Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of dengue virus serotypes circulating at the Colombian–Venezuelan border during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019
Dengue is an endemic disease in Colombia. Norte de Santander is a region on the border of Colombia and Venezuela and has reported the co-circulation and simultaneous co-infection of different serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV). This study aimed to conduct a phylogenetic analysis on the origin and...
- Autores:
-
Carrillo Hernández, Marlen
Ruiz Sáenz, Julián
Jaimes, Lucy
Robledo, Sara
Martínez Gutiérrez, Marlén
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2021
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UCC
- Idioma:
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/43401
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/43401
- Palabra clave:
- Phylogenetic analysis
Venezuela
Phylogeography
Dengue fever
Dengue virus
Phylogenetics
Polymerase chain reaction
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of dengue virus serotypes circulating at the Colombian–Venezuelan border during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019 |
title |
Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of dengue virus serotypes circulating at the Colombian–Venezuelan border during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019 |
spellingShingle |
Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of dengue virus serotypes circulating at the Colombian–Venezuelan border during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019 Phylogenetic analysis Venezuela Phylogeography Dengue fever Dengue virus Phylogenetics Polymerase chain reaction |
title_short |
Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of dengue virus serotypes circulating at the Colombian–Venezuelan border during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019 |
title_full |
Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of dengue virus serotypes circulating at the Colombian–Venezuelan border during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019 |
title_fullStr |
Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of dengue virus serotypes circulating at the Colombian–Venezuelan border during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of dengue virus serotypes circulating at the Colombian–Venezuelan border during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019 |
title_sort |
Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of dengue virus serotypes circulating at the Colombian–Venezuelan border during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019 |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Carrillo Hernández, Marlen Ruiz Sáenz, Julián Jaimes, Lucy Robledo, Sara Martínez Gutiérrez, Marlén |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Carrillo Hernández, Marlen Ruiz Sáenz, Julián Jaimes, Lucy Robledo, Sara Martínez Gutiérrez, Marlén |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Phylogenetic analysis Venezuela Phylogeography Dengue fever Dengue virus Phylogenetics Polymerase chain reaction |
topic |
Phylogenetic analysis Venezuela Phylogeography Dengue fever Dengue virus Phylogenetics Polymerase chain reaction |
description |
Dengue is an endemic disease in Colombia. Norte de Santander is a region on the border of Colombia and Venezuela and has reported the co-circulation and simultaneous co-infection of different serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV). This study aimed to conduct a phylogenetic analysis on the origin and genetic diversity of DENV strains circulating in this bordering region. Serum samples were collected from patients who were clinically diagnosed with febrile syndrome associated with dengue during two periods. These samples were tested for DENV and serotyping was performed using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, positive samples were amplified and the envelope protein gene of DENV was sequenced. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were performed using the sequences obtained. Basic local alignment search tool analysis confirmed that six and eight sequences belonged to DENV-1 and DENV-2, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis of DENV-1 showed that the sequences belonged to genotype V and clade I; they formed two groups: in the first group, two sequences showed a close phylogenetic relationship with strains from Ecuador and Panama, whereas the other four sequences were grouped with strains from Venezuela and Colombia. In the case of DENV-2, the analysis revealed that the sequences belonged to the Asian–American genotype and clade III. Furthermore, they formed two groups; in the first group, three sequences were grouped with strains from Colombia and Venezuela, whereas the other five were grouped with strains from Venezuela, Colombia and Honduras. This phylogenetic analysis suggests that the geographical proximity between Colombia and Venezuela is favourable for the export and import of different strains among serotypes or clades of the same DENV serotype, which could favour the spread of new outbreaks caused by new strains or genetic variants of this arbovirus. Therefore, this information highlights the importance of monitoring the transmission of DENV at border regions. |
