Tratamientos y estrategias preventivas para la displasia de cadera en caninos de raza grande
introdución: La displasia de cadera un trastorno ortopédico que afecta salud y bienestar de todos los perros debido a que sucede una alteración en el ajuste de la articulación de la cadera, causando una laxitud que conlleva a la presencia de signos clínicos, como dolor cogerá y desgaste progresivo d...
- Autores:
-
Portilla Rojas, Angie Dayanna
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UCC
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/54211
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/54211
- Palabra clave:
- Displasia
Canino
Luxación
Ortopedia
Dysplasia
Canine
Dislocation
Orthopedics
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
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Tratamientos y estrategias preventivas para la displasia de cadera en caninos de raza grande |
| title |
Tratamientos y estrategias preventivas para la displasia de cadera en caninos de raza grande |
| spellingShingle |
Tratamientos y estrategias preventivas para la displasia de cadera en caninos de raza grande Displasia Canino Luxación Ortopedia Dysplasia Canine Dislocation Orthopedics |
| title_short |
Tratamientos y estrategias preventivas para la displasia de cadera en caninos de raza grande |
| title_full |
Tratamientos y estrategias preventivas para la displasia de cadera en caninos de raza grande |
| title_fullStr |
Tratamientos y estrategias preventivas para la displasia de cadera en caninos de raza grande |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Tratamientos y estrategias preventivas para la displasia de cadera en caninos de raza grande |
| title_sort |
Tratamientos y estrategias preventivas para la displasia de cadera en caninos de raza grande |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Portilla Rojas, Angie Dayanna |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Castro Varón, Jessica Alejandra |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Portilla Rojas, Angie Dayanna |
| dc.contributor.educationalvalidator.none.fl_str_mv |
Castro Varon, Jessica Alejandra |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Displasia Canino Luxación Ortopedia |
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Displasia Canino Luxación Ortopedia Dysplasia Canine Dislocation Orthopedics |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Dysplasia Canine Dislocation Orthopedics |
| description |
introdución: La displasia de cadera un trastorno ortopédico que afecta salud y bienestar de todos los perros debido a que sucede una alteración en el ajuste de la articulación de la cadera, causando una laxitud que conlleva a la presencia de signos clínicos, como dolor cogerá y desgaste progresivo de la articulación, la causa de este trastorno es de tipo multifactorial, un causante importante corresponde a factores hereditarios. Objetivos: Realizar una revisión sistemática de literatura, a partir de la búsqueda de artículos científicos, que proporcione una visión lo más actualizada posible sobre la prevención y tratamientos para displasia de cadera en caninos de razas grandes. Metodología: la metodología implementada para la elaboración de este documento de revisión corresponde a la Metodología PRISMA, es una Revisión Sistemática de Literatura definida como un procedimiento de tipo documental, porque es un proceso fundamentado en la búsqueda, recolección y análisis de la información recuperada de diferentes bibliografías que se publican a nivel mundial, las bases de datos consultadas Pub Med , Dialnet, Sciencie Direct , Scielo , Elseiver, Gogle académico y el repositorio de las tesis de grado de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Resultados: el total de publicaciones seleccionadas por lectura de títulos es de 150 ,se descartan 50, luego de una lectura de sus resúmenes y resultados , según los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Para un total de 100 publicaciones seleccionadas con resultados más relevantes en donde se realiza una segunda selección, se eliminan 38 que no cumplen con los criterios de inclusión que están duplicados también que no se encuentran completos, finalmente fueron seleccionados 62 referencias. De las cuales la mayor base de datos seleccionada es Google académico. Conclusiones: La finalidad de esta revisión fue recopilar y analizar la información de manera actualizada sobre la displasia de cadera en caninos, con el propósito de indagar sobre su diagnóstico temprano, prevenciones e intervenciones quirúrgicas y corrección total o parcial, con ello, garantizar un mejor pronóstico. |
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2024 |
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2024-02-06T15:18:56Z |
