Rhodococcus equi ¿un enemigo conocido o desconocido? aspectos claves de la enfermedad aplicados a la medicina interna de equinos

Rhodococcus equi es una bacteria intracelular facultativa Gram-positiva que es comúnmente encontrada en los alojamientos equinos, esta tiene la capacidad de replicarse en los macrófagos infectados del animal. Es un cocobacilo aerobio estricto, inmóvil, catalasa positivo, oxidasa negativo, no esporul...

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Autores:
Diaz Monsalve, Daniel Esteban
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2022
Institución:
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UCC
Idioma:
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/46424
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/46424
Palabra clave:
Bronconeumonía
Antimicrobianos
Tratamiento
Potros
Citología
Ecografía
TG 2022 MVZ 46424
Bronchopneumonia
Antimicrobials
Treatment
Foals
Cytology
Ultrasound
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Rhodococcus equi ¿un enemigo conocido o desconocido? aspectos claves de la enfermedad aplicados a la medicina interna de equinos
title Rhodococcus equi ¿un enemigo conocido o desconocido? aspectos claves de la enfermedad aplicados a la medicina interna de equinos
spellingShingle Rhodococcus equi ¿un enemigo conocido o desconocido? aspectos claves de la enfermedad aplicados a la medicina interna de equinos
Bronconeumonía
Antimicrobianos
Tratamiento
Potros
Citología
Ecografía
TG 2022 MVZ 46424
Bronchopneumonia
Antimicrobials
Treatment
Foals
Cytology
Ultrasound
title_short Rhodococcus equi ¿un enemigo conocido o desconocido? aspectos claves de la enfermedad aplicados a la medicina interna de equinos
title_full Rhodococcus equi ¿un enemigo conocido o desconocido? aspectos claves de la enfermedad aplicados a la medicina interna de equinos
title_fullStr Rhodococcus equi ¿un enemigo conocido o desconocido? aspectos claves de la enfermedad aplicados a la medicina interna de equinos
title_full_unstemmed Rhodococcus equi ¿un enemigo conocido o desconocido? aspectos claves de la enfermedad aplicados a la medicina interna de equinos
title_sort Rhodococcus equi ¿un enemigo conocido o desconocido? aspectos claves de la enfermedad aplicados a la medicina interna de equinos
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Diaz Monsalve, Daniel Esteban
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Mesa Socha, José Javier
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Diaz Monsalve, Daniel Esteban
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Bronconeumonía
Antimicrobianos
Tratamiento
Potros
Citología
Ecografía
topic Bronconeumonía
Antimicrobianos
Tratamiento
Potros
Citología
Ecografía
TG 2022 MVZ 46424
Bronchopneumonia
Antimicrobials
Treatment
Foals
Cytology
Ultrasound
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv TG 2022 MVZ 46424
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv Bronchopneumonia
Antimicrobials
Treatment
Foals
Cytology
Ultrasound
description Rhodococcus equi es una bacteria intracelular facultativa Gram-positiva que es comúnmente encontrada en los alojamientos equinos, esta tiene la capacidad de replicarse en los macrófagos infectados del animal. Es un cocobacilo aerobio estricto, inmóvil, catalasa positivo, oxidasa negativo, no esporulado, con capsula polisacárida delgada y débilmente acido alcohol resistente. En la medicina interna de equinos, uno de los principales agentes causales de bronconeumonías en potros es esta bacteria, la cual tiene altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad en zonas endémicas lo que conlleva a un gran impacto en la producción y en la economía de la actividad equina. Dentro de las manifestaciones clínicas más comunes de la enfermedad se encuentran variedad de signos respiratorios, fiebre, polisinovitis, entre otros. Su diagnóstico se basa en el conjunto de examen clínico, analítica sanguínea, cultivos, citologías e imágenes diagnósticas. El tratamiento se ha basado tradicionalmente en el uso combinado de macrólidos junto a Rifampicina, aunque en los últimos años se ha evidenciado cepas resistentes a esta combinación, es por ellos que se buscan nuevos y mejores tratamientos. Este estudio buscó determinar los aspectos más relevantes de la enfermedad que todo clínico dedicado a medicina equi na debe conocer, por ello se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos de la universidad cooperativa de Colombia, Google académico, Pubmed entre otro; en los cuales se escogieron 51 publicaciones entre los años 1986 y 2021 para recopilar la información necesaria con el fin de esclarecer los puntos más importantes de esta enfermedad y generar un documento guía para el clínico dedicado a la medicina de equinos.
