Dirofilariosis felina: ciclo biológico, características clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la enfermedad
Las enfermedades zoonóticas son estudiadas en todo el mundo y son de gran énfasis en los programas de prevención de la salud debido a que estas pueden llegar a ocasionar grandes pérdidas tanto económicas como en las vidas de los animales y personas afectadas. La dirofilariosis cardiopulmonar conocid...
- Autores:
-
Imitola Vargas , Midrieth Soraya
Villamarin Balaguera , Juliana
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UCC
- Idioma:
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/52132
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/52132
- Palabra clave:
- Wolbachia
Vectores
Epidemiología
D. immitis
TG 2023 MVZ 52132
Wolbachia
Vectors
Epidemiology
D. immitis
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
| id |
COOPER2_3663e63766634696d794fb3738643900 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/52132 |
| network_acronym_str |
COOPER2 |
| network_name_str |
Repositorio UCC |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Dirofilariosis felina: ciclo biológico, características clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la enfermedad |
| title |
Dirofilariosis felina: ciclo biológico, características clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la enfermedad |
| spellingShingle |
Dirofilariosis felina: ciclo biológico, características clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la enfermedad Wolbachia Vectores Epidemiología D. immitis TG 2023 MVZ 52132 Wolbachia Vectors Epidemiology D. immitis |
| title_short |
Dirofilariosis felina: ciclo biológico, características clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la enfermedad |
| title_full |
Dirofilariosis felina: ciclo biológico, características clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la enfermedad |
| title_fullStr |
Dirofilariosis felina: ciclo biológico, características clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la enfermedad |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Dirofilariosis felina: ciclo biológico, características clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la enfermedad |
| title_sort |
Dirofilariosis felina: ciclo biológico, características clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la enfermedad |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Imitola Vargas , Midrieth Soraya Villamarin Balaguera , Juliana |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Arcila Quiceno, Víctor Hernán |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Imitola Vargas , Midrieth Soraya Villamarin Balaguera , Juliana |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Wolbachia Vectores Epidemiología D. immitis |
| topic |
Wolbachia Vectores Epidemiología D. immitis TG 2023 MVZ 52132 Wolbachia Vectors Epidemiology D. immitis |
| dc.subject.classification.none.fl_str_mv |
TG 2023 MVZ 52132 |
| dc.subject.other.none.fl_str_mv |
Wolbachia Vectors Epidemiology D. immitis |
| description |
Las enfermedades zoonóticas son estudiadas en todo el mundo y son de gran énfasis en los programas de prevención de la salud debido a que estas pueden llegar a ocasionar grandes pérdidas tanto económicas como en las vidas de los animales y personas afectadas. La dirofilariosis cardiopulmonar conocida comúnmente como enfermedad del gusano del corazón (HW) por sus siglas en inglés, es una enfermedad grave y potencialmente fatal causada por el parásito Dirofilaria immitis, parásito perteneciente a la familia de los nematodos. La D. immitis es la causante de patologías cardiacas, arterias pulmonares y del parénquima pulmonar. Los signos clínicos presentados en la Dirofliariasis felina dependen de la etapa de la infección y respuesta por parte del hospedador. Muchos de los felinos gracias a su tolerancia a la infección pueden producir signos leves e inespecíficos, que no corresponden con la gravedad de la enfermedad, estos pueden presentarse especialmente y en la mayoría de los casos como síntomas respiratorios, gastrointestinales y en algunos casos neurológicos, que pueden darse a su vez de forma aguda o crónica que pueden llegar a tener una resolución fatal. El diagnóstico de la dirofilariosis felina es más complicado con respecto a la dirofilariasis canina. Por tal razón es pertinente incluir esta enfermedad dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales en las zonas endémicas cuando se presentan sintomatologías similares al complejo bronquial felino. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-07-21T18:21:19Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-07-21T18:21:19Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-07-21 |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Pregrado |
| dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
| dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis |
| dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
| status_str |
acceptedVersion |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/52132 |
| dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.none.fl_str_mv |
Imitola Vargas, M, S. y Villamarin Balaguera, J. (2023). Dirofilariosis felina: ciclo biológico, características clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la enfermedad [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/52132 |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/52132 |
