09T15:02:45Z |
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Artículo |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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0033-2941 |
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https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120971771 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/33273 |
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Suárez-Colorado, Y. P, Caballero-Domínguez, C. C, Campo-Arias A. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Internal Consistency of the Suicidal Ideation Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Among Colombian Adolescents. Psychological Reports. November 2020. doi:10.1177/0033294120971771 |
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0033-2941 Suárez-Colorado, Y. P, Caballero-Domínguez, C. C, Campo-Arias A. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Internal Consistency of the Suicidal Ideation Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Among Colombian Adolescents. Psychological Reports. November 2020. doi:10.1177/0033294120971771 |
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https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120971771 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/33273 |
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33143575/ |
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Psychological Reports |
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Amezquita, M., González, R., Zuluaga, D. (2008). [Prevalence of depression and suicidal thoughts in students from 8th to 11th grade in eight public high schools in Manizales]. Hacia la Promoción de la Salud, 13(1), 143–153. Arenas, A., Gómez-Restrepo, C., Rondón, M. (2016). [Suicidal behaviour and associated factors in Colombia. Results from the 2015 National Mental Health Survey]. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 45(1), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2016.03.006 Brockie, T., Dana-Sacco, G., Wallen, G., Wilcox, H., Campbell, J. (2015). The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to PTSD, depression, poly-drug use and suicide attempt in reservation-based Native American adolescents and young adults. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(3-4), 411–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10464-015-9721-3 Bryan, C., Rudd, M. (2006). Advances in the assessment of suicide risk. Clinical Psychology, 62(2), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20222 Campo-Arias, A., Suárez-Colorado, Y. (2019). [Is the suicide a preventable event?] Revista Universidad Industrial de Santander, 51(3), 197–199. https://doi.org/10.18273/revsal.v51n3-2019002 Campo-Arias, A., Zuñiga-Díaz, Z., Mercado-Marín, A., García-Tovar, A. (2019). [Factors and internal consistency analysis of the Okasha’s Suicidality Scale among adolescents]. Revista Cubana de Salud Pública, 45(1), 1–8. Ceballos-Ospino, G., Suárez-Colorado, Y., Suescún-Arregocés, J., Gamarra-Vega, L., González, K., Sotelo-Manjarres, A. (2015). [Suicidal ideation, depression and self-esteem in teenagers school in Santa Marta]. Duazary, 12(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.21676/2389783X.1394 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (2017). Youth risk behavior surveillance system. YRBS Questionnaire content -1991-2017. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/2017/2017_standard_YRBS_item_rationale.pdf Chan, S., Young, J., Hwan, M., Lee, J., Woon, K., Jo, S., Kim, S. (2020). Identification of influencing factors for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adolescents: 11-year national data analysis for 788,411 participants. Psychiatry, 291(1), 113228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113228 Christiansen, E., Jensen, B. (2007). Risk of repetition of suicide attempt, suicide or all deaths after an episode of attempted suicide: A register-based survival analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(3), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670601172749 Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98 Cronbach, J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of the test. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555 González-Forteza, C., García, G., Medina-Mora, M., Sánchez, M. (1988). [Psychosocial indicator predictors of suicidal ideation in two generations of university students]. Salud Mental, 21(3), 1–9. Hu, L., Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 Johnson, W., Lall, R., Bongar, B., Nordlund, M. (1999). The role of objective personality inventories in suicide risk assessment: An evaluation and proposal. Suicide Life-Threatening Behaviors, 29(2), 165–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278X.1999.tb01054.x Keszei, A., Novak, M., Streiner, D. (2010). Introduction to health measurement scales. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68(4), 319–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.01.006 Lenz, B., Röther, M., Bouna-Pyrrou, P., Mühle, C., Tektas, O., Kornhuber, J. (2019). The androgen model of suicide completion. Progress in Neurobiology, 172, 84–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.003 McDonald, R. P. (1970). Theoretical foundations of principal factor analysis and alpha factor analysis. British Journal of Mathematics and Statistical Psychology, 23(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1970.tb00432.x Ministerio de Salud-Colciencias. (2015). [National Mental Health Survey 2015]. Nock, M., Green, J., Hwang, I., McLaughlin, K., Sampson, N., Zaslavsky, A., Kessler, R. (2013). Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 300–310. https://doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.55 Ortiz-Hernandez, L., Lopez-Moreno, S., Borges, G. (2007). Desigualdad socioeconómica y salud mental: revisión de la literatura latinoamericana [Socioeconomic inequality and mental health: a Latin American literature review]. Cadernos Saude Publica, 23(6), 1255–1272. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2007000600002 Panamerican Health Organization . (2014). Suicide mortality in the Americas: Regional report. Paul, E. (2018). Proximally-occurring life events and the first transition from suicidal ideation to suicide attempt in adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 241, 499–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.059 Pianowski, G., de Oliveira, E., Baptista, M. (2015). [Suicidal ideation and behavior: psychological assessment measures]. Psicología Desde el Caribe, 32(1), 81–120. https://doi.org/10.14482/psdc.32.1.5872 Pineda-Roa, C. (2019). [Risk factors for suicidal ideation in a sample of Colombian adolescents and young adults who self-identify as homosexuals]. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 48(1), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2017.06.001 Pineda-Roa, C., Martínez-Chía, Á., Corredor-González, D., Herazo, E., Campo-Arias, A. (2018). [Psychometric findings of the suicidal ideation scale of the center of epidemiological studies in school enrolled adolescents in Samaca, Boyaca, Colombia]. Biosalud, 17(2), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.17151/biosa.2018.17.2.4 Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306 Roberts, R., Chen, Y. (1995). Depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among Mexican-origin and Anglo adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199501000-00018 Rosales, J., Córdova, M., Ramos, R. (2012). [Suicidal ideation in Mexican students: a model of multiple relation with variables of personal identification]. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología de la Salud, 22(1), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.25009/pys.v22i1.558 Rosales-Pérez, J., Córdova-Osnaya, M., Cortés-Granados, R. (2016). [Reliability and validity of Roberts’ suicidal scale]. Journal of Health and Social Behaviors, 7(2), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.5460/jbhsi.v7.2.44302 Séguin, M., Bordeleau, V., Drouin, M., Castelli-Dransart, D., Giasson, F. (2014). Professionals’ reactions following a patient's suicide: Review and future investigation. Archives of Suicide Research, 18(4), 340–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2013.833151 Suárez, Y., Restrepo, D., Caballero, C. (2016). [Suicidal ideation and its relationship to emotional intelligence in Colombian college students]. Revista de la Universidad Industrial de Santander, 48(4), 410–478. http://dx.doi.org/10.18273/revsal.v48n4-2016005 Unikel, C., Bojórquez, C., Carreño, G. (2004). [Validation of a brief questionnaire to measure the risk of abnormal eating behaviors]. Salud Pública de México, 46(6), 509–515. Villalobos-Galvis, F. (2009). [Suicidal behavior in high school and college students in San Juan de Pasto, Colombia]. Salud Mental, 32(2), 165–171. Villalobos-Galvis, F. (2010). Validity and reliability of the Positive and Negative Suicidal Ideation Inventory in Colombian students. Universitas Psychologica, 9(2), 509–520. World Health Organization . (2014). Preventing suicide: A global imperative. World Medical Association . (2008). Declaration of Helsinki. |