publishDate 2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-09-19T12:37:55Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-09-19T12:37:55Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2022-09-19
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/46424
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv Diaz Monsalve, D. E. (2022). Rhodococcus equi ¿un enemigo conocido o desconocido? aspectos claves de la enfermedad aplicados a la medicina interna de equinos. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/46424
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/46424
identifier_str_mv Diaz Monsalve, D. E. (2022). Rhodococcus equi ¿un enemigo conocido o desconocido? aspectos claves de la enfermedad aplicados a la medicina interna de equinos. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/46424
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Majidzadeh M, Fatahi-Bafghi M. Current taxonomy of Rhodococcus species and their role in infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;37(11):2045–62.
Aslam MW, Lau SF, Chin CSL, Ahmad NI, Rahman NA, Kuppusamy K, et al. Clinicopathological and radiographic features in 40 cats diagnosed with pulmonary and cutaneous Rhodococcus equi infection (2012–2018). J Feline Med Surg. 2020;22(8):774–90.
Mourenza Á, Gil JA, Mateos LM, Letek M. A novel screening strategy reveals ROSGenerating antimicrobials that act synergistically against the intracellular veterinary pathogen Rhodococcus equi. Antioxidants. 2020;9(2):1–10.
Viera S, Mendiburu L, Cantón J. Examen ecográfico para la derección precoz de abscesos pulmonares por Rhodococcus equi en protrillos SPC. 2016;
Cohen ND, Bourquin JR, Bordin AI, Kuskie KR, Brake CN, Weaver KB, et al. Intramuscular administration of a synthetic CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide modulates functional responses of neutrophils of neonatal foals. PLoS One. 2014;9(10)
Olimpo j O, Castañeda R. Literature Reviews Original articles Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias. 2013;65–75.
Muscatello G. Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in the foal - Part 1: Pathogenesis and epidemiology. Vet J [Internet]. 2012;192(1):20–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.08.014
Heidmann P, Madigan JE, Watson JL. Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia: Clinical Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention. Clin Tech Equine Pract. 2006;5(3):203–10.
Hines MT. Rhodococcus equi [Internet]. Second Edi. Equine Infectious Diseases: Second Edition. Elsevier Inc.; 2013. 287-302.e11 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-0891-8.00031-2
Passamonti F, Vardi DM, Stefanetti V, Marenzoni ML, Prato S, Cévese P, et al. Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals: An assessment of the early diagnostic value of serum amyloid A and plasma fibrinogen concentrations in equine clinical practice. Vet J [Internet]. 2015;203(2):211–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.08.033
Takai S. Epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi infections: A review. Vet Microbiol. 1997;56(3–4):167–76.
Huber L, Giguère S, Berghaus LJ, Hanafi A, Ryan C. Fecal shedding of Rhodococcus equi in mares and foals after experimental infection of foals and effect of composting on concentrations of R. equi in contaminated bedding. Vet Microbiol. 2018;223(July):42–6.
Tirosh-Levy S, Gürbilek SE, Tel OY, Keskin O, Steinman A. Seroprevalence of Rhodococcus equi in horses in Israel. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2017;88(1):1–7.
Pérez M, Agustín A, Bruni S. Evaluación de tratamientos convencionales y no convencionales para Rhodococcus equi en potrillos. 2017;
Vázquez-Boland JA, Meijer WG. The pathogenic actinobacterium Rhodococcus equi: what’s in a name? Mol Microbiol. 2019;112(1):1–15.
