Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sample

En estos tiempos de pandemia, la aceptación o rechazo de las vacunas se ha hecho cada vez más evidente, con un aumento considerable del movimiento antivacunas en España. Es importante comprender las actitudes que llevan a una persona a rechazar la vacunación para desarrollar campañas de salud públic...

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Autores:: Martín Carbonell, Marta de la Caridad
Espejo Tort, Begoña
Checa, Irene

Tipo de recurso:: Article of investigation

Fecha de publicación:: 2022

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

Idioma:

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network_acronym_str	COOPER2
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repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sample
title	Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sample
spellingShingle	Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sample Vaccine hesitancy Vaccine reluctance Confirmatory factor analysis Structural equation modelling Measurement invariance Educational level Gender Gender Covid-19
title_short	Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sample
title_full	Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sample
title_fullStr	Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sample
title_full_unstemmed	Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sample
title_sort	Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sample
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Martín Carbonell, Marta de la Caridad Espejo Tort, Begoña Checa, Irene
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Martín Carbonell, Marta de la Caridad Espejo Tort, Begoña Checa, Irene
dc.subject.other.none.fl_str_mv	Vaccine hesitancy Vaccine reluctance Confirmatory factor analysis Structural equation modelling Measurement invariance Educational level Gender Gender Covid-19
topic	Vaccine hesitancy Vaccine reluctance Confirmatory factor analysis Structural equation modelling Measurement invariance Educational level Gender Gender Covid-19
description	En estos tiempos de pandemia, la aceptación o rechazo de las vacunas se ha hecho cada vez más evidente, con un aumento considerable del movimiento antivacunas en España. Es importante comprender las actitudes que llevan a una persona a rechazar la vacunación para desarrollar campañas de salud pública más efectivas. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido estudiar las propiedades psicométricas y la invariancia de medida de la escala Vaccination Attitudes Examination (VAX) en una muestra española. El análisis factorial confirmatorio y el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales se han utilizado para estudiar las propiedades psicométricas del VAX. Asimismo, se ha estudiado la invariancia de medida por sexo y nivel educativo. Se confirma la estructura de cuatro factores relacionados para VAX, así como su valor predictivo, ya que el factor “confianza en el beneficio de la vacuna” predice claramente la elección de vacunarse. También se confirma la fuerte invariancia de medida por género y nivel educativo. La comparación de medias latentes entre grupos indica que no existen diferencias por género en ningún factor. Sin embargo, las personas con un nivel educativo alto presentan puntuaciones más altas en los factores “preocupación por los efectos futuros imprevistos”, “preocupación por los efectos comerciales y la especulación” y “preferencia por la inmunidad natural”. El VAX se presenta como una herramienta fiable y válida para evaluar cuatro factores diferentes relacionados con las actitudes hacia las vacunas en España. Los estudios futuros de su invariancia transcultural pueden ayudar a determinar los principales factores que llevan a las personas a no vacunarse para desarrollar campañas de salud pública más efectivas.
publishDate	2022
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2022-09-19
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2023-08-22T13:39:25Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2023-08-22T13:39:25Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Artículos Científicos
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dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv	20507283
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00929-y https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/52503
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.none.fl_str_mv	Espejo, B., Checa, I. & Martín-Carbonell, M. Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sample. BMC Psychol 10, 221 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00929-y