publishDate |
2021 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-05 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-01-24T20:54:38Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-01-24T20:54:38Z |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículos Científicos |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1932-6203 |
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252379 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/43401 |
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Carrillo-Hernandez MY, Ruiz-Saenz J, Jaimes-Villamizar L, Robledo-Restrepo SM, Martinez-Gutierrez M (2021) Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of dengue virus serotypes circulating at the Colombian–Venezuelan border during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019. PLOS ONE 16(5): e0252379. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252379 |
identifier_str_mv |
1932-6203 doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252379 Carrillo-Hernandez MY, Ruiz-Saenz J, Jaimes-Villamizar L, Robledo-Restrepo SM, Martinez-Gutierrez M (2021) Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of dengue virus serotypes circulating at the Colombian–Venezuelan border during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019. PLOS ONE 16(5): e0252379. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252379 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/43401 |
dc.relation.isversionof.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0252379 |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
PLOS ONE |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Noor R. Reemergence of dengue virus in Bangladesh: Current fatality and the required knowledge. Tzu Chi Medical Journal. 2020;32(3):227. pmid:32955510 Waman VP, Kolekar P, Ramtirthkar MR, Kale MM, Kulkarni-Kale U. Analysis of genotype diversity and evolution of Dengue virus serotype 2 using complete genomes. PeerJ. 2016;4:e2326. pmid:27635316 Perez-Ramirez G, Diaz-Badillo A, Camacho-Nuez M, Cisneros A, de Lourdes Munoz M. Multiple recombinants in two dengue virus, serotype-2 isolates from patients from Oaxaca, Mexico. BMC microbiology. 2009;9(1):260. pmid:20003526 Costa RL, Voloch CM, Schrago CG. Comparative evolutionary epidemiology of dengue virus serotypes. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2012;12(2):309–14. pmid:22226705 Vicente C, Pannuti C, Urbano P, Felix A, JUNIOR CC, Herbinger K-H, et al. First phylogenetic analysis of dengue virus serotype 4 circulating in Espírito Santo state, Brazil, in 2013 and 2014. Epidemiology & Infection. 2018;146(1):100–6. OMS, TDR, OPS. Dengue: guias para el diagnóstico, tratamiento, prevención y control. Bolivia: OMS. 2009. Boshell J, Groot H, Gacharna M, Márquez G, González M, Gaitán MO, et al. Dengue en Colombia. Biomédica. 1986;6(3–4):101–6. Ocazionez RE, Cortés FM, Villar LA, Gómez SY. Temporal distribution of dengue virus serotypes in Colombian endemic area and dengue incidence: re-introduction of dengue-3 associated to mild febrile illness and primary infection. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2006;101(7):725–31. pmid:17160279 Méndez JA, Usme-Ciro JA, Domingo C, Rey GJ, Sánchez JA, Tenorio A, et al. Phylogenetic reconstruction of dengue virus type 2 in Colombia. Virology journal. 2012;9(1):64. pmid:22405440 Ramírez A, Fajardo A, Moros Z, Gerder M, Caraballo G, Camacho D, et al. Evolution of dengue virus type 3 genotype III in Venezuela: diversification, rates and population dynamics. Virology journal. 2010;7(1):1–9. pmid:21087501 E Wilson M, Chen LH. Dengue in the Americas. 2002. Padilla JC, Rojas DP, Sáenz R. Dengue en Colombia: epidemiología de la reemergencia a la hiperendemia. 2012. Castrillón JC, Castaño JC, Urcuqui S. Dengue in Colombia: Ten years of database records. Revista chilena de infectologia: organo oficial de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectologia. 