| identifier_str_mv |
Imitola Vargas, M, S. y Villamarin Balaguera, J. (2023). Dirofilariosis felina: ciclo biológico, características clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la enfermedad [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/52132 |
| dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
García – Rodríguez, S. Matos – Rivero, J. Falcon - Cordón, Y. Costa – Rodríguez, N. Carretón – Gómez, E. Montoya – Alonso, J. Dirofilariosis cardiopulmonar felina: Enfoque clínico para un problema oculto. Profesión Veterinaria. 2022; 97; 16 – 21. Disponible en: https://accedacris.ulpgc.es/handle/10553/113430. Adagra C, Squires R, Adagra A, Elliman J, Constantinou C. Prevalence of infection with D. immitis in cats in Townsville, Australia. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports. 2021; 24; 100580. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100580 Ciuca L, Roman C, Prisco F, Miron L, Acatrinei D, Paciello O, et al. First report of Dirofilaria repens infection in a microfilaraemic cat from Romania. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports. 2020;22; 100497. Disponible en: https://doiorg.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100497 Genchi C, Kramer LH. The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in the Old World. Veterinary Parasitology. 2020; 280; 108995. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108995 Hays KM, Rodriguez JY, Little SE, Litster AL, Mwacalimba KK, Sundstrom KD, et al. Heartworm prevalence in dogs versus cats: Multiple diagnostic modalities provide new insights. Veterinary Parasitology. 2020; 280; 100027. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1016/j.vpoa.2020.100027 Dillon AR, Blagburn BL, Tillson M, Brawner W, Welles B, Johnson C, et al. Heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD) induced by immature adult Dirofilaria immitis in cats. Parasites & Vectors. 2017;10; 209 – 224. Disponible en: DOI:10.1186/s13071-017-2452-6 Diakou, A., Soubasis, N., Chochlios, T. et al. Canine and feline dirofilariosis in a highly enzootic area: first report of feline dirofilariosis in Greece. Parasitology Research.2019; 118; 677–682. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1007/s00436-018-6135-9 Pennisi MG, Tasker S, Hartmann K, et al. Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2020;22(5):442-451.Disponible en: doi:10.1177/1098612X20917601. Noack S, Harrington J, Carithers D, Kaminsky R, Selzer P. Heartworm disease – Overview, intervention, and industry perspective. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance. 2021; 16; 65 – 89. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.03.004 Pullins A, McTier TL, Mahabir S, DeRose G, Hedges L. The efficacy of a topical formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner in preventing the development of a macrocyclic lactone-resistant strain of Dirofilaria immitis in cats. Veterinary Parasitology. 2020; 282; 109122. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109122 Montoya – Alonso, J. Falcon - Cordón, Y. Matos – Rivero, J. Carretón – Gómez, E. Dirofilariosis felina. Abordaje clínico: diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención. Argos Suplemento. 2019; 9 – 14. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337113312_Dirofilariosis_felina_Abordaje_clinico_diagnostico_tratamiento_y_prevencion Flórez A, Rosas A, Pinilla J. Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in shelter dogs in Bucaramanga metropolitan area, Colombia. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports. 2020; 22; 100489. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100489 Morchón R, Montoya-Alonso JA, Rodríguez-Escolar I, Carretón E. What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? Pathogens. 2022; 11 (9). 2-19. Disponible en DOI:10.3390/pathogens11091042. American Heartworm Society. Directrices actuales para la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección por dirofilariosis (Dirofilaria Immitis) en los gatos. American Heartworm Society. 2020; 1 – 12. Disponible en: https://d3ft8sckhnqim2.cloudfront.net/images/pdf/feline-guidelines-espanol.pdf?1423691456 Prichard K Roger. Macrocyclic lactone resistance in Dirofilaria immitis: risks for prevention of heartworm disease. International Journal for Parasitology. 2021; 51; 1121- 1132. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.08.006 Panarese, R., Iatta, R., Lia, R.P. et al. Dirofilarioses in two cats in southern Italy. Parasitology Research. 2021; 120;4247-4251. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1007/s00436-021-07127-6 Kulmer, L. Unterköfler, M. Fuehrer, H. Janovoska, V. Matus, P. et al. First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria. Pathogens. 2021; 10; 1104. Disponible en: DOI:10.3390/pathogens10091104 Simón F, González J, Diosdado A, Gómez P, Morchón, R., & Kartashev, V. The complexity of zoonotic filariasis episystem and its consequences: A multidisciplinary view. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1–10. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6436130 Galvis R, De la Puente M, Socorras T, Lugo E, Ovallos D. Wolbachia pipientis: Endosymbiont Bacteria of Dirofilaria immitis and its Role in Feline Dirofilariasis. Human and Veterinary Medicine 12(2):59–64. Hurd H. BugBitten Wolbachia as a weapon in the war against malaria [Internet]. Biomedcentral.com. 2014. Disponible en: https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bugbitten/2014/10/23/wolbachia-as-a-weapon-in-the-war-against-malaria Shaikevich E, Bogacheva A, Ganushkina L, editores. Dirofilaria and Wolbachia in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in central European Russia and on the Black Sea coast. Parasite;2019; 26; 1- 13.Disponible en: DOI:10.1051/parasite/2019002. Garrity S, Lee-Fowler T, Reinero C. Feline asthma and heartworm disease: Clinical features, diagnostics and therapeutics. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2019;21(9):825-834.Disponible en: doi:10.1177/1098612X18823348 Dantas F, Ketzis J, Mihalca A, Baneth G, Otranto D, Perez G, Watanabe M, Khanh B, Inpankaew T. et al. TroCCAP recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of parasitic infections in dogs and cats in the tropics. Veterinary Parasitology. 2020; 283; 1009167. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109167 Villanueva S, Ginebra J, Verde M, Yzuel A, González A, Lacasta D, Marteles D, Fernández A. Prevalence of microfilariae, antigen and antibodies of feline dirofilariosis infection (Dirofilaria immitis) in the Zaragoza metropolitan area, Spain. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2021;23; 100541. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100541 Yonetake W, Fujii T, Naito M, Maeder S, Rugg D. Efficacy and safety of a new topical formulation containing selamectin and sarolaner in the prevention of heartworm disease and the treatment of roundworm infection in cats presented as veterinary patients in Japan. Veterinary Parasitology. 2019; 270; 38-44. Lee-Fowler TM, Cole RC, Dillon AR, Graham S, Tillson DM, Barney S. High-resolution CT evaluation of bronchial lumen to vertebral body, pulmonary artery to vertebral body and bronchial lumen to pulmonary artery ratios in Dirofilaria immitis-infected cats with and without selamectin administration. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2018;20(10):928-933. Disponible en: doi:10.1177/1098612X17734999 Gruntmeir JM, Adolph CB, Thomas JE, Reichard MV, Blagburn BL, Little SE. Increased detection of Dirofilaria immitis antigen in cats after heat pretreatment of samples. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2017;19(10):1013-1016. Disponible en: doi:10.1177/1098612X16670562 Silvestre-Ferreira AC, Vieira L, Vilhena H, et al. Serum acute phase proteins in Dirofilaria immitis and Wolbachia seropositive cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2017;19(6):693-696. Disponible en: doi:10.1177/1098612X15625435 Lin C-H, Lo P-Y, Tsai H-J, et al. Dirofilaria immitis exposure status in client-owned cats with or without lower airway/lung-associated signs: case-control study in a canine heartworm-endemic area. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2017;19(2):153-157. Marika G, Frangipane A, Cinzia T, Beraldo P, Cassini R. et al. Evidence of Dirofilaria Immitis in Felids in North – Eastern Italy. Pathogens. 2022; 11, (10); 1216. Disponible en: DOI:10.3390/pathogens11101216 Kohn, I. S., Volkmann, M., & Müller, E. Retrospective evaluation of vector-borne pathogens in cats living in Germany (2012–2020). Parasites & Vectors. 2021; 14; 1-9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04628-2 Baker C, McCall J, Mansour A, McCall S, Shaffer T, Wakeland K, et al. Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel for the prevention of heartworm disease in cats. Parasite 2021;28. Disponible en: DOI:10.1051/parasite/2021026 Smith, R., Murillo, D.F.B., Chenoweth, K. et al. Nationwide molecular survey of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in companion dogs and cats, United States of America. Parasites Vectors. 2022; 15; 367. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1186/s13071-022-05459-5 Mendes-de-Almeida, F., Alves, L.C., do Amaral Fernandes, P. et al. Infection with Dirofilaria immitis and Other Infections in Cats and Dogs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: The Need for Prophylactic Enforcement. Acta Parasitológica. 2021; 66; 962 – 968. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1007/s11686-021-00345-z Lane, J.N., Litster, A., Little, S.E. et al. Optimizing heartworm diagnosis in dogs using multiple test combinations. Parasites Vectors. 2021; 14, 224. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1186/s13071-021-04715-4 Montoya-Alonso JA, García Rodríguez SN, Carretón E, Rodríguez Escolar I, Costa-Rodríguez N, Matos JI and Morchón R. Seroprevalence of Feline Heartworm in Spain: Completing the Epidemiological Puzzle of a Neglected Disease in the Cat.Sec, Parasitology. 2022; 9. Disponible en: doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.900371 Panprom C, Bootcha R, Kacha Y, Petchdee S. The Surgical Intervention for Dirofilaria Infections in One Dog and One Cat. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 9;571- 575. Tuna G, Aksoy K, Dinler C. Occurrence of Dirofilaria immitis in cats from the Aegean region in Turkey. Med Weter. 