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Trabajo de grado - Pregrado |
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Portilla Rojas, A. D. (2024). Tratamientos y estrategias preventivas para la displasia de cadera en caninos de raza grande. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/54211 |
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Portilla Rojas, A. D. (2024). Tratamientos y estrategias preventivas para la displasia de cadera en caninos de raza grande. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. |
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Manfredi S, D. I. (2018). Effect of a commercially Aviable Fish-Based Dog dood enriched with nutraceuticals on hip and elbow dysplasia in growing labrador retrievers. Can J Vet Res. (C. J, Ed.) Vet Res: Pmid: 29755196 21, A. G. (2018). Recuperado el 14 de 09 de 2023, de Radiographic Signs of Joint Disease in Dogs and Cats, Editor(s): Donald E. Thrall, Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology (Seventh Edition),W.B. Saunder: https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/3-s2.0- B978032348247900033 A., S. C. (2020). Displasia de cadera en perros. Centro Veterinario. Universidad de la Salle Bajío A.C. Disponible : https://axoncomunicacion.net/wpcontent/uploads/2021/02/cv91-2.pdf A.M., T. (2017). Tisha A.M . Conservative Management of Hip Dysplasia. disponible : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195561617300104?via%3Dihu b Acosta, A. L. (2018). Obtenido de Diseño de una estrategia para soportar el proceso de crianza de Caninos con predisposición a la displasia de cadera, mediante el Control de los factores de riesgo físicos y biomecánicos. : http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11912/4750. Aiyan A, R. K. (2021). Recuperado el 13 de 09 de 2023, de Measurement of the Femoral Anteversion Angle in Medium and Large Dog Breeds Using Computed Tomography.: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33748202/ Al Aiyan A, R. K. (2019). Measurement of the femoral neck angle in medium and large dog breeds using computed tomography (PMID 20922085 ed.). (A. v. Hug, Ed.) Alsada, I. H. (2022). Recuperado el 2, 202-207, de Dysplasia in large breed of dogs. One Health Triad, Unique Scientific Publishers, Faisalabad, Pakistan: https://uniquescientificpublishers.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/oht-v3/202-207.pdf Arthurs G, B. G. (2021). Obtenido de Mulcolokeletal Disorders a practic manual of Canine and feline: https://vetbooks.ir/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/BSAVA-Manual-of-Canine-and-Feline-Musculoskeletal-Disorders-A-Practical-Guide-to-Lameness-and-Joint-Disease-2nd-Edition.jp Arthurs g. Brown G, P. R. (2020). Obtenido de Musculokeletal Disoders Manual of canine and FELIPE: file:///C:/Users/USUARIO/AppData/Local/Temp/Rar$DIb17020.24762/BSAVA%20Manual%20of%20Canine%20and%20Feline%20Musculoskeletal%20Disorders,%20A%20Practical%20Guide%20to%20Lameness%20and%20Joint%20Disease,%202nd%20Edition%20(VetBooks.ir).pdf Babá, A. L. (2019). R Heritability of hip dysplasia: Preliminary results for German Shepherd dogs in Brazil (ISSNN 0167-5877 ed.). (V. 1. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Ed.) Beier, S. .. (2023). Recuperado el ISSN 2451-943X de 10 de 2023, de Comparison of two sedation protocols for diagnostic radiography in dogs with hip dysplasia dysplasia,Veterinary and Animal Science: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10172832/ C., A. (2018, 12). The Distraction Index and Juvenile Pupubic Symphysiodesis in the Prevention of Canine Hip Dysplasia in German Shepherd and Belgian Malinois Dogs in the Armed Forces. Madrid,, 02(file:///C:/Users/USUARIO/Documents/GogleAcademico-displaciadecaderaenperros/HEREDABILIDAD/18%20Sanchez%20A,%20SINFISIODESIS%20JUVENIL%20ESPA%C3%91A.pdf) Climent P S, R. R. (2018). 3D Joint Anatomy In Dogs: Main Joint Pathologies and Surgical Approaches DA SILVA, L., PEREIRA, L., & PACHECO, L. O. (2022). Use of Physiotherapy in dogs with hip dysplasia. (Society and Development ed.). (V. 1. 9, Ed.) Denny H. Butterwortg, s. A. (s.f.). Guide to canine and feline orthopaedic surgery (4 Edicion ed.). Dycus D levene, D. r. (2021). Physical Rehabilitation for the Management of Canine Hip Dysplasia (Pages 719-747 ed.). (V. 52, Ed.) North Amarica Enfermendad, R. c. (2014). Retrieved on 09/14/2023, from Scientific article : https://www.ortocanis.com/es/content/59-incidencia-de-la-displasia-de-caderaen-perros Engstig M, V. s. (2022). Effect of Femoral Head and Neck Osteotomy on Canines Funcitional Pelvic Position and Locomotion. Animals, Animals(https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/13/1631). Estalote J, Carballo L. Hip dysplasia. (n.d.). Retrieved from Diagnosis and Treatment. Imavet T : https://www.imavet.es/archivos/articulos/564240111600ee0184698e8.66523407.pdf Fossum TW, D. C. (s.f.). Small Animal Surgery. .r. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO (4th ed ed.). (F. T. edito, Ed.) Fossum TW, D. C. (2018). Small Animal Surgery. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. (4th ed. ed.). (.. F. editor, Ed.) Source: J. Garcia, F. P. (2021). Retrieved 09/14/2023, from Hip dysplasia in the dog. Current Status: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6723546 Haney P, L. L. (2020). Recuperado el 12 de 09 de 2023, de Effectiveness of PennHIP and Orthopedic Foundation for Animals measurements of hip joint quality for breeding selection to reduce hip dysplasia in a population of purpose-bred detection dogs: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32657662 Haney P, L. L. (2020). Recuperado el 12 de 09 de 2023, de Effectiveness of PennHIP and Orthopedic Foundation for Animals measurements of hip joint quality for breeding selection to reduce hip dysplasia in a population of purpose-bred detection dogs: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32657662 Hip, A. I. (2022). Recuperado el 3/10/2022 de Sicientific Publishers, Faisalabad de 2023, de Hip dusplasia in large breed of dogs. One health Triad, unique: https://uniquescientificpublishers.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/oht-v3/202-207.pd Veterinary Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. (2001). IVOT. Retrieved from http://www.traumatologiaveterinaria.com/index.php?web=displasia_cadera/displasia.php James H., M. F. (2020). Obtenido de Effectiveness of Canin e Hip and Elbow Dysplasia Improvement programs in Siz Uk Pedigree breeds. Front. Vet. Seci.: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2019.00490/full Júnio J, R. S. (2020). Use of Reticulated Hyaluronic Acid Alone or Associated With Ozone Gas in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis Due to Hip Dysplasia in Dogs. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7237717/#B Karsli, B. K. (2021). Evaluation of the Prevalence of Dysplasia of the Hip in Belgian Malinois Dogs Used in Security Units in Turkey. International Journal of Veterinary and Animal Research. (IJVAR)(https://www.ijvar.org/index.php/ijvar/article/view/492). Kwananocha, I. M. (2023). Acetabular rim extension using a personalized titanium implant fortreatment of hip dysplasia in dogs: short-term resultsn (fRONTERAS EN LA CIENCIA VETERINARIA ed.). la, U. D. (2019). Retrieved from Hummingbird: https://www.colibri.udelar.edu.uy/jspui/bitstream/20.500.12008/19380/1/FV-28111.pdf LATORRE, R., & CLIMENT, S. (2021, 09). Main orthopedic pathologies and surgical approaches. Canine artrology in 3D., 13 (Grupo Asis Biomedia SL.). León Guadó, E., Monteagudo Ibáñes, L. V. $ Tejedor Hernández, M-. (2021). Retrieved from Regulations and Recommendations for Dog Breeding in Different Breeds: National and International Examples: https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/107084/files/TAZ-TFG-2021-1144.pdf M., P. (2022). Obtenido de Breeding against canine hip husplasia in the german shepherd dog. BAG, J, basi appl: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1852-62332022000300045&script=sci_arttext MD, K. (2017). Etiopathogenesis of Canine Hip Dysplasia, Prevalence, And Genitics, vet Clin North Am-Small Anima Parct (47 ed.). Merizalde, L. J. (2017). Prevalence of hip dysplasia in individuals registered with the Colombian Canine Club Association between 1990 and 2014. (U. d. salle, Ed.) Bogota Muños, A. (2018). Retrieved from Devia V Hip Dysplasia in Canine Factors, Diagnosis Treatments 2018: https://repositorio.utp.edu.co/server/api/core/bitstreams/bf6ebedc-4f57-48ac-9765-85800e58af72/content Murray, C. B. (02 de 2022). Compartive Veterinary Anatomy. Academic Preess, Pages 456.468. Oliveira, M. S. (2021). Effects of hydrotherapy and low-level laser therapy in canine hip dysplasia: A randomized, prospective, blinded clinical study,Revue Vétérinaire Clinique,, Issue 4, 2021,Di ( Volume 56 ed.). (i. 4. Di, Ed.) Otero, P. P. (2022). Pericapsular hip desensitization in dogs: a cadaveric study and case series, Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia (Volumen 49 ed.). Issue: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2022.08.001. PereiraIII, B. W. (2022). Arthroplasty of the dorsal edge of the acetabulum for the treatment of canine hip dysplasia: case report. Pinna s, T. C. (2022). Recuperado el 14 de 09 de 2023, de Prevalence of Primary Radiographic Signs of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs Animals: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9597843/ Pinna S, T. C. (2022). Obtenido de Vezzoni A Prevalence of Primary Radiographic Signs of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs Animals (Basel) : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9597843/ PIRES, A. F. (2019). Physical therapy approach to hip dysplasia in dogs. 2019. Thesis of Maestria. Available : file:///C:/Users/USUARIO/Downloads/19%20Pires%20A,%20PIRES,%20Andreia%20Filipa%20Feliciano,%20et%20al.