Hormona de crecimiento recombiante (rhGH) y crecimiento craneofacial

El eje hipotálamo hipófisis es reconocido como un regulador clave del crecimiento craneofacial y del desarrollo musculo-esquelético normal e influye en el metabolismo óseo al controlar diversos procesos metabólicos vitales. Consiste en una serie de interacciones hormonales que incluyen la hormona li...

Full description

Autores:
Ruíz Gutiérrez, Diego Alejandro
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UCC
Idioma:
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/13943
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/13943
Palabra clave:
Crecimiento craneofacial
Hormona de crecimiento
Cartílago
Hueso
Somatotropina
Eje hipotálamo pituitaria
Crecimiento y desarrollo
Deficiencia de crecimiento
IGF1
TG 2019 EOF 13943
Craniofacial growth
Growth hormone
Cartilage
Bone
Somatotropin
Axis hypothalamus pituitary
Growth and development
Growth deficiency
IGF1
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
id COOPER2_33aab90c1f521fade0ba91d0488c0d62
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/13943
network_acronym_str COOPER2
network_name_str Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Hormona de crecimiento recombiante (rhGH) y crecimiento craneofacial
title Hormona de crecimiento recombiante (rhGH) y crecimiento craneofacial
spellingShingle Hormona de crecimiento recombiante (rhGH) y crecimiento craneofacial
Crecimiento craneofacial
Hormona de crecimiento
Cartílago
Hueso
Somatotropina
Eje hipotálamo pituitaria
Crecimiento y desarrollo
Deficiencia de crecimiento
IGF1
TG 2019 EOF 13943
Craniofacial growth
Growth hormone
Cartilage
Bone
Somatotropin
Axis hypothalamus pituitary
Growth and development
Growth deficiency
IGF1
title_short Hormona de crecimiento recombiante (rhGH) y crecimiento craneofacial
title_full Hormona de crecimiento recombiante (rhGH) y crecimiento craneofacial
title_fullStr Hormona de crecimiento recombiante (rhGH) y crecimiento craneofacial
title_full_unstemmed Hormona de crecimiento recombiante (rhGH) y crecimiento craneofacial
title_sort Hormona de crecimiento recombiante (rhGH) y crecimiento craneofacial
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Ruíz Gutiérrez, Diego Alejandro
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Blandón Uribe, Ana María
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Ruíz Gutiérrez, Diego Alejandro
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Crecimiento craneofacial
Hormona de crecimiento
Cartílago
Hueso
Somatotropina
Eje hipotálamo pituitaria
Crecimiento y desarrollo
Deficiencia de crecimiento
IGF1
topic Crecimiento craneofacial
Hormona de crecimiento
Cartílago
Hueso
Somatotropina
Eje hipotálamo pituitaria
Crecimiento y desarrollo
Deficiencia de crecimiento
IGF1
TG 2019 EOF 13943
Craniofacial growth
Growth hormone
Cartilage
Bone
Somatotropin
Axis hypothalamus pituitary
Growth and development
Growth deficiency
IGF1
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv TG 2019 EOF 13943
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv Craniofacial growth
Growth hormone
Cartilage
Bone
Somatotropin
Axis hypothalamus pituitary
Growth and development
Growth deficiency
IGF1
description El eje hipotálamo hipófisis es reconocido como un regulador clave del crecimiento craneofacial y del desarrollo musculo-esquelético normal e influye en el metabolismo óseo al controlar diversos procesos metabólicos vitales. Consiste en una serie de interacciones hormonales que incluyen la hormona liberadora de hormona del crecimiento, la GH, el IGF1 y las proteínas transportadoras; también, las Somatostatina hipotalámica que es un inhibidor de la secreción de GH, y la Ghrelina derivada del intestino que actúa como estimulador de la secreción de GH. Una falla de algunos de los componentes de este eje, resultará en alguna forma de alteración de crecimiento, la cual podría incluir no solo una talla baja, sino una alteración en el crecimiento de las estructuras craneofaciales
publishDate 2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-09-18T14:55:24Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-09-18T14:55:24Z
2022-08-14
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019-08-14
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Artículo
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/13943
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv Ruiz Gutiérrez, D. A., y Blandon Uribe, A. M. (2019). Hormona de crecimiento recombiante (rhGH) y crecimiento craneofacial. (Tesis de posgrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/13943
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/13943
identifier_str_mv Ruiz Gutiérrez, D. A., y Blandon Uribe, A. M. (2019). Hormona de crecimiento recombiante (rhGH) y crecimiento craneofacial. (Tesis de posgrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/13943
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Yakar S, Werner H, Rosen CJ. 40 years of IGF1: Insulin-like growth factors: Actions on the skeleton. J Mol Endocrinol. 2018;61(1):T115–37.