2022; 78 (12); 631-634. Disponible en: DOI: dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6706 Phuakrod A, Sripumkhai W, Jeamsaksiri W, Pattamang P, Juntasaro E, Thienthong T, et al. Diagnosis of feline filariasis assisted by a novel semi-automated microfluidic device in combination with high resolution melting real-time PCR. Parasites & Vectors 2019;12. Palerme J, Lamperelli E, Gagné J, Cazlan C, Zhang M, Olds JE. Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Dirofilaria immitis in Free-Roaming Cats in Iowa. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2019 03;19(3):193-198. Wang J, Zhu X, Zhu Y, Han Q, Liao C, Wang J, et al. Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis Infections In Dogs and Cats In Hainan Island/Province and Three Other Coastal Cities of China Based On Antigen Testing and PCR. The Journal of Parasitology. 2019;105(2):199-202. Ritthikulprasert S, Jirapiti P, Pengpis S. Molecular and antigen detection of Dirofilaria immitis infection in client-owned cats in Bangkok, Thailand. The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine.2020 03;50(1):109-113. Oldach MS, Catherine T. Gunther‐Harrington, Balsa IM, McLarty EM, Wakeman KA, Phillips KL, et al. Aberrant migration and surgical removal of a heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) from the femoral artery of a cat. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2018 03;32(2):792-796 Genchi, M., Mangia, C., Ferrari, N. et al. Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test for the detection of low burden Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) in dogs and cats. Parasitology Research. 2018;117;31–34. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1007/s00436-017-5709-2 Čabanová, V., Miterpáková, M., Valentová, D. et al. Urbanization impact on mosquito community and the transmission potential of filarial infection in central Europe. Parasites Vectors. 2018; 11; 261.Disponible en: https://doiorg.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1186/s13071-018-2845- Neves, M., Lopes, A.P., Martins, C. et al. Survey of Dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies to Leishmania infantum and Toxoplasma gondii in cats from Madeira Island, Portugal. Parasites Vectors. 2020; 13; 117. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1186/s13071-020-3988-4 A. S. Tonev, Z. Kirkova, P. T. Iliev, A. Roussenov, T. Chaprazov, R. Roydev, and N. Pirovski. Clinical Case of Life-threatening Co-infection Due to Dirofilaria Immitis and Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus in a Cat: First Report of Feline Heartworm Disease in Bulgaria. Helminthología. 2021; 58(1); 106- 114. Gavazza A, Marchegiani A, Guerriero L, Turinelli, Spaterna A, Mangiaterra S, et al. Updates on Laboratory Evaluation of Feline Cardiac Diseases. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(3);41. Joseph D. Turner, Amy E. Marriott, David Hong, Paul O’ Neill, Steve A. Ward, Mark J. Taylo. Novel anti-Wolbachia drugs, a new approach in the treatment and prevention of veterinary filariasis? Veterinary Parasitology. 2020; 279; 109057. Dayanti M, Batan W, Alosyana M; Tri K. Canine and feline Dirofilariasis Currently Spreads in Indonesia Damaging Pulmonary Arteries and Lungs: A Literature Review. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus. 2021; 10(5); 814-829. |
| dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv |
Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar |
| dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
59 p. |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, Bucaramanga |
| dc.publisher.program.none.fl_str_mv |
Medicina veterinaria y zootecnia |
| dc.publisher.place.none.fl_str_mv |
Bucaramanga |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, Bucaramanga |
| institution |
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/428263a1-51d5-461c-8dc5-85019a9dbf63/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/5299332d-b69f-4b3f-9726-767f2f8d6ed1/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/73699b02-abc1-4cd0-bc22-05d51d398134/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/895a0a38-8570-4432-8de4-a5393d442e52/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/78c763d5-32ff-4524-b6f2-9a963d0b0e8d/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/6159d5dd-2fc5-4415-87a9-fc5ce5d5008a/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/f9afeda9-41c6-413c-a7b7-6431773d7d72/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/cbb5266c-8829-4f97-95fe-43a6f8754528/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/f53adf27-d65c-475a-85bc-984769c786ca/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/d87aa67c-1bdb-4cb6-8663-c4aa99491d66/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45 a472e96e9be089422cdca640c2dfee15 824d82e864c544692ac0b3e1be2f3c6b de6927826e2f466260e61ea78ea678a6 48e1c8ca28a23f189098b0b7b965bd12 190b98ed6e5d2068a512bc74a040af17 d4677a26a4d309626abb6ecdffc6bc3c 7f36d49a167d9f0bc7417d4f62a51c68 690f285eacc90d50ab4bc05ac12fc5af f64a1e90d8c2b09ced02d171f4270ced |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
bdigital@metabiblioteca.com |
| _version_ |
1814246643708461056 |
| spelling |