2015;32(1):22–9. pmid:26065446 Bustamante de Pernía AM, Chacón EJ. Formas identitarias en la región fronteriza de Táchira (Venezuela)‒Norte de Santander (Colombia). Desafíos. 2013;25(1):167–205. Carrillo-Hernández MY, Ruiz-Saenz J, Villamizar LJ, Gómez-Rangel SY, Martínez-Gutierrez M. Co-circulation and simultaneous co-infection of dengue, chikungunya, and zika viruses in patients with febrile syndrome at the Colombian-Venezuelan border. BMC infectious diseases. 2018;18(1):61. pmid:29382300 Colombia INdSd. PROTOCOLO DE VIGILANCIA EN SALUD PÚBLICA, Código: 210–220–580. In: Pública DdVyAdReS, editor. 2017. Salud OPdl. Dengue: Guías para la atención de enfermos en la Región de las Américas: OPS; 2016 Chien L-J, Liao T-L, Shu P-Y, Huang J-H, Gubler DJ, Chang G-JJ. Development of real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assays to detect and serotype dengue viruses. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2006;44(4):1295–304. pmid:16597854 Domingo C, Niedrig M, Teichmann A, Kaiser M, Rumer L, Jarman RG, et al. 2nd International external quality control assessment for the molecular diagnosis of dengue infections. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2010;4(10). pmid:20957194 Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, McGettigan PA, McWilliam H, et al. Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. bioinformatics. 2007;23(21):2947–8. pmid:17846036 Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular biology and evolution. 2013;30(12):2725–9. pmid:24132122 Posada D. jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging. Molecular biology and evolution. 2008;25(7):1253–6. pmid:18397919 Bouckaert R, Heled J, Kühnert D, Vaughan T, Wu C-H, Xie D, et al. BEAST 2: a software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis. PLoS computational biology. 2014;10(4). pmid:24722319 ambaut A, Drummond A, Suchard M. Tracer v1. 6 http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk.Tracer>(Online 2015, May 29). 2014. Rambaut A. FigTree 1.4.3. 2017. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/. de Bruycker-Nogueira F, Souza TMA, Chouin-Carneiro T, da Costa Faria NR, Santos JB, Torres MC, et al. DENV-1 Genotype V in Brazil: Spatiotemporal dispersion pattern reveals continuous co-circulation of distinct lineages until 2016. Scientific reports. 2018;8(1):1–8. pmid:29311619 WHO. Comprehensive guideline for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever. 2011. WHO. Global strategy for dengue prevention and control 2012–2020. Geneva: WHO, 2012. Association of dengue symptoms with haematological parameters: a retrospective study of 10 hospitals in India. 2014. Villar LA, Rojas DP, Besada-Lombana S, Sarti E. Epidemiological trends of dengue disease in Colombia (2000–2011): a systematic review. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2015;9(3). pmid:25790245 MigraciónColombia. Infografía de venezolanos en Colombia. Recuperado de. 2017. Colombia M. Infografía de venezolanos en Colombia, corte 30 de julio de 2019. 2019. Gotuzzo E. Las migraciones y el impacto en la salud. Acta Médica Peruana. 2018;35(3):143–4. OMS. Actualización Epidemiológica: Sarampión. 18 de enero de 2019. Washington, D.C2019. PAHO. Epidemiological Update: Measles. 21 September 2018. Washington, D.C2018. INS. Boletín epidemiológico semanal. Semana 39 del 2019. Bogota D.C2019. INS. Boletin Epidemiologico, Semana 9. In: D.C B, editor. 2019. Londoño-Rentería B, Cárdenas JC, Giovanni JE, Cárdenas L, Villamizar P, Rolón J, et al. Aedes aegypti anti-salivary gland antibody concentration and dengue virus exposure history in healthy individuals living in an endemic area in Colombia. Biomedica. 2015;35(4):572–81. pmid:26844447 Rico-Hesse R. Molecular evolution and distribution of dengue viruses type 1 and 2 in nature. Virology. 1990;174(2):479–93. pmid:2129562 Holmes EC, Twiddy SS. The origin, emergence and evolutionary genetics of dengue virus. Infection, genetics and evolution. 2003;3(1):19–28. pmid:12797969 Kukreti H, Dash PK, Parida M, Chaudhary A, Saxena P, Rautela R, et al. Phylogenetic studies reveal existence of multiple lineages of a single genotype of DENV-1 (genotype III) in India during 1956–2007. Virology Journal. 2009;6(1):1. pmid:19126194 Cuypers L, Libin PJ, Simmonds P, Nowé A, Muñoz-Jordán J, Alcantara LCJ, et al. Time to harmonize dengue Nomenclature and classification. Viruses. 2018;10(10):569. pmid:30340326 Jiménez-Silva CL, Carreño MF, Ortiz-Baez AS, Rey LA, Villabona-Arenas CJ, Ocazionez RE. Evolutionary history and spatio-temporal dynamics of dengue virus serotypes in an endemic region of Colombia. PloS one. 2018;13(8). Ocazionez-Jiménez RE, Ortiz-Báez AS, Gómez-Rangel SY, Miranda-Esquivel DR. Virus del dengue de serotipo 1 (DENV-1) de Colombia: su contribución a la presentación del dengue en el departamento de Santander. Biomédica. 