Síndrome de freemartin en el ganado bovino.

El síndrome Freemartin es un estado de intersexualidad de muchas de las hembras bovinas provenientes de parto múltiple heterosexual (macho – hembra). Éste se origina en la vida fetal entre los 30 y 40 días de gestación producto del intercambio transplacentario de células mediante anastomosis vascula...

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Autores:
Garzon Raad, Juan David
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UCC
Idioma:
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/14067
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14067
Palabra clave:
Freemartin
Gestación múltiple
Intercambio de células
Hormonas
Estéril
Intersexual
Dicigoticos
Monocigoticos
Heterosexuales
TG 2019 MVZ 14067
Freemartin
Multiple gestation
Cell exchange
Hormones
Sterile
Intersexual
Dicigoticos
Monozygotic
Heterosexual
Rights
closedAccess
License
Atribución
id COOPER2_216cf3f75dd9aab25beec0ff337d462c
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/14067
network_acronym_str COOPER2
network_name_str Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Síndrome de freemartin en el ganado bovino.
title Síndrome de freemartin en el ganado bovino.
spellingShingle Síndrome de freemartin en el ganado bovino.
Freemartin
Gestación múltiple
Intercambio de células
Hormonas
Estéril
Intersexual
Dicigoticos
Monocigoticos
Heterosexuales
TG 2019 MVZ 14067
Freemartin
Multiple gestation
Cell exchange
Hormones
Sterile
Intersexual
Dicigoticos
Monozygotic
Heterosexual
title_short Síndrome de freemartin en el ganado bovino.
title_full Síndrome de freemartin en el ganado bovino.
title_fullStr Síndrome de freemartin en el ganado bovino.
title_full_unstemmed Síndrome de freemartin en el ganado bovino.
title_sort Síndrome de freemartin en el ganado bovino.
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Garzon Raad, Juan David
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Garzon Raad, Juan David
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Freemartin
Gestación múltiple
Intercambio de células
Hormonas
Estéril
Intersexual
Dicigoticos
Monocigoticos
Heterosexuales
topic Freemartin
Gestación múltiple
Intercambio de células
Hormonas
Estéril
Intersexual
Dicigoticos
Monocigoticos
Heterosexuales
TG 2019 MVZ 14067
Freemartin
Multiple gestation
Cell exchange
Hormones
Sterile
Intersexual
Dicigoticos
Monozygotic
Heterosexual
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv TG 2019 MVZ 14067
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv Freemartin
Multiple gestation
Cell exchange
Hormones
Sterile
Intersexual
Dicigoticos
Monozygotic
Heterosexual
description El síndrome Freemartin es un estado de intersexualidad de muchas de las hembras bovinas provenientes de parto múltiple heterosexual (macho – hembra). Éste se origina en la vida fetal entre los 30 y 40 días de gestación producto del intercambio transplacentario de células mediante anastomosis vasculares, presentándose fenómenos de quimerismo 60XX/XY en varios tejidos, y esterilidad consecuente (Lopera 2015) El síndrome freemartin no es heredable, pero la propensión a engendrar gemelos sí lo es, siendo la incidencia variable entre las razas bovinas (v. gr., Simmental del 2.4% al 4.6%, Holstein-Friesian del 0.5% al 4.2% y Charolais del 2.5% al 3.2%). Además, la mayoría de los partos gemelares son dicigóticos (gemelos no idénticos), y sólo entre el 2% al 10% son monocigóticos (gemelos idénticos). Por otra parte, los partos gemelares son menos frecuentes en las razas del ganado cebú (Bos indicus; 0.22%) que en el ganado de origen europeo (Ayala 2012).
publishDate 2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-09-23T17:51:07Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-09-23T17:51:07Z
2019-09-21
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019-09-21
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14067
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv Garzón Raad, J. D. (2019). Síndrome de freemartin en el ganado bovino (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14067
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14067
identifier_str_mv Garzón Raad, J. D. (2019). Síndrome de freemartin en el ganado bovino (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14067
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Ayala-Valdovinos, M. A., Villagómez, D., & Galindo-García. (2007). Estudio anatomopatológico, citogenético y molecular del sindrome freemartin en el bovino doméstico (Bos taurus) .
brace, peters, menzies, king, & soto. (2008). Sex chromosome chimerism and the freemartin syndrome in Rideau Arcott sheep.