Arcila Quiceno, Víctor HernánImitola Vargas , Midrieth SorayaVillamarin Balaguera , Juliana2023-07-21T18:21:19Z2023-07-21T18:21:19Z2023-07-21https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/52132Imitola Vargas, M, S. y Villamarin Balaguera, J. (2023). Dirofilariosis felina: ciclo biológico, características clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la enfermedad [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/52132Las enfermedades zoonóticas son estudiadas en todo el mundo y son de gran énfasis en los programas de prevención de la salud debido a que estas pueden llegar a ocasionar grandes pérdidas tanto económicas como en las vidas de los animales y personas afectadas. La dirofilariosis cardiopulmonar conocida comúnmente como enfermedad del gusano del corazón (HW) por sus siglas en inglés, es una enfermedad grave y potencialmente fatal causada por el parásito Dirofilaria immitis, parásito perteneciente a la familia de los nematodos. La D. immitis es la causante de patologías cardiacas, arterias pulmonares y del parénquima pulmonar. Los signos clínicos presentados en la Dirofliariasis felina dependen de la etapa de la infección y respuesta por parte del hospedador. Muchos de los felinos gracias a su tolerancia a la infección pueden producir signos leves e inespecíficos, que no corresponden con la gravedad de la enfermedad, estos pueden presentarse especialmente y en la mayoría de los casos como síntomas respiratorios, gastrointestinales y en algunos casos neurológicos, que pueden darse a su vez de forma aguda o crónica que pueden llegar a tener una resolución fatal. El diagnóstico de la dirofilariosis felina es más complicado con respecto a la dirofilariasis canina. Por tal razón es pertinente incluir esta enfermedad dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales en las zonas endémicas cuando se presentan sintomatologías similares al complejo bronquial felino.Zoonotic diseases are studied throughout the world and are of great emphasis in health prevention programs because they can cause great losses, both economically and in the lives of animals and people affected. Cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis, commonly known as heartworm disease, is a serious and potentially fatal disease caused by the parasite Dirofilaria immitis, a parasite belonging to the nematode family. D. immitis is commonly called heartworm (HW).) by its acronym in English, is the cause of cardiac pathologies, pulmonary arteries and lung parenchyma. The clinical signs presented in feline Dirofilariasis depend on the stage of infection and response by the host. Many of the cats, thanks to their tolerance to infection, can produce mild and non-specific signs, which do not correspond to the severity of the disease, these can appear especially and in most cases as respiratory, gastrointestinal symptoms and in some neurological cases, which can in turn occur acutely or chronically and can have a fatal resolution. The diagnosis of feline heartworms is more complicated than that of canine heartworms. For this reason, it is pertinent to include this disease within the differential diagnoses in endemic areas when symptoms similar to the feline bronchial complex occur.Resumen. -- Introducción. -- Planteamiento del problema. -- Justificación. -- Objetivos. -- Objetivo general. -- Objetivos específicos. -- Marco conceptual. -- Historia. -- Agente etiológico. -- Ciclo biológico. -- Biología de la D. immitis. -- Epidemiología. -- Wolbachia y Dirofilaria immitis. -- Fisiopatología. -- Signos clínicos -- Métodos diagnósticos. -- Tratamiento. -- Prevención. -- Pronóstico -- Estado del arte. -- Metodología. -- Tipo de investigación. -- Estrategia de búsqueda y recolección de información. -- Criterios de inclusión. -- Criterios de exclusión. -- Resultados. -- Análisis de estudio. -- Discusión. -- Conclusiones. -- Referencias bibliográficas.midrieth.imitola@campusucc.edu.cojuliana.villamarin@campusucc.edu.co59 p.Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, BucaramangaMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaBucaramangaWolbachiaVectoresEpidemiologíaD. immitisTG 2023 MVZ 52132WolbachiaVectorsEpidemiologyD. immitisDirofilariosis felina: ciclo biológico, características clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la enfermedadTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Sin Derivarinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2García – Rodríguez, S. Matos – Rivero, J. Falcon - Cordón, Y. Costa – Rodríguez, N. Carretón – Gómez, E. Montoya – Alonso, J. Dirofilariosis cardiopulmonar felina: Enfoque clínico para un problema oculto. Profesión Veterinaria. 2022; 97; 16 – 21. Disponible en: https://accedacris.ulpgc.es/handle/10553/113430.Adagra C, Squires R, Adagra A, Elliman J, Constantinou C. Prevalence of infection with D. immitis in cats in Townsville, Australia. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports. 2021; 24; 100580. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100580Ciuca L, Roman C, Prisco F, Miron L, Acatrinei D, Paciello O, et al. First report of Dirofilaria repens infection in a microfilaraemic cat from Romania. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports. 2020;22; 100497. Disponible en: https://doiorg.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100497Genchi C, Kramer LH. The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in the Old World. Veterinary Parasitology. 2020; 280; 108995. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108995Hays KM, Rodriguez JY, Little SE, Litster AL, Mwacalimba KK, Sundstrom KD, et al. Heartworm prevalence in dogs versus cats: Multiple diagnostic modalities provide new insights. Veterinary Parasitology. 2020; 280; 100027. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1016/j.vpoa.2020.100027Dillon AR, Blagburn BL, Tillson M, Brawner W, Welles B, Johnson C, et al. Heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD) induced by immature adult Dirofilaria immitis in cats. Parasites & Vectors. 2017;10; 209 – 224. Disponible en: DOI:10.1186/s13071-017-2452-6Diakou, A., Soubasis, N., Chochlios, T. et al. Canine and feline dirofilariosis in a highly enzootic area: first report of feline dirofilariosis in Greece. Parasitology Research.2019; 118; 677–682. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1007/s00436-018-6135-9Pennisi MG, Tasker S, Hartmann K, et al. Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2020;22(5):442-451.Disponible en: doi:10.1177/1098612X20917601.Noack S, Harrington J, Carithers D, Kaminsky R, Selzer P. Heartworm disease – Overview, intervention, and industry perspective. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance. 2021; 16; 65 – 89. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.03.004Pullins A, McTier TL, Mahabir S, DeRose G, Hedges L. The efficacy of a topical formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner in preventing the development of a macrocyclic lactone-resistant strain of Dirofilaria immitis in cats. Veterinary Parasitology. 2020; 282; 109122. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109122Montoya – Alonso, J. Falcon - Cordón, Y. Matos – Rivero, J. Carretón – Gómez, E. Dirofilariosis felina. Abordaje clínico: diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención. Argos Suplemento. 2019; 9 – 14. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337113312_Dirofilariosis_felina_Abordaje_clinico_diagnostico_tratamiento_y_prevencionFlórez A, Rosas A, Pinilla J. Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in shelter dogs in Bucaramanga metropolitan area, Colombia. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports. 2020; 22; 100489. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100489Morchón R, Montoya-Alonso JA, Rodríguez-Escolar I, Carretón E. What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? Pathogens. 2022; 11 (9). 2-19. Disponible en DOI:10.3390/pathogens11091042.American Heartworm Society. Directrices actuales para la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección por dirofilariosis (Dirofilaria Immitis) en los gatos. American Heartworm Society. 2020; 1 – 12. Disponible en: https://d3ft8sckhnqim2.cloudfront.net/images/pdf/feline-guidelines-espanol.pdf?1423691456Prichard K Roger. Macrocyclic lactone resistance in Dirofilaria immitis: risks for prevention of heartworm disease. International Journal for Parasitology. 2021; 51; 1121- 1132. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.08.006Panarese, R., Iatta, R., Lia, R.P. et al. Dirofilarioses in two cats in southern Italy. Parasitology Research. 2021; 120;4247-4251. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1007/s00436-021-07127-6Kulmer, L. Unterköfler, M. Fuehrer, H. Janovoska, V. Matus, P. et al. First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria. Pathogens. 2021; 10; 1104. Disponible en: DOI:10.3390/pathogens10091104Simón F, González J, Diosdado A, Gómez P, Morchón, R., & Kartashev, V. The complexity of zoonotic filariasis episystem and its consequences: A multidisciplinary view. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1–10. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6436130Galvis R, De la Puente M, Socorras T, Lugo E, Ovallos D. Wolbachia pipientis: Endosymbiont Bacteria of Dirofilaria immitis and its Role in Feline Dirofilariasis. Human and Veterinary Medicine 12(2):59–64.Hurd H. BugBitten Wolbachia as a weapon in the war against malaria [Internet]. Biomedcentral.com. 2014. Disponible en: https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bugbitten/2014/10/23/wolbachia-as-a-weapon-in-the-war-against-malariaShaikevich E, Bogacheva A, Ganushkina L, editores. Dirofilaria and Wolbachia in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in central European Russia and on the Black Sea coast. Parasite;2019; 26; 1- 13.Disponible en: DOI:10.1051/parasite/2019002.Garrity S, Lee-Fowler T, Reinero C. Feline asthma and heartworm disease: Clinical features, diagnostics and therapeutics. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2019;21(9):825-834.Disponible en: doi:10.1177/1098612X18823348Dantas F, Ketzis J, Mihalca A, Baneth G, Otranto D, Perez G, Watanabe M, Khanh B, Inpankaew T. et al. TroCCAP recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of parasitic infections in dogs and cats in the tropics. Veterinary Parasitology. 2020; 283; 1009167. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109167Villanueva S, Ginebra J, Verde M, Yzuel A, González A, Lacasta D, Marteles D, Fernández A. Prevalence of microfilariae, antigen and antibodies of feline dirofilariosis infection (Dirofilaria immitis) in the Zaragoza metropolitan area, Spain. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2021;23; 100541. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100541Yonetake W, Fujii T, Naito M, Maeder S, Rugg D. Efficacy and safety of a new topical formulation containing selamectin and sarolaner in the prevention of heartworm disease and the treatment of roundworm infection in cats presented as veterinary patients in Japan. Veterinary Parasitology. 2019; 270; 38-44.Lee-Fowler TM, Cole RC, Dillon AR, Graham S, Tillson DM, Barney S. High-resolution CT evaluation of bronchial lumen to vertebral body, pulmonary artery to vertebral body and bronchial lumen to pulmonary artery ratios in Dirofilaria immitis-infected cats with and without selamectin administration. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2018;20(10):928-933. Disponible en: doi:10.1177/1098612X17734999Gruntmeir JM, Adolph CB, Thomas JE, Reichard MV, Blagburn BL, Little SE. Increased detection of Dirofilaria immitis antigen in cats after heat pretreatment of samples. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2017;19(10):1013-1016. Disponible en: doi:10.1177/1098612X16670562Silvestre-Ferreira AC, Vieira L, Vilhena H, et al. Serum acute phase proteins in Dirofilaria immitis and Wolbachia seropositive cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2017;19(6):693-696. Disponible en: doi:10.1177/1098612X15625435Lin C-H, Lo P-Y, Tsai H-J, et al. Dirofilaria immitis exposure status in client-owned cats with or without lower airway/lung-associated signs: case-control study in a canine heartworm-endemic area. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2017;19(2):153-157.Marika G, Frangipane A, Cinzia T, Beraldo P, Cassini R. et al. Evidence of Dirofilaria Immitis in Felids in North – Eastern Italy. Pathogens. 2022; 11, (10); 1216. Disponible en: DOI:10.3390/pathogens11101216Kohn, I. S., Volkmann, M., & Müller, E. Retrospective evaluation of vector-borne pathogens in cats living in Germany (2012–2020). Parasites & Vectors. 2021; 14; 1-9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04628-2Baker C, McCall J, Mansour A, McCall S, Shaffer T, Wakeland K, et al. Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel for the prevention of heartworm disease in cats. Parasite 2021;28. Disponible en: DOI:10.1051/parasite/2021026Smith, R., Murillo, D.F.B., Chenoweth, K. et al. Nationwide molecular survey of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in companion dogs and cats, United States of America. Parasites Vectors. 2022; 15; 367. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1186/s13071-022-05459-5Mendes-de-Almeida, F., Alves, L.C., do Amaral Fernandes, P. et al. Infection with Dirofilaria immitis and Other Infections in Cats and Dogs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: The Need for Prophylactic Enforcement. Acta Parasitológica. 2021; 66; 962 – 968. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1007/s11686-021-00345-zLane, J.N., Litster, A., Little, S.E. et al. Optimizing heartworm diagnosis in dogs using multiple test combinations. Parasites Vectors. 2021; 14, 224. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1186/s13071-021-04715-4Montoya-Alonso JA, García Rodríguez SN, Carretón E, Rodríguez Escolar I, Costa-Rodríguez N, Matos JI and Morchón R. Seroprevalence of Feline Heartworm in Spain: Completing the Epidemiological Puzzle of a Neglected Disease in the Cat.Sec, Parasitology. 2022; 9. Disponible en: doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.900371Panprom C, Bootcha R, Kacha Y, Petchdee S. The Surgical Intervention for Dirofilaria Infections in One Dog and One Cat. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 9;571- 575.Tuna G, Aksoy K, Dinler C. Occurrence of Dirofilaria immitis in cats from the Aegean region in Turkey. Med Weter. 2022; 78 (12); 631-634. Disponible en: DOI: dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6706Phuakrod A, Sripumkhai W, Jeamsaksiri W, Pattamang P, Juntasaro E, Thienthong T, et al. Diagnosis of feline filariasis assisted by a novel semi-automated microfluidic device in combination with high resolution melting real-time PCR. Parasites & Vectors 2019;12.Palerme J, Lamperelli E, Gagné J, Cazlan C, Zhang M, Olds JE. Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Dirofilaria immitis in Free-Roaming Cats in Iowa. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2019 03;19(3):193-198.Wang J, Zhu X, Zhu Y, Han Q, Liao C, Wang J, et al. Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis Infections In Dogs and Cats In Hainan Island/Province and Three Other Coastal Cities of China Based On Antigen Testing and PCR. The Journal of Parasitology. 2019;105(2):199-202.Ritthikulprasert S, Jirapiti P, Pengpis S. Molecular and antigen detection of Dirofilaria immitis infection in client-owned cats in Bangkok, Thailand. The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine.2020 03;50(1):109-113.Oldach MS, Catherine T. Gunther‐Harrington, Balsa IM, McLarty EM, Wakeman KA, Phillips KL, et al. Aberrant migration and surgical removal of a heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) from the femoral artery of a cat. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2018 03;32(2):792-796Genchi, M., Mangia, C., Ferrari, N. et al. Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test for the detection of low burden Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) in dogs and cats. Parasitology Research. 