2013;33(1):22–30. Mendez JA, Usme-Ciro JA, Domingo C, Rey GJ, Sanchez JA, Tenorio A, et al. Phylogenetic history demonstrates two different lineages of dengue type 1 virus in Colombia. Virology journal. 2010;7(1):226. pmid:20836894 Carreño MF, Jiménez-Silva CL, Rey‐Caro LA, Conde‐Ocazionez SA, Flechas-Alarcón MC, Velandia SA, et al. Dengue in Santander State, Colombia: fluctuations in the prevalence of virus serotypes are linked to dengue incidence and genetic diversity of the circulating viruses. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2019;24(12):1400–10. pmid:31596525 de Bruycker-Nogueira F, Mir D, dos Santos FB, Bello G. Evolutionary history and spatiotemporal dynamics of DENV-1 genotype V in the Americas. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2016;45:454–60. pmid:27713055 Stewart-Ibarra AM, Ryan SJ, Kenneson A, King CA, Abbott M, Barbachano-Guerrero A, et al. The burden of dengue fever and chikungunya in southern coastal Ecuador: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and phylogenetics from the first two years of a prospective study. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2018;98(5):1444–59. pmid:29512482 Lin Y, Ma D, Wen S, Zeng F, Hong S, Li L, et al. Molecular characterization of the viral structural gene of the first dengue virus type 1 outbreak in Xishuangbanna: A border area of China, Burma and Laos. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2019;79:152–61. pmid:30528395 Márquez S, Carrera J, Espín E, Cifuentes S, Trueba G, Coloma J, et al. Dengue Serotype Differences in Urban and Semi-rural Communities in Ecuador. ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías. 2018;10(1). Berry IM, Rutvisuttinunt W, Sippy R, Beltran-Ayala E, Figueroa K, Ryan S, et al. The origins of dengue and chikungunya viruses in Ecuador following increased migration from Venezuela and Colombia. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2020;20(1):1–12. pmid:31906845 Cortés FM, Gómez SY, Ocazionez RE. Subtipos de virus dengue serotipos 2, 3 y 4 aislados en el Departamento de Santander, Colombia. Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical. 2007;59(3):0-. Allicock OM, Lemey P, Tatem AJ, Pybus OG, Bennett SN, Mueller BA, et al. Phylogeography and population dynamics of dengue viruses in the Americas. Molecular biology and evolution. 2012;29(6):1533–43. pmid:22319149 Mir D, Romero H, de Carvalho LMF, Bello G. Spatiotemporal dynamics of DENV-2 Asian-American genotype lineages in the Americas. PloS one. 2014;9(6). pmid:24897118 Laiton-Donato K, Alvarez DA, Peláez-Carvajal D, Mercado M, Ajami NJ, Bosch I, et al. Molecular characterization of dengue virus reveals regional diversification of serotype 2 in Colombia. Virology journal. 2019;16(1):62. pmid:31068191 Franco L, Pagan I, Del Cor NS, Schunk M, Neumayr A, Molero F, et al. Molecular epidemiology suggests Venezuela as the origin of the dengue outbreak in Madeira, Portugal in 2012–2013. Clinical microbiology and infection. 2015;21(7):713. e5–. e8. pmid:25843502 Ospina MC, Diaz FJ, Osorio JE. Prolonged co-circulation of two distinct Dengue virus Type 3 lineages in the hyperendemic area of Medellin, Colombia. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2010;83(3):672–8. pmid:20810837 Houldcroft CJ, Beale MA, Breuer J. Clinical and biological insights from viral genome sequencing. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2017;15(3):183–92. pmid:28090077 Organization WH, Research SPf, Diseases TiT, Diseases WHODoCoNT, Epidemic WHO, Alert P. Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control: World Health Organization; 2009. Wilder-Smith A, Ooi E-E, Horstick O, Wills B. Dengue. The Lancet. 2019;393(10169):350–63. Wang B, Liang Y, Yang S, Du Y, Xiong L-N, Zhao T, et al. Co-circulation of 4 dengue virus serotypes among travelers entering China from Myanmar, 2017. Emerging infectious diseases. 2018;24(9):1756. pmid:30124423 Sang S, Liu-Helmersson J, Quam MB, Zhou H, Guo X, Wu H, et al. The evolutionary dynamics of DENV 4 genotype I over a 60-year period. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2019;13(7):e0007592. pmid:31356608 Fernández-Niño JA, Cárdenas-Cárdenas LM, Hernández-Ávila JE, Palacio-Mejía LS, Castañeda-Orjuela CA. Análisis exploratorio de ondículas de los patrones de estacionalidad del dengue en Colombia. Biomédica. 2016;36(2):44–55. Black A, Moncla LH, Laiton-Donato K, Potter B, Pardo L, Rico A, et al. Genomic epidemiology supports multiple introductions and cryptic transmission of Zika virus in Colombia. BMC infectious diseases. 2019;19(1):1–11. pmid:30606108 |