Byeonggyun, Gyujin, Betts, & Petrik. (2012). Low levels of X-Inactive specific transcript in somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos derived from female bovine freemartin donor cells.
cabianca, rota, cozzi, & ballarin. (2006). Expression of AMH in Female Fetal Intersex Gonads in the Bovine. Obtenido de rota, cozzi, ballarin.
camargo, & baron. (2009). Freemartinismo o quimerismo XX/XY en bovinos: Revisión.
cavalieri, & farin. (1999). Birth of a holstein freemartin calf co-twinned to a schistosomus reflexus fetus.
Cavalieri, & Farin. (2009). Freemartinismo o quimerismo XX/XY en bovinos.
ciotola, peretti, albarella, buonerba, & beneduce. (2007). Chromosome fragility in Freemartin cattle.
dominguez, liptrap, croy, & basrur. (1990). Hormonal correlates of ovarian alterations in bovine freemartin fetuses. Obtenido de liptrap, croy, basrur.
Edwards, Gallagher, & Prakash. (1994). Urethral Atresia with Uroperitoneum in a Newborn Bovine Freemartin.
eldridge, & blazak. (1977). Chromosomal Analysis of Fertile Female Heterosexual Twins in Cattle.
elizabeth, mcnie, nicole, & amy. (2006). Comparison of Cytogenetics and Polymerase Chain Reaction Based Detection of the Amelogenin Gene Polymorphism for the Diagnosis of Freemartinism in Cattle. Obtenido de mcniel, nicole, amy.
ennis, vauqhan, & gallaqher. (1999). The diagnosis of freemartinism in cattle using sex-specific DNA sequences.
esteves, bage, & carreira. (2012). Freemartinism in cattle.
fujishiro, kawakura, miyake, & kaneda. (1995). A fast, convenient diagnosis of the bovine freemartin syndrome using polymerase chain reaction.
ghanem, yoshida, nishi, nakao, & yamashiro. (2004). Atresia ani with diphallus and separate scrota in a calf: a case report. Obtenido de yoshida, nishi, nakao, yamashiro.
greene, mogil, & foote. (1978). Behavioral characteristics of freemartins administered estradiol, estrone, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone. Obtenido de mogil, foote.
Hackett. (1986). Testosterone of estradiol treatment of heifers or freemartins to detect estrus in confined dairy cattle.
harikae, tsunekawa, hiramatsu, toda, kurohmaru, & kanai. (2012).Evidence for almost complete sexreversal in bovine freemartin gonads: Formation of seminiferous tubule-like structures and transdifferentiation into typical testicular cell types.
horton, anderson, bonduran, & cupps. (1980). Freemartins in beef cattle twins induced by embryo transfer.
kadokawa, minezawa, yamamoto, takahashi, shimada, & kariya. (1995). Freemartinism among singleton bovine females born from multiple embryo transfer. Obtenido de minezawa, yamamoto, takahashi,shimada, kariya.
kendra. (2016). Freemartinism in cross bred heifer: A case report.