Hodge N, Simmons KE, Evans CA, Fadavi S, Viana G. Occlusal Characteristics of Individuals with Growth Hormone Deficiency, Idiopathic Short Stature, and RussellSilver Syndrome. J Dent Child [Internet]. 2015;82(3):135–40. Available from: https://liverpool.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?di rect=true&db=ddh&AN=113147384&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Davidopoulou S, Chatzigianni A. Craniofacial morphology and dental maturity in children with reduced somatic growth of different aetiology and the effect of growth hormone treatment. Prog Orthod. 2017;18(1):4–11.
Segal DG, Pescovitz OH, Schaefer GB, DiMeglio LA. Craniofacial and acral growth responses in growth hormone-deficient children treated with growth hormone. J Pediatr. 2004;144(4):437–43
Guyton A, Hall J. Tratado de fisiologia Humana. Vol. 12, Elsevier Saunders. 2011. p. 1092.
Litsas G. Growth hormone therapy and craniofacial bones: A comprehensive review. Oral Dis. 2013;19(6):559–67.
Bazán NE. Capítulo 62 : HORMONA DE CRECIMIENTO. UNIDAD VII Endocrinol [Internet]. 2002;12. Available from: https://umnutrideporte.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/cap-062-gh.pdf
M. Pombo y Cols. Tratado de Endocrinología Pediátrica. 4ta ed. McGraw Hill Interamericana; 2012.
Litsas G. Growth Hormone and Craniofacial Tissues. An update. Open Dent J [Internet]. 2015;9(1):1–8. Available from: http://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TODENTJ-9-1
Ramirez-Yañez GO, Smid JR, Young WG, Waters MJ. Influence of growth hormone on the craniofacial complex of transgenic mice. Eur J Orthod. 2005;27(5):494–500.
Oliveira-Neto LA, Melo MDFB, Franco AA, Oliveira AHA, Souza AHO, Valença EHO, et al. Cephalometric features in isolated growth hormone deficiency. Angle Orthod. 2011;81(4):578–83.
Álvarez-Castro P, Isidro ML, Cordido YF. Secreción de la hormona del crecimiento en la diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol Nutr. 2003;50(5):156–61.
Luisa M, Ybern G, Parera LA, et al. Factores a tener en cuenta en la interpretación de los resultados de la concentración sérica del factor de crecimiento insulinoide tipo 1 ( IGF-1 ) serum levels. Esp R, Pediatr E. January 2014. 51–8.
Reinecke M, Schmid AC, Heyberger-Meyer B, Hunziker EB, Zapf J. Effect of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on the expression of IGF-I messenger ribonucleic acid and peptide in rat tibial growth plate and articular chondrocytes in vivo. Endocrinology. 2000;141(8):2847–53.
Pirinen S. Endocrine regulation of craniofacial growth. Acta Odontol Scand. 1995;53(3):179–85.
Domené HM. El déficit de ALS en la talla baja idiopática. 2017;8(11):8–13.
Laron Z. Laron Syndrome (Primary Growth Hormone Resistance or Insensitivity): The Personal Experience 1958-2003. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(3):1031–44.
Yamaguchi T, Maki K, Shibasaki Y. Growth hormone receptor gene variant and mandibular height in the normal Japanese population. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2001;119(6):650–3
Visnapuu V, Peltomäki T, Rönning O, Vahlberg T, Helenius H. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I receptors in the temporomandibular joint of the rat. J Dent Res. 2001;80(10):1903–7.
De Faria MEJ, Carvalho LR, Rossetto SM, Amaral TS, Berger K, Arnhold IJP, et al. Analysis of craniofacial and extremity growth in patients with growth hormone deficiency during growth hormone therapy. Horm Res. 2009;71(3):173–7.