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Carrillo Hernández, MarlenRuiz Sáenz, JuliánJaimes, LucyRobledo, SaraMartínez Gutiérrez, Marlén16 p.2022-01-24T20:54:38Z2022-01-24T20:54:38Z2021-051932-6203doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252379https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/43401Carrillo-Hernandez MY, Ruiz-Saenz J, Jaimes-Villamizar L, Robledo-Restrepo SM, Martinez-Gutierrez M (2021) Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of dengue virus serotypes circulating at the Colombian–Venezuelan border during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019. PLOS ONE 16(5): e0252379. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252379Dengue is an endemic disease in Colombia. Norte de Santander is a region on the border of Colombia and Venezuela and has reported the co-circulation and simultaneous co-infection of different serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV). This study aimed to conduct a phylogenetic analysis on the origin and genetic diversity of DENV strains circulating in this bordering region. Serum samples were collected from patients who were clinically diagnosed with febrile syndrome associated with dengue during two periods. These samples were tested for DENV and serotyping was performed using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, positive samples were amplified and the envelope protein gene of DENV was sequenced. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were performed using the sequences obtained. Basic local alignment search tool analysis confirmed that six and eight sequences belonged to DENV-1 and DENV-2, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis of DENV-1 showed that the sequences belonged to genotype V and clade I; they formed two groups: in the first group, two sequences showed a close phylogenetic relationship with strains from Ecuador and Panama, whereas the other four sequences were grouped with strains from Venezuela and Colombia. In the case of DENV-2, the analysis revealed that the sequences belonged to the Asian–American genotype and clade III. Furthermore, they formed two groups; in the first group, three sequences were grouped with strains from Colombia and Venezuela, whereas the other five were grouped with strains from Venezuela, Colombia and Honduras. This phylogenetic analysis suggests that the geographical proximity between Colombia and Venezuela is favourable for the export and import of different strains among serotypes or clades of the same DENV serotype, which could favour the spread of new outbreaks caused by new strains or genetic variants of this arbovirus. Therefore, this information highlights the importance of monitoring the transmission of DENV at border regions.http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000153095https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000213748https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9429-00580000-0002-1447-1458https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000000695Marlen.martinezg@campucucc.edu.cojulian.ruizs@campusucc.edu.cohttps://scholar.google.es/citations?user=flSrsSIAAAAJ&hl=eshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=es&user=a4L-Fx0AAAAJe0252379Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, BucaramangaPLOSMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaBucaramangahttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0252379PLOS ONENoor R. Reemergence of dengue virus in Bangladesh: Current fatality and the required knowledge. Tzu Chi Medical Journal. 2020;32(3):227. pmid:32955510Waman VP, Kolekar P, Ramtirthkar MR, Kale MM, Kulkarni-Kale U. Analysis of genotype diversity and evolution of Dengue virus serotype 2 using complete genomes. PeerJ. 2016;4:e2326. pmid:27635316Perez-Ramirez G, Diaz-Badillo A, Camacho-Nuez M, Cisneros A, de Lourdes Munoz M. Multiple recombinants in two dengue virus, serotype-2 isolates from patients from Oaxaca, Mexico. BMC microbiology. 2009;9(1):260. pmid:20003526Costa RL, Voloch CM, Schrago CG. Comparative evolutionary epidemiology of dengue virus serotypes. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2012;12(2):309–14. pmid:22226705Vicente C, Pannuti C, Urbano P, Felix A, JUNIOR CC, Herbinger K-H, et al. First phylogenetic analysis of dengue virus serotype 4 circulating in Espírito Santo state, Brazil, in 2013 and 2014. Epidemiology & Infection. 2018;146(1):100–6.OMS, TDR, OPS. Dengue: guias para el diagnóstico, tratamiento, prevención y control. 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