Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Colombian Penitentiary Staff: An Interdisciplinary View of a High-Risk Occupation

Introducción: Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular se han medido en diferentes condiciones, falta información relacionados con ocupaciones específicas, como el personal penitenciario que por sus características podría tener una mayor riesgo. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo cardiovascula...

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Autores:: Contreras Ramos, Luz Mery
Domínguez Amorocho, Omar Alberto

Tipo de recurso:: Article of investigation

Fecha de publicación:: 2021

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

Idioma:

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repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Colombian Penitentiary Staff: An Interdisciplinary View of a High-Risk Occupation
title	Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Colombian Penitentiary Staff: An Interdisciplinary View of a High-Risk Occupation
spellingShingle	Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Colombian Penitentiary Staff: An Interdisciplinary View of a High-Risk Occupation Salud en personal militar Enfermería ocupacional Enfermedad cardiovascular Atención primaria en salud Military health Prymary care Occupational health nursing Cardiovascular diseases
title_short	Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Colombian Penitentiary Staff: An Interdisciplinary View of a High-Risk Occupation
title_full	Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Colombian Penitentiary Staff: An Interdisciplinary View of a High-Risk Occupation
title_fullStr	Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Colombian Penitentiary Staff: An Interdisciplinary View of a High-Risk Occupation
title_full_unstemmed	Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Colombian Penitentiary Staff: An Interdisciplinary View of a High-Risk Occupation
title_sort	Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Colombian Penitentiary Staff: An Interdisciplinary View of a High-Risk Occupation
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Contreras Ramos, Luz Mery Domínguez Amorocho, Omar Alberto
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Contreras Ramos, Luz Mery Domínguez Amorocho, Omar Alberto
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	Salud en personal militar Enfermería ocupacional Enfermedad cardiovascular Atención primaria en salud
topic	Salud en personal militar Enfermería ocupacional Enfermedad cardiovascular Atención primaria en salud Military health Prymary care Occupational health nursing Cardiovascular diseases
dc.subject.other.none.fl_str_mv	Military health Prymary care Occupational health nursing Cardiovascular diseases
description	Introducción: Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular se han medido en diferentes condiciones, falta información relacionados con ocupaciones específicas, como el personal penitenciario que por sus características podría tener una mayor riesgo. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en el personal militar de las instituciones penitenciarias de Santander—Colombia. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con 182 trabajadores. Parámetros antropométricos, presión arterial, perfil lipídico sérico, y se midieron los niveles de glucosa. Se realizaron análisis univariados y bivariados para establecer diferencias entre individuos. Resultados: Las medidas antropométricas y bioquímicas mostraron que el 71,3% de los participantes tenían sobrepeso u obesidad, el 29,4% presentaba presión arterial alta con niveles elevados de colesterol total (27,5 %), triglicéridos (40,7 %), glucosa (9,3 %) y el 84,1 % presentó niveles bajos de colesterol HDL. El análisis bivariado encontró una correlación negativa entre el IMC y el colesterol HDL (p < .05) y un correlación positiva entre IMC con triglicéridos (p < .01), presión arterial sistólica y diastólica (PAD) (p < .01). Conclusión: La población militar estudiada presentó mayores niveles de riesgo cardiovascular en comparación con un grupo similar de edad, género de individuos no militares. Sin embargo, es importante realizar estudios comparativos entre militares para determinar la prevalencia y otros factores predictores de riesgo presentes en esta población específica.