JACKS SS. Immunity to Rhodococcus equi in Susceptible Foals and Resistant Adult Horses and in Vivo Expression of the R. equi Vap Genes. 2007;
CABRERA CG. Neumonia Por Rhodococcus Equi Potrillos: Diagnostico, Tratamiento Y Prevencion. Resma. 2016;2015(June):50061.
Weinstock DM, Brown AE. Rhodococcus equi: An emerging pathogen. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(10):1379–85.
Oliveira LGS, Watanabe TTN, Boabaid FM, Wouters F, Wouters ATB, Bandarra PM, et al. Clinical and pathological findings of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals1. Pesqui Vet Bras. 2019;39(11):849–57.
Estrada R, Murillo C, Razquin P, Barquero-Calvo E, Chacón-Díaz C, Estrada M. Reporte de caso clínico Primer diagnóstico de Rhodococcus equi confirmado, laboratorialmente, en un potrillo de Costa Rica. Ciencias Vet. 2020;38(1):43–52.
Bryan LK, Clark SD, Díaz-Delgado J, Lawhon SD, Edwards JF. Rhodococcus equi Infections in Dogs. Vet Pathol. 2017;54(1):159–63.
Giguère S, Cohen ND, Keith Chaffin M, Hines SA, Hondalus MK, Prescott JF, et al. Rhodococcus equi: Clinical Manifestations, Virulence, and Immunity. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25(6):1221–30.
Zink MC, Yager JA, Smart NL. Corynebacterium equi Infections in Horses, 1958- 1984: A Review of 131 Cases. Can Vet J. 1986;27(5):213–7.
Muscatello G, Leadon DP, Klay M, Ocampo-Sosa A, Lewis DA, Fogarty U, et al. Rhodococcus equi infection in foals: The science of “rattles.” Equine Vet J. 2007;39(5):470–8
Muscatello G. Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in the foal - Part 2: Diagnostics, treatment and disease management. Vet J [Internet]. 2012;192(1):27–33. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.08.009
S. Giguère ND, Cohen M, Keith Chaffin NM, Slovis MK, Hondalus SA, Hines and JFP. Diagnosis, Treatment, Control, and Prevention of Infections Caused by Rhodococcus equi in Foals. 2011;
Madrigal RG, Shaw SD, Witkowski LA, Sisson BE, Blodgett GP, Chaffin MK, et al. Use of Serial Quantitative PCR of the vapA Gene of Rhodococcus equi in Feces for Early Detection of R. equi Pneumonia in Foals. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30(2):664– 70.
Sellon DC, Besser TE, Vivrette SL, McConnico RS. Comparison of nucleic acid amplification, Serology, and microbiologic culture for diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39(4):1289–93.
Giguère S, Hernandez J, Gaskin J, Prescott JF, Takai S, Miller C. Performance of five serological assays for diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003;10(2):241–5.
Vitale V, Sgorbini M, Cuteri V, Preziuso S, Attili AR, Bonelli F. Cytological Findings in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Foals With Pneumonia Caused by Rhodococcus equi and Other Bacteria. J Equine Vet Sci [Internet]. 2019;79:9–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.009
Witkowska-Piłaszewicz OD, Żmigrodzka M, Winnicka A, Miśkiewicz A, Strzelec K, Cywińska A. Serum amyloid A in equine health and disease. Equine Vet J. 2019;51(3):293–8.
Cohen ND. Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia. Vet Clin North Am - Equine Pract [Internet]. 2014;30(3):609–22. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2014.08.010
Mccracken JL, Slovis NM. Use of Thoracic Ultrasound for the Prevention of Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia on Endemic Farms. Proc 55th Annu Conv Am Assoc Equine Pract Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 5-9 December 2009 [Internet]. 2009;55:38– 44. Available from: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/prolas.2017.71.issue-1- 2/prolas-2017-0002/prolas-2017- 0002.xml%0Ahttp://annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s1361 3-016-0224-7
Ramirez S, Lester GD, Roberts GR. Diagnostic contribution of thoracic ultrasonography in 17 foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2004;45(2):172–6.