Khan, & Foley. (1994). Retrospective studies on the measurements, karyotyping and pathology of reproductive organs of bovine freemartins.
khan, f. (1994). Retrospective studies on the measurements, karyotyping and pathology of reproductive organs of bovine freemartins. Obtenido de http://www.sciencedirect.com/scien ce/article/pii/S0021997508802678
Kobayashi, Sekimoto, Uchida, Wada, Sasaki, Sasada, . . . Sato. (1998). Rapid detection of male-specific DNA sequence in bovine embryos using fluorescence in situ hybridization.
kozubka, czech, & rejduch. (2016). Cytogenetic and molecular diagnostics of XX/XY Chimerism in cattle, sheep, and goats - A review.
lanussi, dimeo, perucatti, ciotola, & incarnato. (2005). Freemartinism in river buffalo: Clinical and cytogenetic observations. li
li, Littlejohn, Corson, & Suttie. (2003). Effects of testosterone on pedicle formation and its transformation to antler in castrated male, freemartin and normal female red deer (Cervus elaphus).
llambi, & postiglioni. (1994). Localization of the fragile X chromosome break points in Holstein-Friesian cattle (Bostaurus).
llambi, p. (1994). Localization of the fragile X chromosome break points in Holstein-Friesian cattle (Bostaurus). Obtenido de http://www.sciencedirect.com/scien ce/article/pii/0093691X9490447Q
long, david, & eddy. (1976). The incidence of freemartins in heifer calves purchased from markets
longe, d. e. (1976). The incidence of freemartins in heifer calves purchased from markets. Obtenido de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubm ed/936453
lopera, cano, ortiz, & estrada. (2016). Diagnóstico molecular, citogenético y anatomohistopatológico del Síndrome Freemartin en hembras bovinas en Colombia.
lopez, marquez, & marquez. (1999). Detección de quimerismo celular en freemartin por bandeo RGB.
mcniel, madrill, treeful, buoen, & weber. (2006). Comparison of cytogenetics and polymerase chain reaction based detection of the amelogenin gene polymorphism for the diagnosis of freemartinism in cattle.
meinecke, kuiper, Drögemüller, Leeb, & Meinecke. (2003). A mola hydatidosa coexistent with a foetus in a bovine freemartin pregnancy.
Mommens, VanZeveren, & Peelman. (1997). Detection of freemartins by a Y chromosome specific DNA sequence(Article).
moncaleno, jimenez, & sanchez. (2006). Quimerismo leucocitario en hembras bovinas nacidas de parto gemelar heterosexual. Obtenido de jimenez, sanchez.
morikawa, livanainen, & niku. (2004). Persistent differences in the level of chimerism in B versus T cells of Freemartin cattle. Obtenido de livanainen, niku.
niku, pessa, taponen, & livannainen. (2007). Direct observation of hematopoietic progenitor chimerism in fetal freemartin cattle.
padula. (2005). The freemartin syndrome: an update.
parkinson, smith, long, & mann. (2001). Inter-relationships among gonadotrophins, reproductive steroids and inhibin in freemartin ewes. Obtenido de smith, long, mann.
Petrizzi, Varasano, & Robbe. (2002). Urethral hypoplasia with bladder rupture in a newborn bovine freemartin.
remnant, lea, allen, huxley, robinson, & brower. (2014). Novel gonadal characteristics in an aged bovine freemartin.
rojas, & vasquez. (2004). Determinación del sexo y genotipificación del gen de la k-caseína en embriones bovinos.
rota, ballarin, vigier, cozzi, & rey. (2002). Age dependent changes in plasma antiMüllerian hormone concentrations in the bovine male, female, and freemartin from birth to puberty: relationship between testosterone production and influence on sex differentiation.
rota, ballarin, vigier, cozzi, & rey. (2003). Age dependent changes in plasma antiMüllerian hormone concentrations in the bovine male, female, and freemartin from birth to puberty: Relationship between testosterone production and influence on sex differentiation.
sanchez. (2004). Diagnóstico Molecular del Estado lntersexual Síndrome Freemartin en el.
sohn, cho, son, & lee. (2007). Diagnosis of bovine freemartinism by fluorescence in situ hybridization on interphase nuclei using a bovine Y chromosomespecific DNA probe. Obtenido de https://bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co:26 89/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.034548658841&origin=resultslist&sor t=plff&src=s&st1=Freemartin+in+cattle& nlo=&nlr=&nls=&sid=04CCE51ED53C 14FE1785118114F1A2E1.wsnAw8kcd t7IPYLO0V48gA%3a300&sot=b&sdt= b&sl=35&s=TITLE-ABS-K
sohn, cho, son, & lee. (2007). Diagnosis of bovine freemartinism by fluorescence in situ hybridization on interphase nuclei using a bovine Y chromosomespecific DNA probe. Obtenido de cho, son, lee.
stephen, & issue. (1980). Serum-borne H-Y antigen in the fetal bovine freemartin.