publishDate	2021
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2021-09-21
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2023-04-19T16:37:56Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2023-04-19T16:37:56Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Artículos Científicos
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dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv	15404153
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dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.none.fl_str_mv	Contreras-Ramos, L. M., & Domínguez Amorocho, O. A. (2022). Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Colombian Penitentiary Staff: An Interdisciplinary View of a High-Risk Occupation. Hispanic health care international : the official journal of the National Association of Hispanic Nurses, 20(2), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/15404153211043886
identifier_str_mv	15404153 Contreras-Ramos, L. M., & Domínguez Amorocho, O. A. (2022). Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Colombian Penitentiary Staff: An Interdisciplinary View of a High-Risk Occupation. Hispanic health care international : the official journal of the National Association of Hispanic Nurses, 20(2), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/15404153211043886
url	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/49164
dc.relation.isversionof.none.fl_str_mv	https://doi.org/10.1177/15404153211043886
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv	Alghamdi A. S., Yahya M. A., Alshammari G. M., Osman M. A. (2017). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among police officers in Riyadh city and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Lipids in Health and Disease, 16(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-017-0467-9 Aljasir B. A., Al-Mugti H. S., Alosaimi M. N., Al-Mugati A. S. (2017). Evaluation of the national guard health promotion program for chronic diseases and comorbid conditions among military personnel in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia, 2016. Military Medicine, 182(11), e1973–e1980. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-17-00166 Blanco-Älvarez T., Thoen M. (2017, junio). Factores asociados al estrés laboral en policias penitenciarios costarricenses. Revista costarricense de psicología, 36(1), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.22544/rcps.v36i01.03 Bringas-Molleda C., Fernandez-Muñiz A., Alvarez-Fresno E., Martínez-Cordero A., Rodriguez-Diaz F. (2015). Influencia en el síndrome de burnout en la salud de los trabajadores penitenciarios. Revista Espanola De Sanidad Penitenciaria, 17(3), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-06202015000300002 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States. 2017-2018 (NCHS Data Brief No. 360). https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db360.htm#:~:text=%2C%202017%E2%80%932018.-,What%20was%20the%20prevalence%20of%20severe%20obesity%20among%20adults%20in,%25)%20than%20men%20(6.9%25). Conley T., Enriquez M., Cheng A.-L., Jorge D., Meristal S. Y., Coe B., Logan P. R., Stiles S., Beall G., Biggs A., McKinsey D. S. (2019). The Jonas hypertension program: An academic–community partnership to address hypertension in four Dominican Bateyes. Hispanic Health Care International, 17(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1540415318819487 da-Silva C. A. C., Leite A. L., Faculdade Santa Maria, Moreira J. A., Faculdade Santa Maria, Abreu D. D. C., Faculdade Santa Maria, de Oliveira P. E. A., Faculdade Santa Maria, Nunes D. P., Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Magalhães M. I. S., Faculdade Santa Maria, Silva J. B. N. F., & Universidade Federal do Tocantins. (2019). Association of dyslipidemia, hypertension and overweight/obesity with work shift and duration of employment among police officers in a small town in Northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho, 17(4), 537–544. https://doi.org/10.5327/Z1679443520190401 Daviglus M. L., Pirzada A., Talavera G. A. (2014). Cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Hispanic/Latino population: Lessons from the Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 57(3), 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2014.07.006 Douglas K. E., Oraekesi C. K. (2015). Prevalence of hypertension among firefighters in rivers state, south-south, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Medicine: Journal of the National Association of Resident Doctors of Nigeria, 24(3), 213–222. 27487592 Enriquez M. (2020). Overweight, obesity, health, and Hispanics. Hispanic Health Care International, 18(2), 46–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1540415320912618 Gendron P., Lajoie C., Laurencelle L., Trudeau F. (2018). Cardiovascular disease risk factors in Québec male firefighters. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(6), e300–e306. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001309 Gómez-León A., Morales S., Álvarez C. (2016). Técnica para una correcta toma de la presión arterial en el paciente ambulatorio. Revista de la facultad de medicina de la UNAM, 59(3), 49–55. Hajar R. (2017). Risk factors for coronary artery disease: Historical perspectives. Heart Views, 18(3), 109. https://doi.org/10.4103/HEARTVIEWS.HEARTVIEWS_106_17 Han M., Park S., Park J. H., Hwang S.