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Suárez Colorado, Yuly Paola Campo Arias, AdalbertoCaballero Dominguez, Carmen Cecilia2021-02-09T15:02:45Z2021-02-09T15:02:45Z2020-110033-2941https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120971771https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/33273Suárez-Colorado, Y. P, Caballero-Domínguez, C. C, Campo-Arias A. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Internal Consistency of the Suicidal Ideation Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Among Colombian Adolescents. Psychological Reports. November 2020. doi:10.1177/0033294120971771The current study tested the one-dimensionality of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Suicidal Ideation (CES-D-SI) and its reliability among high school students in Santa Marta, Colombia. A total of 1,462 tenth and eleventh-grade students from public and private schools completed the CES-D-SI. The students were between 13 and 17 years (M = 16.0, SD = 0.8), 60.3% were female, and 55.3% were in the tenth grade. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted, and the chi-square, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) statistics were calculated. The internal consistency of the dimension was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega coefficients. The results of the CFA were as follows: chi-square = 26.51, df =2, p = .001; RMSEA = .092; 90% confidence interval = .063–.124; CFI = .983; TLI = .950; and SRMR = .019. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was .75, and McDonald’s omega coefficient was .77. As conclusions, the scale exhibited a unidimensional structure similar to that in other studies and presented good reliability values. Hence, its use is recommended to screen suicidal ideation in school-aged adolescents in Santa Marta, Colombiahttps://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001404153https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7715https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000007548yuli.suarezcol@campusucc.edu.coacampo@unimagdalena.edu.coccaballero@unimagdalena.edu.cohttps://scholar.google.es/citations?user=mRUw4xIAAAAJ&hl=es11Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Programa de Psicología, Santa Marta, Colombia, 00000Sage JournalsPsicologíaSanta Martahttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33143575/Psychological ReportsAmezquita, M., González, R., Zuluaga, D. (2008). [Prevalence of depression and suicidal thoughts in students from 8th to 11th grade in eight public high schools in Manizales]. Hacia la Promoción de la Salud, 13(1), 143–153.Arenas, A., Gómez-Restrepo, C., Rondón, M. (2016). [Suicidal behaviour and associated factors in Colombia. Results from the 2015 National Mental Health Survey]. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 45(1), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2016.03.006Brockie, T., Dana-Sacco, G., Wallen, G., Wilcox, H., Campbell, J. (2015). The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to PTSD, depression, poly-drug use and suicide attempt in reservation-based Native American adolescents and young adults. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(3-4), 411–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10464-015-9721-3Bryan, C., Rudd, M. (2006). Advances in the assessment of suicide risk. Clinical Psychology, 62(2), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20222Campo-Arias, A., Suárez-Colorado, Y. (2019). [Is the suicide a preventable event?] Revista Universidad Industrial de Santander, 51(3), 197–199. https://doi.org/10.18273/revsal.v51n3-2019002Campo-Arias, A., Zuñiga-Díaz, Z., Mercado-Marín, A., García-Tovar, A. (2019). [Factors and internal consistency analysis of the Okasha’s Suicidality Scale among adolescents]. Revista Cubana de Salud Pública, 45(1), 1–8.Ceballos-Ospino, G., Suárez-Colorado, Y., Suescún-Arregocés, J., Gamarra-Vega, L., González, K., Sotelo-Manjarres, A. (2015). [Suicidal ideation, depression and self-esteem in teenagers school in Santa Marta]. Duazary, 12(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.21676/2389783X.1394Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (2017). Youth risk behavior surveillance system. YRBS Questionnaire content -1991-2017. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/2017/2017_standard_YRBS_item_rationale.pdfChan, S., Young, J., Hwan, M., Lee, J., Woon, K., Jo, S., Kim, S. (2020). Identification of influencing factors for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adolescents: 11-year national data analysis for 788,411 participants. Psychiatry, 291(1), 113228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113228Christiansen, E., Jensen, B. (2007). Risk of repetition of suicide attempt, suicide or all deaths after an episode of attempted suicide: A register-based survival analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(3), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670601172749Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98Cronbach, J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of the test. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555González-Forteza, C., García, G., Medina-Mora, M., Sánchez, M. (1988). [Psychosocial indicator predictors of suicidal ideation in two generations of university students]. Salud Mental, 21(3), 1–9.Hu, L., Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118Johnson, W., Lall, R., Bongar, B., Nordlund, M. (1999). The role of objective personality inventories in suicide risk assessment: An evaluation and proposal. Suicide Life-Threatening Behaviors, 29(2), 165–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278X.1999.tb01054.xKeszei, A., Novak, M., Streiner, D. (2010). Introduction to health measurement scales. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68(4), 319–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.01.006Lenz, B., Röther, M., Bouna-Pyrrou, P., Mühle, C., Tektas, O., Kornhuber, J. (2019). The androgen model of suicide completion. Progress in Neurobiology, 172, 84–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.003McDonald, R. P. (1970). Theoretical foundations of principal factor analysis and alpha factor analysis. British Journal of Mathematics and Statistical Psychology, 23(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1970.tb00432.xMinisterio de Salud-Colciencias. (2015). [National Mental Health Survey 2015].Nock, M., Green, J., Hwang, I., McLaughlin, K., Sampson, N., Zaslavsky, A., Kessler, R. (2013). Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 300–310. https://doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.55Ortiz-Hernandez, L., Lopez-Moreno, S., Borges, G. (2007). Desigualdad socioeconómica y salud mental: revisión de la literatura latinoamericana [Socioeconomic inequality and mental health: a Latin American literature review]. Cadernos Saude Publica, 23(6), 1255–1272. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2007000600002Panamerican Health Organization . (2014). Suicide mortality in the Americas: Regional report.Paul, E. (2018). Proximally-occurring life events and the first transition from suicidal ideation to suicide attempt in adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 241, 499–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.059Pianowski, G., de Oliveira, E., Baptista, M. (2015). [Suicidal ideation and behavior: psychological assessment measures]. Psicología Desde el Caribe, 32(1), 81–120. https://doi.org/10.14482/psdc.32.1.5872Pineda-Roa, C. (2019). [Risk factors for suicidal ideation in a sample of Colombian adolescents and young adults who self-identify as homosexuals]. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 48(1), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2017.06.001Pineda-Roa, C., Martínez-Chía, Á., Corredor-González, D., Herazo, E., Campo-Arias, A. (2018). [Psychometric findings of the suicidal ideation scale of the center of epidemiological studies in school enrolled adolescents in Samaca, Boyaca, Colombia]. Biosalud, 17(2), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.17151/biosa.2018.17.2.4Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306Roberts, R., Chen, Y. (1995). Depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among Mexican-origin and Anglo adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199501000-00018Rosales, J., Córdova, M., Ramos, R. (2012). [Suicidal ideation in Mexican students: a model of multiple relation with variables of personal identification]. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología de la Salud, 22(1), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.25009/pys.v22i1.558Rosales-Pérez, J., Córdova-Osnaya, M., Cortés-Granados, R. (2016). [Reliability and validity of Roberts’ suicidal scale]. Journal of Health and Social Behaviors, 7(2), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.5460/jbhsi.v7.2.44302Séguin, M., Bordeleau, V., Drouin, M., Castelli-Dransart, D., Giasson, F. (2014). Professionals’ reactions following a patient's suicide: Review and future investigation. Archives of Suicide Research, 18(4), 340–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2013.833151Suárez, Y., Restrepo, D., Caballero, C. (2016). [Suicidal ideation and its relationship to emotional intelligence in Colombian college students]. Revista de la Universidad Industrial de Santander, 48(4), 410–478. http://dx.doi.org/10.18273/revsal.v48n4-2016005Unikel, C., Bojórquez, C., Carreño, G. (2004). [Validation of a brief questionnaire to measure the risk of abnormal eating behaviors]. Salud Pública de México, 46(6), 509–515.Villalobos-Galvis, F. (2009). [Suicidal behavior in high school and college students in San Juan de Pasto, Colombia]. Salud Mental, 32(2), 165–171.Villalobos-Galvis, F. (2010). Validity and reliability of the Positive and Negative Suicidal Ideation Inventory in Colombian students. Universitas Psychologica, 9(2), 509–520.World Health Organization . (2014). Preventing suicide: A global imperative.World Medical Association . (2008). 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