Vaughan, Ennis, & Gallagher. (1999). The diagnosis of freemartinism in cattle using sex-specific DNA sequences.
Wiltbank, fricke, Sangsritavong, Sartori, & Ginther. (2000). Mechanisms that prevent and produce double ovulations in dairy cattle.
zhang, buoen, & weber. (1994).
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spelling Garzon Raad, Juan David2019-09-23T17:51:07Z2019-09-23T17:51:07Z2019-09-212019-09-21https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14067Garzón Raad, J. D. (2019). Síndrome de freemartin en el ganado bovino (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14067El síndrome Freemartin es un estado de intersexualidad de muchas de las hembras bovinas provenientes de parto múltiple heterosexual (macho – hembra). Éste se origina en la vida fetal entre los 30 y 40 días de gestación producto del intercambio transplacentario de células mediante anastomosis vasculares, presentándose fenómenos de quimerismo 60XX/XY en varios tejidos, y esterilidad consecuente (Lopera 2015) El síndrome freemartin no es heredable, pero la propensión a engendrar gemelos sí lo es, siendo la incidencia variable entre las razas bovinas (v. gr., Simmental del 2.4% al 4.6%, Holstein-Friesian del 0.5% al 4.2% y Charolais del 2.5% al 3.2%). Además, la mayoría de los partos gemelares son dicigóticos (gemelos no idénticos), y sólo entre el 2% al 10% son monocigóticos (gemelos idénticos). Por otra parte, los partos gemelares son menos frecuentes en las razas del ganado cebú (Bos indicus; 0.22%) que en el ganado de origen europeo (Ayala 2012).The Freemartin syndrome is a state of intersexuality of many of the bovine females coming from heterosexual multiple birth (male - female). It is found in fetal life between 30 and 40 days of gestation resulting from the transplacental exchange of cells by vascular anastomosis, with phenomena of 60XX / XY chimerism occurring in several tissues, and consecutive sterility (Lopera 2015) The freemartin syndrome is not inheritable, but the propensity to breed twins is, with variable incidence among the bovine breeds (eg, Simmental from 2.4% to 4.6%, Holstein-Friesian from 0.5% to 4.2%, and Charolais From 2.5% to 3.2%). In addition, most twins are dizygotic (non-identical twins), and only 2% to 10% are monozygotic (identical twins). On the other hand, twin births are less frequent in zebu cattle breeds (Bos indicus, 0.22%) than in European-born cattle (Ayala 2012).juan.garzonr@campusucc.edu.co9Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, IbaguéMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaIbaguéFreemartinGestación múltipleIntercambio de célulasHormonasEstérilIntersexualDicigoticosMonocigoticosHeterosexualesTG 2019 MVZ 14067FreemartinMultiple gestationCell exchangeHormonesSterileIntersexualDicigoticosMonozygoticHeterosexualSíndrome de freemartin en el ganado bovino.Trabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribucióninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbAyala-Valdovinos, M. A., Villagómez, D., & Galindo-García. (2007). Estudio anatomopatológico, citogenético y molecular del sindrome freemartin en el bovino doméstico (Bos taurus) .brace, peters, menzies, king, & soto. (2008). Sex chromosome chimerism and the freemartin syndrome in Rideau Arcott sheep.Byeonggyun, Gyujin, Betts, & Petrik. (2012). Low levels of X-Inactive specific transcript in somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos derived from female bovine freemartin donor cells.cabianca, rota, cozzi, & ballarin. (2006). Expression of AMH in Female Fetal Intersex Gonads in the Bovine. Obtenido de