Wurgaft, Rosa; Montenegro M. Desarrollo y Estructura de la Articulación Temporomandibular [Internet]. Desarrollo y Crecimiento Articular. 2003. 230 p. Available from: http://members.tripod.com/biol_uprponce/images/pdfs/enero04/lbdesa1.pdf
Mackie EJ, Ahmed YA, Tatarczuch L, Chen KS, Mirams M. Endochondral ossification: How cartilage is converted into bone in the developing skeleton. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2008;40(1):46–62.
Montenegro MA, Rojas M, Domínguez S. Osteogénesis Comparativa De Los Cartílagos Secundarios De La Clavícula Y Placas Epifisiarias De Los Huesos Largos. Int J Morphol. 2009;22(3):201–6.
Romero Peláez CM, Torres Murillo EA, Pinto Parada YA. Crecimiento del cartílago condilar. Una revisión de la literatura. Odontol Sanmarquina. 2018;21(2):131.
Petrovic, A;Stutzmann, J; Oudet C. Procesos de Control en el Crecimiento Postnatal del Cartílago Condilar de la Mandíbula. Revsta Iberoam Ortod. 1986;6:11–58.
Ross, M; Pawlina W. Histologia Texto y Atlas Correlacion con biología celular y molecular. 7th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 1071 p.
Durkin JF. Secondary cartilage: A misnomer? Am J Orthod. 1972;62(1):15–41.
Berraquero R, Palacios J, Gamallo C, de la Rosa P, Rodriguez JI. Prenatal growth of the human mandibular condylar cartilage. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1995;108(2):194–200.
Copray JCVM, Jansen HWB, Duterloo HS. Growth and growth pressure of mandibular condylar and some primary cartilages of the rat in vitro. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1986;90(1):19–28.
Funatsu, Minayo; Sato, Koshi; Mitani H. Effects Growth Hormone on Craniofacial Growth: Duration of replacement therapy. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:970–7.
Gonzalez PN, Kristensen E, Morck DW, Boyd S, Hallgrímsson B. Effects of growth hormone on the ontogenetic allometry of craniofacial bones. Evol Dev. 2013;15(2):133–45.
Giustina A, Mazziotti G, Canalis E. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(5):535–59.
Bail H, Klein P, Kolbeck S, Krummrey G, Weiler A, Schmidmaier G, et al. Systemic application of growth hormone enhances the early healing phase of osteochondral defects - A preliminary study in micropigs White star. Bone. 2003;32(5):457–67.
Feizbakhsh M, Razavi M, Minaian M, Teimoori F, Dadgar S, Maghsoodi S. The effect of local injection of the human growth hormone on the mandibular condyle growth in rabbit. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2014;11(4):2–7.
Wang S, Ye L, Li M, Zhan H, Ye R, Li Y, et al. Effects of growth hormone and functional appliance on mandibular growth in an adolescent rat model. Angle Orthod. 2018;88(5):624–31.
Green H, Morikawa M, Mxon T. A dual effector theory of growth-hormone action. Differentiation [Internet]. 1985 Jul;29(2):195–8. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301468111607111
Ohlsson, C; Bengtsson, B; Isaksson, O; Andreassen TSM. Growth hormone and bone. Endocr Rev [Internet]. 1998;19(1):55–79. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8342385
GILA MAOR, ZEEV HOCHBERG, KLAUS VON DER MARK, DICK HEINEGARD MS. Human Growth Hormone Enhances Chondrogenesis and Osteogenesis in a Tissue Culture System of Chondroprogenitor Cells. Endocrinology. 1989;125(3):1239–45.
C.M. F, L. K, G. D. The effect of growth hormone therapy on mandibular and cranial base development in children treated with total body irradiation. Eur J Orthod [Internet]. 2002;24(3):285–92. Available from: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=emed8&NEWS=N& AN=35485992
K Nishiyama, T Sugimoto, H Kaji, M Kanatani, T Kobayashi KC. Stimulatory effect of growth hormone on bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation. Endocrinology. 1996;137(1):35–41.
C W. Growth hormone and bone metabolism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1993;128(2):14–8.
Chen D, Liu Y, Liu Z, Wang P. OPG is Required for the Postnatal Maintenance of Condylar Cartilage. Calcif Tissue Int [Internet]. 2019;0(0):0. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00223-018-00510-z
Tsuboi Y, Yamashiro T, Ando R, Takano-Yamamoto T. Evaluation of catch-up growth from orthodontic treatment and supplemental growth hormone therapy by using Zscores. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2008;133(3):450–8.