-S., Kim I. (2018). Do police officers and firefighters have a higher risk of disease than other public officers? A 13–year nationwide cohort study in South Korea. BMJ Open, 8(1), e019987. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019987 Health and Human Services (HHS) (2010). The Belmont report [Text]. HHS.Gov. https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/index.html Hruby A., Bulathsinhala L., McKinnon C. J., Hill O. T., Montain S. J., Young A. J., Smith T. J. (2017). Body mass index at accession and incident cardiometabolic risk factors in US army soldiers, 2001–2011. PLOS ONE, 12(1), e0170144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170144 International Council of Nurses (2021). ICN Strategic Plan. https://www.icn.ch/who-we-are/icn-mission-vision-constitution-and-strategic-plan Jahangiry L., Farhangi M. A., Rezaei F. (2017). Framingham risk score for estimation of 10-years of cardiovascular diseases risk in patients with metabolic syndrome. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 36(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-017-0114-0 Janak J. C., Pérez A., Alamgir H., Orman J. A., Cooper S. P., Shuval K., DeFina L., Barlow C. E., Gabriel K. P. (2017). U.S. Military service and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: Findings from a cross-sectional analysis of the Cooper center longitudinal study, 1979–2013. Preventive Medicine, 95, 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.017 Lima Lima-dos-Santos A., Domingo-Gomes J., Sousa Dantas O., de Sousa M. (2018). Aptidão física relacionada à saúde de policiais militares da Paraíba. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho, 16(4), 429–435. https://doi.org/10.5327/Z1679443520180304 Palmett-Ríos H. E. (2017). Estudio transversal sobre estilos de vida saludable y su relación con el colesterol HDL en la población adulta. Revista Colombiana de Cardiología, 24(5), 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccar.2017.05.013 Parkash J., Kalhan M., Singhania K., Punia A., Kumar B., Kaushal P. (2019). Prevalence of hypertension and its determinants among policemen in a city of Haryana, India. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research, 9(3), 143–147. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijabmr.IJABMR_356_18 Resolución 8430 de (1993). [Ministerio de Salud]. Por la cual se establecen las normas científicas, técnicas y administrativas para la investigación en salud. Rodríguez Murciego E. (2016). Estrés laboral: Funcionarios de instituciones penitenciarias. Retrieved from https://digibuo.uniovi.es/dspace/handle/10651/38520 Strauss M., Foshag P., Brzek A., Vollenberg R., Jehn U., Leischik R. (2020). Metabolic syndrome in female police officers and female office workers: A cross-sectional study in occupations with different physical activities. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 13, 3487–3495. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S267948 Tapias Á., Salas-Menotti I., Solórzano C., Acosta D. (2010). Problemáticas psicosociales en guardianes penitenciarios: Riesgos y prevención. Publicaciones Universidad Santo Tomás. Retrieved from https://infopsicologica.com/documentos/2021/libro_Problematicas_Guardianes_Penitenciarios.pdf The World Medical Association (2014). Declaración de Helsinki. Retrieved from https://www.wma.net/es/que-hacemos/etica-medica/declaracion-de-helsinki/ West G. F., Jeffery D. D. (2018). Utilizing selected social determinants and behaviors to predict obesity in military personnel. Public Health Nursing, 35(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12383 World Health Organization (2013). Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: 2013-2020. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/94384/1/9789241506236_eng.pdf World Health Organization (WHO) (2019). Noncommunicable diseases: Mortality. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/ncd-mortality World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). The top 10 causes of death. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death Wright B. R., Barbosa-Leiker C., Hoekstra T. (2011). Law enforcement officer versus non-law enforcement officer status as a longitudinal predictor of traditional and emerging cardiovascular risk factors. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(7), 730–734. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e318220c2da
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spelling	Contreras Ramos, Luz MeryDomínguez Amorocho, Omar Alberto2023-04-19T16:37:56Z2023-04-19T16:37:56Z2021-09-2115404153https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/49164Contreras-Ramos, L. M., & Domínguez Amorocho, O. A. (2022). Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Colombian Penitentiary Staff: An Interdisciplinary View of a High-Risk Occupation. Hispanic health care international : the official journal of the National Association of Hispanic Nurses, 20(2), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/15404153211043886Introducción: Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular se han medido en diferentes condiciones, falta información relacionados con ocupaciones específicas, como el personal penitenciario que por sus características podría tener una mayor riesgo. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en el personal militar de las instituciones penitenciarias de Santander—Colombia. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con 182 trabajadores. Parámetros antropométricos, presión arterial, perfil lipídico sérico, y se midieron los niveles de glucosa. Se realizaron análisis univariados y bivariados para establecer diferencias entre individuos. Resultados: Las medidas antropométricas y bioquímicas mostraron que el 71,3% de los participantes tenían sobrepeso u obesidad, el 29,4% presentaba presión arterial alta con niveles elevados de colesterol total (27,5 %), triglicéridos (40,7 %), glucosa (9,3 %) y el 84,1 % presentó niveles bajos de colesterol HDL. El análisis bivariado encontró una correlación negativa entre el IMC y el colesterol HDL (p < .05) y un correlación positiva entre IMC con triglicéridos (p < .01), presión arterial sistólica y diastólica (PAD) (p < .01). Conclusión: La población militar estudiada presentó mayores niveles de riesgo cardiovascular en comparación con un grupo similar de edad, género de individuos no militares. Sin embargo, es importante realizar estudios comparativos entre militares para determinar la prevalencia y otros factores predictores de riesgo presentes en esta población específica.Introduction: Cardiovascular risk factors have been measured under different conditions, there is some missing information related to specific occupations, such as penitentiary staff which due to their characteristics could have an increased cardiovascular risk. Objective: To determine cardiovascular risk factors on military staff from penitentiary institutions in Santander—Colombia. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with 182 workers. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, serum lipid profile, and glucose levels were measured. Univariate and bivariate analyses were carried out to establish differences between individuals. Results: Anthropometric and biochemical measures showed that 71.3% participants were overweight or obese, 29.4% presented high blood pressure with increased levels of total cholesterol (27.5%), triglycerides (40.7%), glucose (9.3%), and 84.1% presented low levels of HDL cholesterol. Bivariate analysis found a negative correlation between BMI and HDL cholesterol (p < .05) and a positive correlation between BMI with triglycerides (p < .01), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p < .01). Conclusion: The studied military population presented increased levels of cardiovascular risk in comparison with a similar group in age, gender of nonmilitary individuals. However, it is important to carry out comparative studies between military staff in order to determine the prevalence and other risk predicting factors present in this specific population.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=00000638950000-0002-1858-67890000-0002-8989-0139luz.contrerasr@campusucc.edu.coo.dominguez@mail.udes.edu.co115-121 p.Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Enfermería, BucaramangaEnfermeríaBucaramangahttps://doi.org/10.1177/15404153211043886Alghamdi A. S., Yahya M. A., Alshammari G. M., Osman M. A. (2017). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among police officers in Riyadh city and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Lipids in Health and Disease, 16(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-017-0467-9Aljasir B. A., Al-Mugti H. S., Alosaimi M. N., Al-Mugati A. S. (2017). Evaluation of the national guard health promotion program for chronic diseases and comorbid conditions among military personnel in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia, 2016. Military Medicine, 182(11), e1973–e1980. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-17-00166Blanco-Älvarez T., Thoen M. (2017, junio). Factores asociados al estrés laboral en policias penitenciarios costarricenses. Revista costarricense de psicología, 36(1), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.22544/rcps.v36i01.03Bringas-Molleda C., Fernandez-Muñiz A., Alvarez-Fresno E., Martínez-Cordero A., Rodriguez-Diaz F. (2015). Influencia en el síndrome de burnout en la salud de los trabajadores penitenciarios. Revista Espanola De Sanidad Penitenciaria, 17(3), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-06202015000300002Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States. 2017-2018 (NCHS Data Brief No. 360). https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db360.htm#:~:text=%2C%202017%E2%80%932018.-,What%20was%20the%20prevalence%20of%20severe%20obesity%20among%20adults%20in,%25)%20than%20men%20(6.9%25).Conley T., Enriquez M., Cheng A.