rota, cozzi, ballarin.camargo, & baron. (2009). Freemartinismo o quimerismo XX/XY en bovinos: Revisión.cavalieri, & farin. (1999). Birth of a holstein freemartin calf co-twinned to a schistosomus reflexus fetus.Cavalieri, & Farin. (2009). Freemartinismo o quimerismo XX/XY en bovinos.ciotola, peretti, albarella, buonerba, & beneduce. (2007). Chromosome fragility in Freemartin cattle.dominguez, liptrap, croy, & basrur. (1990). Hormonal correlates of ovarian alterations in bovine freemartin fetuses. Obtenido de liptrap, croy, basrur.Edwards, Gallagher, & Prakash. (1994). Urethral Atresia with Uroperitoneum in a Newborn Bovine Freemartin.eldridge, & blazak. (1977). Chromosomal Analysis of Fertile Female Heterosexual Twins in Cattle.elizabeth, mcnie, nicole, & amy. (2006). Comparison of Cytogenetics and Polymerase Chain Reaction Based Detection of the Amelogenin Gene Polymorphism for the Diagnosis of Freemartinism in Cattle. Obtenido de mcniel, nicole, amy.ennis, vauqhan, & gallaqher. (1999). The diagnosis of freemartinism in cattle using sex-specific DNA sequences.esteves, bage, & carreira. (2012). Freemartinism in cattle.fujishiro, kawakura, miyake, & kaneda. (1995). A fast, convenient diagnosis of the bovine freemartin syndrome using polymerase chain reaction.ghanem, yoshida, nishi, nakao, & yamashiro. (2004). Atresia ani with diphallus and separate scrota in a calf: a case report. Obtenido de yoshida, nishi, nakao, yamashiro.greene, mogil, & foote. (1978). Behavioral characteristics of freemartins administered estradiol, estrone, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone. Obtenido de mogil, foote.Hackett. (1986). Testosterone of estradiol treatment of heifers or freemartins to detect estrus in confined dairy cattle.harikae, tsunekawa, hiramatsu, toda, kurohmaru, & kanai. (2012).Evidence for almost complete sexreversal in bovine freemartin gonads: Formation of seminiferous tubule-like structures and transdifferentiation into typical testicular cell types.horton, anderson, bonduran, & cupps. (1980). Freemartins in beef cattle twins induced by embryo transfer.kadokawa, minezawa, yamamoto, takahashi, shimada, & kariya. (1995). Freemartinism among singleton bovine females born from multiple embryo transfer. Obtenido de minezawa, yamamoto, takahashi,shimada, kariya.kendra. (2016). Freemartinism in cross bred heifer: A case report.Khan, & Foley. (1994). Retrospective studies on the measurements, karyotyping and pathology of reproductive organs of bovine freemartins.khan, f. (1994). Retrospective studies on the measurements, karyotyping and pathology of reproductive organs of bovine freemartins. Obtenido de http://www.sciencedirect.com/scien ce/article/pii/S0021997508802678Kobayashi, Sekimoto, Uchida, Wada, Sasaki, Sasada, . . . Sato. (1998). Rapid detection of male-specific DNA sequence in bovine embryos using fluorescence in situ hybridization.kozubka, czech, & rejduch. (2016). Cytogenetic and molecular diagnostics of XX/XY Chimerism in cattle, sheep, and goats - A review.lanussi, dimeo, perucatti, ciotola, & incarnato. (2005). Freemartinism in river buffalo: Clinical and cytogenetic observations. lili, Littlejohn, Corson, & Suttie. (2003). Effects of testosterone on pedicle formation and its transformation to antler in castrated male, freemartin and normal female red deer (Cervus elaphus).llambi, & postiglioni. (1994). Localization of the fragile X chromosome break points in Holstein-Friesian cattle (Bostaurus).llambi, p. (1994). Localization of the fragile X chromosome break points in Holstein-Friesian cattle (Bostaurus). Obtenido de http://www.sciencedirect.com/scien