Kjellberg H, Beiring M, Wikland KA. Craniofacial morphology, dental occlusion, tooth eruption, and dental maturity in boys of short stature with or without growth hormone deficiency. Eur J Oral Sci [Internet]. 2000;108(5):359–67. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1034/j.1600-0722.2000.108005359.x
Kumar V, Venkataraghavan K, Krishnan R, Patil K, Munoli K, Karthik S. The relationship between dental age, bone age and chronological age in underweight children. J Pharm Bioallied Sci [Internet]. 2013;5(5):73. Available from: http://www.jpbsonline.org/text.asp?2013/5/5/73/113301
Salas-Flores R, González-Pérez B, Barajas-Campos RL, Gonzalez-Cruz B. Changes on craniofacial structures in children with growth-hormone-deficiency. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2010;48(6):591–5.
Kjellberg H, Wikland KA. A longitudinal study of craniofacial growth in idiopathic short stature and growth hormone-deficient boys treated with growth hormone. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29(3):243–50.
Bryant J, Cave C, Milne R. Recombinant growth hormone for idiopathic short stature in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2003;(1). Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD004440
Spiegel RN, Sather AH, Hayles AB. Cephalometric study of children with various endocrine diseases. Am J Orthod [Internet]. 1971 Apr;59(4):362–75. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0002941671902326
Choi SH, Fan D, Hwang MS, Lee HK, Hwang CJ. Effect of growth hormone treatment on craniofacial growth in children: Idiopathic short stature versus growth hormone deficiency. J Formos Med Assoc [Internet]. 2017;116(4):313–21. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2016.05.011
Arends NJT. Head Circumference and Body Proportions Before and During Growth Hormone Treatment in Short Children Who Were Born Small for Gestational Age. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2004;114(3):683–90. Available from: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2003-0152-L
Van Erum R, Mulier G, Carels C, De Zegher F. Craniofacial growth and dental maturation in short children born small for gestational age: Effect of growth hormone treatment. Horm Res. 1998;50(3):141–6.
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 20 p.
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Odontología, Medellín y Envigado
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Especialización en Ortodoncia
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Medellín
institution Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/806ac24d-d3bc-4235-a47d-7c4b59fa31f0/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/ccde31c9-c79a-48fd-ab8c-01d9686bbc55/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/9b16f78b-9e29-439a-a7c5-cc225a321e10/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/19339f12-15ce-453f-a6f3-65809ad30539/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/75f8778e-3d6c-4409-b641-4dd0bca00ec9/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/bbbbe7d1-430a-4f13-a572-717f008dd274/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/b4c5f9bf-c86f-4f9d-8996-ccb8ad930ca9/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 9c944ce0b7d4f6366d2827fadc9ac4db
443a9039b88ccd1d266a9e1e74edc350
3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45
2ceb4bdfe99cb821ac4ea2145dcf2ef6
3f1e5c194fd4981ce37ff82bf81353f6
6a85d079dda6c2241e4b5d5dbe225e57
8a71c025b0601968087b31df60269ef3
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_ 1814246984842739712
spelling Blandón Uribe, Ana MaríaRuíz Gutiérrez, Diego Alejandro2019-09-18T14:55:24Z2022-08-142019-09-18T14:55:24Z2019-08-14https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/13943Ruiz Gutiérrez, D. A., y Blandon Uribe, A. M. (2019). Hormona de crecimiento recombiante (rhGH) y crecimiento craneofacial. (Tesis de posgrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/13943El eje hipotálamo hipófisis es reconocido como un regulador clave del crecimiento craneofacial y del desarrollo musculo-esquelético normal e influye en el metabolismo óseo al controlar diversos procesos metabólicos vitales. Consiste en una serie de interacciones hormonales que incluyen la hormona liberadora de hormona del crecimiento, la GH, el IGF1 y las proteínas transportadoras; también, las Somatostatina hipotalámica que es un inhibidor de la secreción de GH, y la Ghrelina derivada del intestino que actúa como estimulador de la secreción de GH. Una falla de algunos de los componentes de este eje, resultará en alguna forma de alteración de crecimiento, la cual podría incluir no solo una talla baja, sino una alteración en el crecimiento de las estructuras craneofacialesdiego.ruizgu@campusucc.edu.co20 p.Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Odontología, Medellín y EnvigadoEspecialización en OrtodonciaMedellínCrecimiento craneofacialHormona de crecimientoCartílagoHuesoSomatotropinaEje hipotálamo pituitariaCrecimiento y desarrolloDeficiencia de crecimientoIGF1TG 2019 EOF 13943Craniofacial growthGrowth hormoneCartilageBoneSomatotropinAxis hypothalamus pituitaryGrowth and developmentGrowth deficiencyIGF1Hormona de crecimiento recombiante (rhGH) y crecimiento craneofacialArtículohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Sin Derivarinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Yakar S, Werner H, Rosen CJ. 40 years of IGF1: Insulin-like growth factors: Actions on the skeleton. J Mol Endocrinol. 2018;61(1):T115–37.Hodge N, Simmons KE, Evans CA, Fadavi S, Viana G. Occlusal Characteristics of Individuals with Growth Hormone Deficiency, Idiopathic Short Stature, and RussellSilver Syndrome. J Dent Child [Internet]. 2015;82(3):135–40. Available from: https://liverpool.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?di rect=true&db=ddh&AN=113147384&site=ehost-live&scope=siteDavidopoulou S, Chatzigianni A. Craniofacial morphology and dental maturity in children with reduced somatic growth of different aetiology and the effect of growth hormone treatment. Prog Orthod. 2017;18(1):4–11.Segal DG, Pescovitz OH, Schaefer GB, DiMeglio LA. Craniofacial and acral growth responses in growth hormone-deficient children treated with growth hormone. J Pediatr. 2004;144(4):437–43Guyton A, Hall J. Tratado de fisiologia Humana. Vol. 12, Elsevier Saunders. 2011. p. 1092.Litsas G. Growth hormone therapy and craniofacial bones: A comprehensive review. Oral Dis. 2013;19(6):559–67.Bazán NE. Capítulo 62 : HORMONA DE CRECIMIENTO. UNIDAD VII Endocrinol [Internet]. 2002;12. Available from: https://umnutrideporte.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/cap-062-gh.pdfM. Pombo y Cols. Tratado de Endocrinología Pediátrica. 4ta ed. McGraw Hill Interamericana; 2012.Litsas G. Growth Hormone and Craniofacial Tissues. An update. Open Dent J [Internet]. 2015;9(1):1–8. Available from: http://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TODENTJ-9-1Ramirez-Yañez GO, Smid JR, Young WG, Waters MJ. Influence of growth hormone on the craniofacial complex of transgenic mice. Eur J Orthod. 2005;27(5):494–500.Oliveira-Neto LA, Melo MDFB, Franco AA, Oliveira AHA, Souza AHO, Valença EHO, et al. Cephalometric features in isolated growth hormone deficiency. Angle Orthod. 2011;81(4):578–83.Álvarez-Castro P, Isidro ML, Cordido YF. Secreción de la hormona del crecimiento en la diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol Nutr. 2003;50(5):156–61.Luisa M, Ybern G, Parera LA, et al. Factores a tener en cuenta en la interpretación de los resultados de la concentración sérica del factor de crecimiento insulinoide tipo 1 ( IGF-1 ) serum levels. Esp R, Pediatr E. January 2014. 51–8.Reinecke M, Schmid AC, Heyberger-Meyer B, Hunziker EB, Zapf J. Effect of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on the expression of IGF-I messenger ribonucleic acid and peptide in rat tibial growth plate and articular chondrocytes in vivo. Endocrinology. 2000;141(8):2847–53.Pirinen S. Endocrine regulation of craniofacial growth. Acta Odontol Scand. 1995;53(3):179–85.Domené HM. El déficit de ALS en la talla baja idiopática. 2017;8(11):8–13.Laron Z. Laron Syndrome (Primary Growth Hormone Resistance or Insensitivity): The Personal Experience 1958-2003. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(3):1031–44.Yamaguchi T, Maki K, Shibasaki Y. Growth hormone receptor gene variant and mandibular height in the normal Japanese population. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2001;119(6):650–3Visnapuu V, Peltomäki T, Rönning O, Vahlberg T, Helenius H. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I receptors in the temporomandibular joint of the rat. J Dent Res. 2001;80(10):1903–7.De Faria MEJ, Carvalho LR, Rossetto SM, Amaral TS, Berger K, Arnhold IJP, et al. Analysis of craniofacial and extremity growth in patients with growth hormone deficiency during growth hormone therapy. Horm Res. 2009;71(3):173–7.Wurgaft, Rosa; Montenegro M. Desarrollo y Estructura de la Articulación Temporomandibular [Internet]. Desarrollo y Crecimiento Articular. 