Rampacci E, Marenzoni ML, Chiaradia E, Passamonti F, Ricci M, Pepe M, et al. In vitro performances of novel co-spray-dried azithromycin/rifampicin microparticles for Rhodococcus equi disease treatment. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1–12.
Giguère S. Treatment of Infections Caused by Rhodococcus equi. Vet Clin North Am - Equine Pract [Internet]. 2017;33(1):67–85. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2016.11.002
Johns I. Management of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. Vet Med Res Reports. 2013;49.
Giguère S, Lee EA, Guldbech KM, Berghaus LJ. In vitro synergy, pharmacodynamics, and postantibiotic effect of 11 antimicrobial agents against Rhodococcus equi. Vet Microbiol. 2012;160(1–2):207–13.
Cohen ND, Slovis NM, Giguère S, Baker S, Chaffin MK, Bernstein LR. Gallium Maltolate as an Alternative to Macrolides for Treatment of Presumed Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia in Foals. J Vet Intern Med. 2015;29(3):932–9.
Crespo E. Efectividad de tratamientos para las distintas condiciones clínicas de Rhodococosis en potros. 2019;46. Available from: http://repositorio.usfq.edu.ec/bitstream/23000/8382/1/143110.pdf
Venner M, Rödiger A, Laemmer M, Giguère S. Failure of antimicrobial therapy to accelerate spontaneous healing of subclinical pulmonary abscesses on a farm with endemic infections caused by Rhodococcus equi. Vet J [Internet]. 2012;192(3):293– 8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.07.004
Burton AJ, Giguère S, Sturgill TL, Berghaus LJ, Slovis NM, Whitman JL, et al. Macrolide- and rifampin-resistant rhodococcus equi on a horse breeding farm, Kentucky, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(2):282–5.
Schlusselhuber M, Jung S, Bruhn O, Goux D, Leippe M, Leclercq R, et al. In vitro potential of equine DEFA1 and eCATH1 as alternative antimicrobial drugs in rhodococcosis Treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(4):1749–55.
Huber L, Giguère S, Slovis NM, Carter CN, Barr BS, Cohen ND, et al. Emergence of Resistance to Macrolides and Rifampin in Clinical Isolates of Rhodococcus equi from Foals in Central Kentucky, 1995 to 2017. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63(1).
Schlusselhuber M, Torelli R, Martini C, Leippe M, Cattoir V, Leclercq R, et al. The equine antimicrobial peptide eCATH1 is effective against the facultative intracellular pathogen rhodococcus equi in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(10):4615–21.
Dawson DR, Daryl V, Price CT, Graham JE, Cynamon MH, Divers TJ, et al. Effects of opsonization of Rhodococcus equi on bacterial viability and phagocyte activation. Am J Vet Res. 2011;72(11).
Hooper-McGrevy KE, Giguere S, Wilkie BN, Prescott JF. Evaluation of equine immunoglobulin specific for Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated proteins A and C for use in protecting foals against Rhodococcus egui-induced pneumonia. Am J Vet Res. 2001;62(8):1307–13.
Rakowska A, Cywinska A, Witkowski L. Current trends in understanding and managing equine rhodococcosis. Animals. 2020;10(10):1–12.
Giguère S, Gaskin JM, Miller C, Bowman JL. Evaluation of a commercially available hyperimmune plasma product for prevention of naturally acquired pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;220(1):59–63.
Cohen ND, Chaffin MK, Martens RJ. Control and Prevention of Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia in Foals. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 2000;22(11):1062–9.
Prescott JF, Machang’u R, Kwiecien J, Delaney K. Prevention of foal mortality due to Rhodococcus equi pneumonia on an endemically affected farm. Can Vet J. 1989;30(11):871–5.