%20Abordagem%2. Poverene M. (2022). Obtenido de Breeding against canine hip dysplasia in the german shepherd dog.: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1852-62332022000300045&script=sci_arttex Prabakaran, A. J. (2023). Kinetic and Radiographic Outcomes of Unilateral Double Pelvic Osteotomy in Six Dogs. . Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology.(https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0043-1766092). Properzi R, C. F. (9 de 2022). "Evaluation of the Iatrogenic Sciatic Nerve Injury following Double Pelvic Osteotomy Performed with Piezoelectric Cutting Tool in Dogs." . Veterinary Sciences , 6. Properzi R, C. F. (20 de 2023). "Evaluation of the Iatrogenic Sciatic Nerve Injury following Double Pelvic Osteotomy Performed with Piezoelectric Cutting Tool in Dogs." . 2022, Veterinary Sciences(9.6). Quian, A. W. (2021). Retrieved from Ethical Challenges of Advanced Veterinary Care in the Veterinary Practice of Companion Animals. : https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/11/3010 Regan, J. (2020). Retrieved 09/14/2023, from Angell On PennHip Vet Girl Animal Medical Center: https://vetgirlontherun.com/es/veterinary-continuing-education-pennhip-joan-regan-vetgirl-blog Sampson, J. (2020). Recuperado el 12 de 09 de 2023, de The Veterinary Journal How the Kennel Club is tackling inherited disorders in the United Kingdom,: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023311002243 Sanchez A, G. ,. (2020). Modified Pennhip and juvenile pubic symphysiodesis as prevention of canine hip dysplasia in the Armed Forces. Santana, A. P. (2021). Imaging diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia with and wirhout human esposure to ionizing radiation (ISSN 1090-0233 ed.). (V. J. 276, Ed National University of the Litoral. (2021). Fritzler, L. UPDATE ON THE DIAGNOSIS AND EARLY TREATMENT OF HIP DYSPLASIA (: file:///C:/Users/USUARIO/Downloads/TFI%20(2).pdf ed.). Esperanza Santa Fe Vezzoni, A., Boiocchi, S., Vezzoni, L., Vanelli, A., & Bronzo, V. (2010). Double pelvic osteotomy for the treatment of hip dysplasia in young dogs. Vetrinario Compensacion Orthop Traumatol. Villalba M, D. P. (2023). Retrieved from Use of Hydrotherapy in Canines with Hip Dysplasia Case Report in a Golden Retriever and Miniature Schnauzer: Internship at the Animal Welfare Clinic: Available : http://repositorio.uan.edu.co/handle/123456789/7443 Willemsen K, M. M. (2021). Comparison of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs and Humans: . Front Veterinary Science (doi:10.33389/fvets.2021.791434. PMID: 3497772223; PMCID: PMC8714762). Willemsen K, M. M. (2021). Comparison of hip dysplasia in dogs and humans. Veterinary Science (PMID 34977223). Willemsen K, M. M. (2021). Comparison of hip dysplasia in dogs and humans. Zurich, H. D. (2017). Cementless Total Hip Replacement. Vet Clin North Am - Available from: (Small Anim Pract 2017; 47 :917–34. ed.). Norh Am-Small: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.02.00 Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (sede Web). Columbia, MO: OrthopedicFoundationforAnimals, 2015 - (acceso el 25 de marzo de 2015). Hip displasia statistics. Disponible en: www.offa.org/stats_hip.htm |
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Castro Varón, Jessica Alejandra Portilla Rojas, Angie DayannaCastro Varon, Jessica Alejandra2024-02-06T15:18:56Z2024-02-06T15:18:56Z2024-02-06Portilla Rojas, A. D. (2024). Tratamientos y estrategias preventivas para la displasia de cadera en caninos de raza grande. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC.https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/54211introdución: La displasia de cadera un trastorno ortopédico que afecta salud y bienestar de todos los perros debido a que sucede una alteración en el ajuste de la articulación de la cadera, causando una laxitud que conlleva a la presencia de signos clínicos, como dolor cogerá y desgaste progresivo de la articulación, la causa de este trastorno es de tipo multifactorial, un causante importante corresponde a factores hereditarios. Objetivos: Realizar una revisión sistemática de literatura, a partir de la búsqueda de artículos científicos, que proporcione una visión lo más actualizada posible sobre la prevención y tratamientos para displasia de cadera en caninos de razas grandes. Metodología: la metodología implementada para la elaboración de este