2018;117;31–34. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1007/s00436-017-5709-2Čabanová, V., Miterpáková, M., Valentová, D. et al. Urbanization impact on mosquito community and the transmission potential of filarial infection in central Europe. Parasites Vectors. 2018; 11; 261.Disponible en: https://doiorg.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1186/s13071-018-2845-Neves, M., Lopes, A.P., Martins, C. et al. Survey of Dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies to Leishmania infantum and Toxoplasma gondii in cats from Madeira Island, Portugal. Parasites Vectors. 2020; 13; 117. Disponible en: https://doi-org.bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co/10.1186/s13071-020-3988-4A. S. Tonev, Z. Kirkova, P. T. Iliev, A. Roussenov, T. Chaprazov, R. Roydev, and N. Pirovski. Clinical Case of Life-threatening Co-infection Due to Dirofilaria Immitis and Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus in a Cat: First Report of Feline Heartworm Disease in Bulgaria. Helminthología. 2021; 58(1); 106- 114.Gavazza A, Marchegiani A, Guerriero L, Turinelli, Spaterna A, Mangiaterra S, et al. Updates on Laboratory Evaluation of Feline Cardiac Diseases. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(3);41.Joseph D. Turner, Amy E. Marriott, David Hong, Paul O’ Neill, Steve A. Ward, Mark J. Taylo. Novel anti-Wolbachia drugs, a new approach in the treatment and prevention of veterinary filariasis? Veterinary Parasitology. 2020; 279; 109057.Dayanti M, Batan W, Alosyana M; Tri K. Canine and feline Dirofilariasis Currently Spreads in Indonesia Damaging Pulmonary Arteries and Lungs: A Literature Review. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus. 2021; 10(5); 814-829.PublicationLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84334https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/428263a1-51d5-461c-8dc5-85019a9dbf63/download3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45MD51ORIGINAL2023_Dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo_Actasustentacion.pdf2023_Dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo_Actasustentacion.pdfActa de sustentaciónapplication/pdf141752https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/5299332d-b69f-4b3f-9726-767f2f8d6ed1/downloada472e96e9be089422cdca640c2dfee15MD532023_Dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo_FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf2023_Dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo_FormatoLicenciaUso.pdfFormato licencia de usoapplication/pdf199082https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/73699b02-abc1-4cd0-bc22-05d51d398134/download824d82e864c544692ac0b3e1be2f3c6bMD542023_dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo.pdf2023_dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo.pdfTrabajo de gradoapplication/pdf3244619https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/895a0a38-8570-4432-8de4-a5393d442e52/downloadde6927826e2f466260e61ea78ea678a6MD55TEXT2023_Dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo_Actasustentacion.pdf.txt2023_Dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo_Actasustentacion.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain1056https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/78c763d5-32ff-4524-b6f2-9a963d0b0e8d/download48e1c8ca28a23f189098b0b7b965bd12MD562023_Dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo_FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.txt2023_Dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo_FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain5949https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/6159d5dd-2fc5-4415-87a9-fc5ce5d5008a/download190b98ed6e5d2068a512bc74a040af17MD582023_dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo.pdf.txt2023_dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain101747https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/f9afeda9-41c6-413c-a7b7-6431773d7d72/downloadd4677a26a4d309626abb6ecdffc6bc3cMD510THUMBNAIL2023_Dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo_Actasustentacion.pdf.jpg2023_Dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo_Actasustentacion.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg11468https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/cbb5266c-8829-4f97-95fe-43a6f8754528/download7f36d49a167d9f0bc7417d4f62a51c68MD572023_Dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo_FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.jpg2023_Dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo_FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg12248https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/f53adf27-d65c-475a-85bc-984769c786ca/download690f285eacc90d50ab4bc05ac12fc5afMD592023_dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo.pdf.jpg2023_dirofilariosis_felina_ciclo.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg6251https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/d87aa67c-1bdb-4cb6-8663-c4aa99491d66/downloadf64a1e90d8c2b09ced02d171f4270cedMD51120.500.12494/52132oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/521322024-08-09 12:54:26.067restrictedhttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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 |