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spelling Mesa Socha, José JavierDiaz Monsalve, Daniel Esteban2022-09-19T12:37:55Z2022-09-19T12:37:55Z2022-09-19https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/46424Diaz Monsalve, D. E. (2022). Rhodococcus equi ¿un enemigo conocido o desconocido? aspectos claves de la enfermedad aplicados a la medicina interna de equinos. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. Repositorio Institucional UCC. https://repository.ucc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12494/46424Rhodococcus equi es una bacteria intracelular facultativa Gram-positiva que es comúnmente encontrada en los alojamientos equinos, esta tiene la capacidad de replicarse en los macrófagos infectados del animal. Es un cocobacilo aerobio estricto, inmóvil, catalasa positivo, oxidasa negativo, no esporulado, con capsula polisacárida delgada y débilmente acido alcohol resistente. En la medicina interna de equinos, uno de los principales agentes causales de bronconeumonías en potros es esta bacteria, la cual tiene altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad en zonas endémicas lo que conlleva a un gran impacto en la producción y en la economía de la actividad equina. Dentro de las manifestaciones clínicas más comunes de la enfermedad se encuentran variedad de signos respiratorios, fiebre, polisinovitis, entre otros. Su diagnóstico se basa en el conjunto de examen clínico, analítica sanguínea, cultivos, citologías e imágenes diagnósticas. El tratamiento se ha basado tradicionalmente en el uso combinado de macrólidos junto a Rifampicina, aunque en los últimos años se ha evidenciado cepas resistentes a esta combinación, es por ellos que se buscan nuevos y mejores tratamientos. Este estudio buscó determinar los aspectos más relevantes de la enfermedad que todo clínico dedicado a medicina equi na debe conocer, por ello se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos de la universidad cooperativa de Colombia, Google académico, Pubmed entre otro; en los cuales se escogieron 51 publicaciones entre los años 1986 y 2021 para recopilar la información necesaria con el fin de esclarecer los puntos más importantes de esta enfermedad y generar un documento guía para el clínico dedicado a la medicina de equinos.Rhodococcus equi is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular bacterium that is frequently found in equine housing, it has the ability to replicate in the animal's elaborated macrophages. It is a strict aerobic coccobacillus, nonmotile, catalase positive, oxidase negative, non-sporulating, with a thin polysaccharide capsule and weakly acid-alcohol resistant. In equine internal medicine, one of the main causal agents of bronchopneumonia in foals is this bacterium, which has high rates of morbidity and mortality in endemic areas, which has a great impact on the production and economy of the equine activity. Among the most common clinical manifestations of the disease are a variety of respiratory signs, fever, polysynovitis, among others. Its diagnosis is based on the set of clinical examination, blood tests, bacterial cultures, cytology and diagnostic images. Treatment has traditionally been based on the combined use of macrolides with Rifampicin, although in recent years strains resistant to this combination have been found, and it is for them that new and better treatments are sought. This study sought to determine the most relevant aspects of the disease that every clinician dedicated to equine medicine should know, for this reason a search was made in the database of the cooperative university of Colombia, academic Google, Pubmed, among others; in which 51 publications were chosen between the years 1986 and 2021 to collect the necessary information in order to clarify the most important points of this disease and generate a guide document for the clinician dedicated to equine medicine.Resumen. -- Abstract. -- Introducción. -- Agente etiológico. -- Figura 1. -- Figura 2. -- Patogenia. -- Rhodococcus equi en otras especies. -- Manifestaciones clínicas. -- Figura 3. -- Figura 4. -- Diagnóstico. -- Ecografía. -- Citología y cultivo. -- Tratamiento. -- Tabla 1. -- Prevención. -- Discusión. -- Conclusiones. -- Bibliografía. --daniel.diazm@campusucc.edu.co32 p.Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, IbaguéMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaIbaguéBronconeumoníaAntimicrobianosTratamientoPotrosCitologíaEcografíaTG 2022 MVZ 46424BronchopneumoniaAntimicrobialsTreatmentFoalsCytologyUltrasoundRhodococcus equi ¿un enemigo conocido o desconocido? aspectos claves de la enfermedad aplicados a la medicina interna de equinosTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Majidzadeh M, Fatahi-Bafghi M. Current taxonomy of Rhodococcus species and their role in infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;37(11):2045–62.Aslam MW, Lau SF, Chin CSL, Ahmad NI, Rahman NA, Kuppusamy K, et al. Clinicopathological and radiographic features in 40 cats diagnosed with pulmonary and cutaneous Rhodococcus equi infection (2012–2018). J Feline Med Surg. 2020;22(8):774–90.Mourenza Á, Gil JA, Mateos LM, Letek M. A novel screening strategy reveals ROSGenerating antimicrobials that act synergistically against the intracellular veterinary pathogen Rhodococcus equi. Antioxidants. 2020;9(2):1–10.Viera S, Mendiburu L, Cantón J. Examen ecográfico para la derección precoz de abscesos pulmonares por Rhodococcus equi en protrillos SPC. 2016;Cohen ND, Bourquin JR, Bordin AI, Kuskie KR, Brake CN, Weaver KB, et al. Intramuscular administration of a synthetic CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide modulates functional responses of neutrophils of neonatal foals. PLoS One. 2014;9(10)Olimpo j O, Castañeda R. Literature Reviews Original articles Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias. 2013;65–75.Muscatello G. Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in the foal - Part 1: Pathogenesis and epidemiology. Vet J [Internet]. 2012;192(1):20–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.08.014Heidmann P, Madigan JE, Watson JL. Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia: Clinical Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention. Clin Tech Equine Pract. 2006;5(3):203–10.Hines MT. Rhodococcus equi [Internet]. Second Edi. Equine Infectious Diseases: Second Edition. Elsevier Inc.; 2013. 287-302.e11 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-0891-8.00031-2Passamonti F, Vardi DM, Stefanetti V, Marenzoni ML, Prato S, Cévese P, et al. Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals: An assessment of the early diagnostic value of serum amyloid A and plasma fibrinogen concentrations in equine clinical practice. Vet J [Internet]. 2015;203(2):211–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.08.033Takai S. Epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi infections: A review. Vet Microbiol. 1997;56(3–4):167–76.Huber L, Giguère S, Berghaus LJ, Hanafi A, Ryan C. Fecal shedding of Rhodococcus equi in mares and foals after experimental infection of foals and effect of composting on concentrations of R. equi in contaminated bedding. Vet Microbiol. 2018;223(July):42–6.Tirosh-Levy S, Gürbilek SE, Tel OY, Keskin O, Steinman A. Seroprevalence of Rhodococcus equi in horses in Israel. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2017;88(1):1–7.Pérez M, Agustín A, Bruni S. Evaluación de tratamientos convencionales y no convencionales para Rhodococcus equi en potrillos. 2017;Vázquez-Boland JA, Meijer WG. The pathogenic actinobacterium Rhodococcus equi: what’s in a name? Mol Microbiol. 2019;112(1):1–15.JACKS SS. Immunity to Rhodococcus equi in Susceptible Foals and Resistant Adult Horses and in Vivo Expression of the R. equi Vap Genes. 2007;CABRERA CG. Neumonia Por Rhodococcus Equi Potrillos: Diagnostico, Tratamiento Y Prevencion. Resma. 2016;2015(June):50061.Weinstock DM, Brown AE. Rhodococcus equi: An emerging pathogen. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(10):1379–85.Oliveira LGS, Watanabe TTN, Boabaid FM, Wouters F, Wouters ATB, Bandarra PM, et al. Clinical and pathological findings of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals1. Pesqui Vet Bras. 2019;39(11):849–57.Estrada R, Murillo C, Razquin P, Barquero-Calvo E, Chacón-Díaz C, Estrada M. Reporte de caso clínico Primer diagnóstico de Rhodococcus equi confirmado, laboratorialmente, en un potrillo de Costa Rica. Ciencias Vet. 2020;38(1):43–52.Bryan LK, Clark SD, Díaz-Delgado J, Lawhon SD, Edwards JF. Rhodococcus equi Infections in Dogs. Vet Pathol. 