ce/article/pii/0093691X9490447Qlong, david, & eddy. (1976). The incidence of freemartins in heifer calves purchased from marketslonge, d. e. (1976). The incidence of freemartins in heifer calves purchased from markets. Obtenido de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubm ed/936453lopera, cano, ortiz, & estrada. (2016). Diagnóstico molecular, citogenético y anatomohistopatológico del Síndrome Freemartin en hembras bovinas en Colombia.lopez, marquez, & marquez. (1999). Detección de quimerismo celular en freemartin por bandeo RGB.mcniel, madrill, treeful, buoen, & weber. (2006). Comparison of cytogenetics and polymerase chain reaction based detection of the amelogenin gene polymorphism for the diagnosis of freemartinism in cattle.meinecke, kuiper, Drögemüller, Leeb, & Meinecke. (2003). A mola hydatidosa coexistent with a foetus in a bovine freemartin pregnancy.Mommens, VanZeveren, & Peelman. (1997). Detection of freemartins by a Y chromosome specific DNA sequence(Article).moncaleno, jimenez, & sanchez. (2006). Quimerismo leucocitario en hembras bovinas nacidas de parto gemelar heterosexual. Obtenido de jimenez, sanchez.morikawa, livanainen, & niku. (2004). Persistent differences in the level of chimerism in B versus T cells of Freemartin cattle. Obtenido de livanainen, niku.niku, pessa, taponen, & livannainen. (2007). Direct observation of hematopoietic progenitor chimerism in fetal freemartin cattle.padula. (2005). The freemartin syndrome: an update.parkinson, smith, long, & mann. (2001). Inter-relationships among gonadotrophins, reproductive steroids and inhibin in freemartin ewes. Obtenido de smith, long, mann.Petrizzi, Varasano, & Robbe. (2002). Urethral hypoplasia with bladder rupture in a newborn bovine freemartin.remnant, lea, allen, huxley, robinson, & brower. (2014). Novel gonadal characteristics in an aged bovine freemartin.rojas, & vasquez. (2004). Determinación del sexo y genotipificación del gen de la k-caseína en embriones bovinos.rota, ballarin, vigier, cozzi, & rey. (2002). Age dependent changes in plasma antiMüllerian hormone concentrations in the bovine male, female, and freemartin from birth to puberty: relationship between testosterone production and influence on sex differentiation.rota, ballarin, vigier, cozzi, & rey. (2003). Age dependent changes in plasma antiMüllerian hormone concentrations in the bovine male, female, and freemartin from birth to puberty: Relationship between testosterone production and influence on sex differentiation.sanchez. (2004). Diagnóstico Molecular del Estado lntersexual Síndrome Freemartin en el.sohn, cho, son, & lee. (2007). Diagnosis of bovine freemartinism by fluorescence in situ hybridization on interphase nuclei using a bovine Y chromosomespecific DNA probe. Obtenido de https://bbibliograficas.ucc.edu.co:26 89/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.034548658841&origin=resultslist&sor t=plff&src=s&st1=Freemartin+in+cattle& nlo=&nlr=&nls=&sid=04CCE51ED53C 14FE1785118114F1A2E1.wsnAw8kcd t7IPYLO0V48gA%3a300&sot=b&sdt= b&sl=35&s=TITLE-ABS-Ksohn, cho, son, & lee. (2007). Diagnosis of bovine freemartinism by fluorescence in situ hybridization on interphase nuclei using a bovine Y chromosomespecific DNA probe. Obtenido de cho, son, lee.stephen, & issue. (1980). Serum-borne H-Y antigen in the fetal bovine freemartin.Vaughan, Ennis, & Gallagher. (1999). The diagnosis of freemartinism in cattle using sex-specific DNA sequences.Wiltbank, fricke, Sangsritavong, Sartori, & Ginther. (2000). Mechanisms that prevent and produce double ovulations in dairy cattle.zhang, buoen, & weber. 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