2003. 230 p. Available from: http://members.tripod.com/biol_uprponce/images/pdfs/enero04/lbdesa1.pdfMackie EJ, Ahmed YA, Tatarczuch L, Chen KS, Mirams M. Endochondral ossification: How cartilage is converted into bone in the developing skeleton. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2008;40(1):46–62.Montenegro MA, Rojas M, Domínguez S. Osteogénesis Comparativa De Los Cartílagos Secundarios De La Clavícula Y Placas Epifisiarias De Los Huesos Largos. Int J Morphol. 2009;22(3):201–6.Romero Peláez CM, Torres Murillo EA, Pinto Parada YA. Crecimiento del cartílago condilar. Una revisión de la literatura. Odontol Sanmarquina. 2018;21(2):131.Petrovic, A;Stutzmann, J; Oudet C. Procesos de Control en el Crecimiento Postnatal del Cartílago Condilar de la Mandíbula. Revsta Iberoam Ortod. 1986;6:11–58.Ross, M; Pawlina W. Histologia Texto y Atlas Correlacion con biología celular y molecular. 7th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 1071 p.Durkin JF. Secondary cartilage: A misnomer? Am J Orthod. 1972;62(1):15–41.Berraquero R, Palacios J, Gamallo C, de la Rosa P, Rodriguez JI. Prenatal growth of the human mandibular condylar cartilage. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1995;108(2):194–200.Copray JCVM, Jansen HWB, Duterloo HS. Growth and growth pressure of mandibular condylar and some primary cartilages of the rat in vitro. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1986;90(1):19–28.Funatsu, Minayo; Sato, Koshi; Mitani H. Effects Growth Hormone on Craniofacial Growth: Duration of replacement therapy. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:970–7.Gonzalez PN, Kristensen E, Morck DW, Boyd S, Hallgrímsson B. Effects of growth hormone on the ontogenetic allometry of craniofacial bones. Evol Dev. 2013;15(2):133–45.Giustina A, Mazziotti G, Canalis E. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(5):535–59.Bail H, Klein P, Kolbeck S, Krummrey G, Weiler A, Schmidmaier G, et al. Systemic application of growth hormone enhances the early healing phase of osteochondral defects - A preliminary study in micropigs White star. Bone. 2003;32(5):457–67.Feizbakhsh M, Razavi M, Minaian M, Teimoori F, Dadgar S, Maghsoodi S. The effect of local injection of the human growth hormone on the mandibular condyle growth in rabbit. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2014;11(4):2–7.Wang S, Ye L, Li M, Zhan H, Ye R, Li Y, et al. Effects of growth hormone and functional appliance on mandibular growth in an adolescent rat model. Angle Orthod. 2018;88(5):624–31.Green H, Morikawa M, Mxon T. A dual effector theory of growth-hormone action. Differentiation [Internet]. 1985 Jul;29(2):195–8. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301468111607111Ohlsson, C; Bengtsson, B; Isaksson, O; Andreassen TSM. Growth hormone and bone. Endocr Rev [Internet]. 1998;19(1):55–79. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8342385GILA MAOR, ZEEV HOCHBERG, KLAUS VON DER MARK, DICK HEINEGARD MS. Human Growth Hormone Enhances Chondrogenesis and Osteogenesis in a Tissue Culture System of Chondroprogenitor Cells. Endocrinology. 1989;125(3):1239–45.C.M. F, L. K, G. D. The effect of growth hormone therapy on mandibular and cranial base development in children treated with total body irradiation. Eur J Orthod [Internet]. 2002;24(3):285–92. Available from: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=emed8&NEWS=N& AN=35485992K Nishiyama, T Sugimoto, H Kaji, M Kanatani, T Kobayashi KC. Stimulatory effect of growth hormone on bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation. Endocrinology. 1996;137(1):35–41.C W. Growth hormone and bone metabolism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1993;128(2):14–8.Chen D, Liu Y, Liu Z, Wang P. OPG is Required for the Postnatal Maintenance of Condylar Cartilage. Calcif Tissue Int [Internet]. 2019;0(0):0. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00223-018-00510-zTsuboi Y, Yamashiro T, Ando R, Takano-Yamamoto T. Evaluation of catch-up growth from orthodontic treatment and supplemental growth hormone therapy by using Zscores. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2008;133(3):450–8.Kjellberg H, Beiring M, Wikland KA. Craniofacial morphology, dental occlusion, tooth eruption, and dental maturity in boys of short stature with or without growth hormone deficiency. Eur J Oral Sci [Internet]. 2000;108(5):359–67. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1034/j.1600-0722.2000.108005359.xKumar V, Venkataraghavan K, Krishnan R, Patil K, Munoli K, Karthik S. The relationship between dental age, bone age and chronological age in underweight children. J Pharm Bioallied Sci [Internet]. 2013;5(5):73. Available from: http://www.jpbsonline.org/text.asp?2013/5/5/73/113301Salas-Flores R, González-Pérez B, Barajas-Campos RL, Gonzalez-Cruz B. Changes on craniofacial structures in children with growth-hormone-deficiency. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2010;48(6):591–5.Kjellberg H, Wikland KA. A longitudinal study of craniofacial growth in idiopathic short stature and growth hormone-deficient boys treated with growth hormone. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29(3):243–50.Bryant J, Cave C, Milne R. Recombinant growth hormone for idiopathic short stature in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2003;(1). Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD004440Spiegel RN, Sather AH, Hayles AB. Cephalometric study of children with various endocrine diseases. Am J Orthod [Internet]. 1971 Apr;59(4):362–75. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0002941671902326Choi SH, Fan D, Hwang MS, Lee HK, Hwang CJ. Effect of growth hormone treatment on craniofacial growth in children: Idiopathic short stature versus growth hormone deficiency. J Formos Med Assoc [Internet]. 2017;116(4):313–21. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2016.05.011Arends NJT. Head Circumference and Body Proportions Before and During Growth Hormone Treatment in Short Children Who Were Born Small for Gestational Age. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2004;114(3):683–90. Available from: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2003-0152-LVan Erum R, Mulier G, Carels C, De Zegher F. Craniofacial growth and dental maturation in short children born small for gestational age: Effect of growth hormone treatment. Horm Res. 1998;50(3):141–6.PublicationORIGINAL2019_GH_Crecimiento_Craneofacial.pdf2019_GH_Crecimiento_Craneofacial.pdfArticuloapplication/pdf872652https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/806ac24d-d3bc-4235-a47d-7c4b59fa31f0/download9c944ce0b7d4f6366d2827fadc9ac4dbMD522019_GH_Crecimiento_Craneofacial_FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf2019_GH_Crecimiento_Craneofacial_FormatoLicenciaUso.pdfLicenciaapplication/pdf478232https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/ccde31c9-c79a-48fd-ab8c-01d9686bbc55/download443a9039b88ccd1d266a9e1e74edc350MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84334https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/9b16f78b-9e29-439a-a7c5-cc225a321e10/download3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45MD53THUMBNAIL2019_GH_Crecimiento_Craneofacial.pdf.jpg2019_GH_Crecimiento_Craneofacial.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5495https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/19339f12-15ce-453f-a6f3-65809ad30539/download2ceb4bdfe99cb821ac4ea2145dcf2ef6MD542019_GH_Crecimiento_Craneofacial_FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.jpg2019_GH_Crecimiento_Craneofacial_FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5105https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/75f8778e-3d6c-4409-b641-4dd0bca00ec9/download3f1e5c194fd4981ce37ff82bf81353f6MD55TEXT2019_GH_Crecimiento_Craneofacial.pdf.txt2019_GH_Crecimiento_Craneofacial.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain56645https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/bbbbe7d1-430a-4f13-a572-717f008dd274/download6a85d079dda6c2241e4b5d5dbe225e57MD562019_GH_Crecimiento_Craneofacial_FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.txt2019_GH_Crecimiento_Craneofacial_FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain5467https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/b4c5f9bf-c86f-4f9d-8996-ccb8ad930ca9/download8a71c025b0601968087b31df60269ef3MD5720.500.12494/13943oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/139432024-08-10 22:43:13.16open.accesshttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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

Publicaciones similares