2017;54(1):159–63.Giguère S, Cohen ND, Keith Chaffin M, Hines SA, Hondalus MK, Prescott JF, et al. Rhodococcus equi: Clinical Manifestations, Virulence, and Immunity. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25(6):1221–30.Zink MC, Yager JA, Smart NL. Corynebacterium equi Infections in Horses, 1958- 1984: A Review of 131 Cases. Can Vet J. 1986;27(5):213–7.Muscatello G, Leadon DP, Klay M, Ocampo-Sosa A, Lewis DA, Fogarty U, et al. Rhodococcus equi infection in foals: The science of “rattles.” Equine Vet J. 2007;39(5):470–8Muscatello G. Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in the foal - Part 2: Diagnostics, treatment and disease management. Vet J [Internet]. 2012;192(1):27–33. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.08.009S. Giguère ND, Cohen M, Keith Chaffin NM, Slovis MK, Hondalus SA, Hines and JFP. Diagnosis, Treatment, Control, and Prevention of Infections Caused by Rhodococcus equi in Foals. 2011;Madrigal RG, Shaw SD, Witkowski LA, Sisson BE, Blodgett GP, Chaffin MK, et al. Use of Serial Quantitative PCR of the vapA Gene of Rhodococcus equi in Feces for Early Detection of R. equi Pneumonia in Foals. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30(2):664– 70.Sellon DC, Besser TE, Vivrette SL, McConnico RS. Comparison of nucleic acid amplification, Serology, and microbiologic culture for diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39(4):1289–93.Giguère S, Hernandez J, Gaskin J, Prescott JF, Takai S, Miller C. Performance of five serological assays for diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003;10(2):241–5.Vitale V, Sgorbini M, Cuteri V, Preziuso S, Attili AR, Bonelli F. Cytological Findings in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Foals With Pneumonia Caused by Rhodococcus equi and Other Bacteria. J Equine Vet Sci [Internet]. 2019;79:9–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.009Witkowska-Piłaszewicz OD, Żmigrodzka M, Winnicka A, Miśkiewicz A, Strzelec K, Cywińska A. Serum amyloid A in equine health and disease. Equine Vet J. 2019;51(3):293–8.Cohen ND. Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia. Vet Clin North Am - Equine Pract [Internet]. 2014;30(3):609–22. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2014.08.010Mccracken JL, Slovis NM. Use of Thoracic Ultrasound for the Prevention of Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia on Endemic Farms. Proc 55th Annu Conv Am Assoc Equine Pract Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 5-9 December 2009 [Internet]. 2009;55:38– 44. Available from: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/prolas.2017.71.issue-1- 2/prolas-2017-0002/prolas-2017- 0002.xml%0Ahttp://annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s1361 3-016-0224-7Ramirez S, Lester GD, Roberts GR. Diagnostic contribution of thoracic ultrasonography in 17 foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2004;45(2):172–6.Rampacci E, Marenzoni ML, Chiaradia E, Passamonti F, Ricci M, Pepe M, et al. In vitro performances of novel co-spray-dried azithromycin/rifampicin microparticles for Rhodococcus equi disease treatment. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1–12.Giguère S. Treatment of Infections Caused by Rhodococcus equi. Vet Clin North Am - Equine Pract [Internet]. 2017;33(1):67–85. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2016.11.002Johns I. Management of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. Vet Med Res Reports. 2013;49.Giguère S, Lee EA, Guldbech KM, Berghaus LJ. In vitro synergy, pharmacodynamics, and postantibiotic effect of 11 antimicrobial agents against Rhodococcus equi. Vet Microbiol. 2012;160(1–2):207–13.Cohen ND, Slovis NM, Giguère S, Baker S, Chaffin MK, Bernstein LR. Gallium Maltolate as an Alternative to Macrolides for Treatment of Presumed Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia in Foals. J Vet Intern Med. 2015;29(3):932–9.Crespo E. Efectividad de tratamientos para las distintas condiciones clínicas de Rhodococosis en potros. 