documento de revisión corresponde a la Metodología PRISMA, es una Revisión Sistemática de Literatura definida como un procedimiento de tipo documental, porque es un proceso fundamentado en la búsqueda, recolección y análisis de la información recuperada de diferentes bibliografías que se publican a nivel mundial, las bases de datos consultadas Pub Med , Dialnet, Sciencie Direct , Scielo , Elseiver, Gogle académico y el repositorio de las tesis de grado de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Resultados: el total de publicaciones seleccionadas por lectura de títulos es de 150 ,se descartan 50, luego de una lectura de sus resúmenes y resultados , según los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Para un total de 100 publicaciones seleccionadas con resultados más relevantes en donde se realiza una segunda selección, se eliminan 38 que no cumplen con los criterios de inclusión que están duplicados también que no se encuentran completos, finalmente fueron seleccionados 62 referencias. De las cuales la mayor base de datos seleccionada es Google académico. Conclusiones: La finalidad de esta revisión fue recopilar y analizar la información de manera actualizada sobre la displasia de cadera en caninos, con el propósito de indagar sobre su diagnóstico temprano, prevenciones e intervenciones quirúrgicas y corrección total o parcial, con ello, garantizar un mejor pronóstico.Introduction: Hip dysplasia is an orthopedic disorder that affects the health and well-being of all dogs due to an alteration in the adjustment of the hip joint, causing a laxity that leads to the presence of clinical signs, such as pain and progressive wear and tear of the joint, the cause of this disorder is multifactorial. An important cause is hereditary factors. Objectives: Conduct a systematic literature review, based on a search for scientific articles, that provides the most up-to-date view possible on the prevention and treatments for hip dysplasia in large breed canines. Methodology: the methodology implemented for the preparation of this review document corresponds to the PRISMA Methodology, it is a Systematic Literature Review defined as a documentary type procedure, because it is a process based on the search, collection and analysis of the information recovered from different bibliographies that are published worldwide, the databases consulted Pub Med, Dialnet, Sciencie Direct, Scielo, Elseiver, Gogle academic and the repositorio of degree theses of the Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Results: the total of publications selected by reading of titles is 150, 50 are discarded, after reading their summaries and results, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. For a total of 100 selected publications with the most relevant results where a second selection is made, 38 that do not meet the inclusion criteria are eliminated, which are duplicates and are not complete, finally 62 references were selected. Of which the largest selected database is Google academic. Conclusions: The purpose of this review was to compile and analyze updated information on hip dysplasia in canines, with the purpose of investigating its early diagnosis, preventions and surgical interventions and total or partial correction, thereby guaranteeing a better forecast.Lista de tablas. -- Lista de Figuras. -- Lista de abreviaturas. -- Agradecimientos. -- Resumen. -- Abstract. -- 1. Introducción. -- 2. Planteamiento de problema. -- 3. Justificación. -- 4. Objetivos. -- 4.1 Objetivo General. -- 4.2 Objetivos Específicos. -- 5. Marco Conceptual. -- 5.1 Historia. -- 5.2 Definición de la enfermedad. -- 5.3 Anatomía de la cadera. -- 5.4 Causas. -- 5.5 Factores genéticos. -- 5.6 Factores ambientales. -- 5.7 Factores biomecánicos. -- 5.8 Fisiopatología. -- 5.9 Manifestación clínica. -- 6. Materiales y Métodos. -- 6.1 Tipo de investigación. -- 6.2 Enfoque de la investigación. -- 6.3 Método de investigación. -- 6.4 Procedimiento. -- 6.5 Búsqueda y recolección de Información. -- 6.6 Selección de publicaciones. -- 6.7 Publicaciones más relevantes. -- 6.8 Selección. -- 6.9 Modelo prisma. -- 7. Resultados. -- 7.1 Diagnostico. -- 7.2 Examen físico. -- 7.3 Ortolani. -- 7.4 Barlow. -- 7.5 Barden. -- 7.6 Examen de palpación. -- 7.7 Examen Radiográfico. -- 7.8 Examen por Tomografía computarizada. -- 7.9 Evaluación de los ángulos de la articulación de la cadera. -- 7.10 Grados de la displasia. -- 7.11 Prevalencia. -- 7.12 Incidencia. -- 7.13 Prevención. -- 7.14 Selección de reproductores con método PennHip. --7.15 La selección genómica. -- 7.16 Tratamientos quirúrgicos preventivos. -- 7.17 Control de Factores ambientales. --7.18 Tratamientos. --8. Discusión. -- 9. Conclusión. -- 10. 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