-L., Jorge D., Meristal S. Y., Coe B., Logan P. R., Stiles S., Beall G., Biggs A., McKinsey D. S. (2019). The Jonas hypertension program: An academic–community partnership to address hypertension in four Dominican Bateyes. Hispanic Health Care International, 17(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1540415318819487da-Silva C. A. C., Leite A. L., Faculdade Santa Maria, Moreira J. A., Faculdade Santa Maria, Abreu D. D. C., Faculdade Santa Maria, de Oliveira P. E. A., Faculdade Santa Maria, Nunes D. P., Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Magalhães M. I. S., Faculdade Santa Maria, Silva J. B. N. F., & Universidade Federal do Tocantins. (2019). Association of dyslipidemia, hypertension and overweight/obesity with work shift and duration of employment among police officers in a small town in Northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho, 17(4), 537–544. https://doi.org/10.5327/Z1679443520190401Daviglus M. L., Pirzada A., Talavera G. A. (2014). Cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Hispanic/Latino population: Lessons from the Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 57(3), 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2014.07.006Douglas K. E., Oraekesi C. K. (2015). Prevalence of hypertension among firefighters in rivers state, south-south, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Medicine: Journal of the National Association of Resident Doctors of Nigeria, 24(3), 213–222. 27487592Enriquez M. (2020). Overweight, obesity, health, and Hispanics. Hispanic Health Care International, 18(2), 46–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1540415320912618Gendron P., Lajoie C., Laurencelle L., Trudeau F. (2018). Cardiovascular disease risk factors in Québec male firefighters. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(6), e300–e306. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001309Gómez-León A., Morales S., Álvarez C. (2016). Técnica para una correcta toma de la presión arterial en el paciente ambulatorio. Revista de la facultad de medicina de la UNAM, 59(3), 49–55.Hajar R. (2017). Risk factors for coronary artery disease: Historical perspectives. Heart Views, 18(3), 109. https://doi.org/10.4103/HEARTVIEWS.HEARTVIEWS_106_17Han M., Park S., Park J. H., Hwang S.-S., Kim I. (2018). Do police officers and firefighters have a higher risk of disease than other public officers? A 13–year nationwide cohort study in South Korea. BMJ Open, 8(1), e019987. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019987Health and Human Services (HHS) (2010). The Belmont report [Text]. HHS.Gov. https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/index.htmlHruby A., Bulathsinhala L., McKinnon C. J., Hill O. T., Montain S. J., Young A. J., Smith T. J. (2017). Body mass index at accession and incident cardiometabolic risk factors in US army soldiers, 2001–2011. PLOS ONE, 12(1), e0170144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170144International Council of Nurses (2021). ICN Strategic Plan. https://www.icn.ch/who-we-are/icn-mission-vision-constitution-and-strategic-planJahangiry L., Farhangi M. A., Rezaei F. (2017). Framingham risk score for estimation of 10-years of cardiovascular diseases risk in patients with metabolic syndrome. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 36(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-017-0114-0Janak J. C., Pérez A., Alamgir H., Orman J. A., Cooper S. P., Shuval K., DeFina L., Barlow C. E., Gabriel K. P. (2017). U.S. Military service and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: Findings from a cross-sectional analysis of the Cooper center longitudinal study, 1979–2013. Preventive Medicine, 95, 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.017Lima Lima-dos-Santos A., Domingo-Gomes J., Sousa Dantas O., de Sousa M. (2018). Aptidão física relacionada à saúde de policiais militares da Paraíba. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho, 16(4), 429–435. https://doi.org/10.5327/Z1679443520180304Palmett-Ríos H. E. (2017). Estudio transversal sobre estilos de vida saludable y su relación con el colesterol HDL en la población adulta. Revista Colombiana de Cardiología, 24(5), 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccar.2017.05.013Parkash J., Kalhan M., Singhania K., Punia A., Kumar B., Kaushal P. (2019). Prevalence of hypertension and its determinants among policemen in a city of Haryana, India. 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Retrieved from https://infopsicologica.com/documentos/2021/libro_Problematicas_Guardianes_Penitenciarios.pdfThe World Medical Association (2014). Declaración de Helsinki. Retrieved from https://www.wma.net/es/que-hacemos/etica-medica/declaracion-de-helsinki/West G. F., Jeffery D. D. (2018). Utilizing selected social determinants and behaviors to predict obesity in military personnel. Public Health Nursing, 35(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12383World Health Organization (2013). Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: 2013-2020. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/94384/1/9789241506236_eng.pdfWorld Health Organization (WHO) (2019). Noncommunicable diseases: Mortality. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/ncd-mortalityWorld Health Organization (WHO) (2020). The top 10 causes of death. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-deathWright B. R., Barbosa-Leiker C., Hoekstra T. (2011). Law enforcement officer versus non-law enforcement officer status as a longitudinal predictor of traditional and emerging cardiovascular risk factors. 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Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Colombian Penitentiary Staff: An Interdisciplinary View of a High-Risk Occupation

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