2019;46. Available from: http://repositorio.usfq.edu.ec/bitstream/23000/8382/1/143110.pdfVenner M, Rödiger A, Laemmer M, Giguère S. Failure of antimicrobial therapy to accelerate spontaneous healing of subclinical pulmonary abscesses on a farm with endemic infections caused by Rhodococcus equi. Vet J [Internet]. 2012;192(3):293– 8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.07.004Burton AJ, Giguère S, Sturgill TL, Berghaus LJ, Slovis NM, Whitman JL, et al. Macrolide- and rifampin-resistant rhodococcus equi on a horse breeding farm, Kentucky, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(2):282–5.Schlusselhuber M, Jung S, Bruhn O, Goux D, Leippe M, Leclercq R, et al. In vitro potential of equine DEFA1 and eCATH1 as alternative antimicrobial drugs in rhodococcosis Treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(4):1749–55.Huber L, Giguère S, Slovis NM, Carter CN, Barr BS, Cohen ND, et al. Emergence of Resistance to Macrolides and Rifampin in Clinical Isolates of Rhodococcus equi from Foals in Central Kentucky, 1995 to 2017. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63(1).Schlusselhuber M, Torelli R, Martini C, Leippe M, Cattoir V, Leclercq R, et al. The equine antimicrobial peptide eCATH1 is effective against the facultative intracellular pathogen rhodococcus equi in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(10):4615–21.Dawson DR, Daryl V, Price CT, Graham JE, Cynamon MH, Divers TJ, et al. Effects of opsonization of Rhodococcus equi on bacterial viability and phagocyte activation. Am J Vet Res. 2011;72(11).Hooper-McGrevy KE, Giguere S, Wilkie BN, Prescott JF. Evaluation of equine immunoglobulin specific for Rhodococcus equi virulence-associated proteins A and C for use in protecting foals against Rhodococcus egui-induced pneumonia. Am J Vet Res. 2001;62(8):1307–13.Rakowska A, Cywinska A, Witkowski L. Current trends in understanding and managing equine rhodococcosis. Animals. 2020;10(10):1–12.Giguère S, Gaskin JM, Miller C, Bowman JL. 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Can Vet J. 1989;30(11):871–5.PublicationORIGINAL2022_DiazMonsalve_Rhodococcus_Medicina_Equinos.pdf2022_DiazMonsalve_Rhodococcus_Medicina_Equinos.pdfTrabajo de gradoapplication/pdf496624https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/25e5fe5b-6ab0-4d8f-b919-4c92aa1faf28/download306932a6fc11af5d4925c3482ad0b53cMD512022_DiazMonsalve_Rhodococcus_Medicina_EquinosFormatoLicenciaUso.pdf2022_DiazMonsalve_Rhodococcus_Medicina_EquinosFormatoLicenciaUso.pdfLicencia de uso de obraapplication/pdf4799866https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/e1c02d24-14be-446b-b22b-991f0e051fdd/download935227fde314f19ac3f1277d6dc5a73fMD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/3a62648b-3914-490a-8e25-b9040f244091/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53THUMBNAIL2022_DiazMonsalve_Rhodococcus_Medicina_Equinos.pdf.jpg2022_DiazMonsalve_Rhodococcus_Medicina_Equinos.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg3412https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/24dba6dc-8f75-4981-b558-15c78f91faf9/downloadf2e8adc20d6a2fccf537681927f2ea4cMD542022_DiazMonsalve_Rhodococcus_Medicina_EquinosFormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.jpg2022_DiazMonsalve_Rhodococcus_Medicina_EquinosFormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4450https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/3935d386-348f-4d86-a649-cf7ba181723f/download615c6335daca55cfa363a9495b7e1a65MD55TEXT2022_DiazMonsalve_Rhodococcus_Medicina_Equinos.pdf.txt2022_DiazMonsalve_Rhodococcus_Medicina_Equinos.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain47617https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/909fc27d-7296-4571-a144-aa21b6fe2308/download51d4db620950d02565b489c94644fb8bMD562022_DiazMonsalve_Rhodococcus_Medicina_EquinosFormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.txt2022_DiazMonsalve_Rhodococcus_Medicina_EquinosFormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain6https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/a3a5806d-ab93-47ef-9c41-a5b94b25b764/download6d93d3216dc4a7f5df47d4876fbec4d3MD5720.500.12494/46424oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/464242024-08-09 12:40:22.985open.accesshttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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