identifier_str_mv	20507283 Espejo, B., Checa, I. & Martín-Carbonell, M. Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sample. BMC Psychol 10, 221 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00929-y
url	https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00929-y https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/52503
dc.relation.isversionof.none.fl_str_mv	https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-022-00929-y
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv	BMC Psychology
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv	Kennedy J. Vaccine hesitancy: a growing concern. Pediatr Drugs. 2020;22(2):105–11. Jansen VAA, Stollenwerk N, Jensen HJ, Ramsay ME, Edmunds WJ, Rhodes CJ. Measles outbreaks in a population with declining vaccine uptake. Science. 2003;301(5634):804. Atwell JE, Salmon DA. Pertussis resurgence and vaccine uptake: implications for reducing vaccine hesitancy. Pediatrics. 2014;134(3):602–4. Sallam M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines. 2021;9(2):160. Ministerio de Sanidad. Gestión integral de la vacunación Covid-19. Informe de actividad mayo [Comprehensive management of Covid-19 vaccination. Activity report May]. Madrid; 2022. Available from: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov/documentos/Informe_GIV_comunicacion_20220513.pdf. Moraga-Llop FA. Measles. Re-emergence on its path to eradication. Vacunas (English Ed). 2020;21(1):41–9. Masa-Calles J, López-Perea N. El retraso en la eliminación del sarampión en Europa: razones, obstáculos y perspectivas [The delay in measles eradication in Europe: reasons, obstacles and prospects]. Boletín epidemiológico Sem. 2019;27(6):63–9. Siciliani L, Wild C, McKee M, Kringos D, Barry MM, Barros PP, et al. Strengthening vaccination programmes and health systems in the European Union: a framework for action. Health Policy. 2020;124(5):511–8. Dubé E, Gagnon D, Nickels E, Jeram S, Schuster M. Mapping vaccine hesitancy-Country-specific characteristics of a global phenomenon. Vaccine. 2014;32(49):6649–54. Catalan-Matamoros D, Peñafiel-Saiz C. Exploring the relationship between newspaper coverage of vaccines and childhood vaccination rates in Spain. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020;16(5):1055–61. Santillán-García A, Rosell-Aguilar I. Discurso antivacunas en las redes sociales. Análisis de los argumentos más frecuentes [Antivaccine discourse on social networks: analysis of the most frequent arguments]. Tiempos enfermería y salud. 2019;1(5):50–3. Herrera-Peco I, Jiménez-Gómez B, Romero Magdalena CS, Deudero JJ, García-Puente M, Benítez De Gracia E, et al. Antivaccine movement and covid-19 negationism: a content analysis of spanish-written messages on twitter. Vaccines. 2021;9(6):1–14. Kennedy A, Basket M, Sheedy K. Vaccine attitudes, concerns, and information sources reported by parents of young children: results from the 2009 HealthStyles survey. Pediatrics. 2011;127(SUPPL. 1):92–9. Opel DJ, Mangione-Smith R, Taylor JA, Korfiatis C, Wiese C, Catz S, et al. Development of a survey to identify vaccine-hesitant parents: the parent attitudes about childhood vaccines survey. Hum Vaccin. 2011;7(4):419–25. Shapiro GK, Tatar O, Dube E, Amsel R, Knauper B, Naz A, et al. The vaccine hesitancy scale: psychometric properties and validation. Vaccine. 2018;36(5):660–7. Helmkamp LJ, Szilagyi PG, Zimet G, Saville AW, Gurfinkel D, Albertin C, et al. A validated modification of the vaccine hesitancy scale for childhood, influenza and HPV vaccines. Vaccine. 2021;39(13):1831–9. Rodriguez VJ, Alcaide ML, Salazar AS, Montgomerie EK, Maddalon MJ, Jones DL. Psychometric properties of a vaccine hesitancy scale adapted for COVID-19 vaccination among people with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2022;26(1):96–101. Lee SJ, Newman PA, Duan N, Cunningham WE. Development of an HIV vaccine attitudes scale to predict HIV vaccine acceptability among vulnerable populations: L.A. VOICES. Vaccine. 2014;32(39):5013–8. Akel KB, Masters NB, Shih SF, Lu Y, Wagner AL. Modification of a vaccine hesitancy scale for use in adult vaccinations in the United States and China. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2021;17(8):2639–46. Alam MM, Melhim LKB, Ahmad MT, Jemmali M. Public attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination: validation of COVID-vaccination attitude scale (C-VAS). J Multidiscip Healthc. 2022;15:941–54. Martin LR, Petrie KJ. Understanding the dimensions of anti-vaccination attitudes: the vaccination attitudes examination (VAX) scale. Ann Behav Med. 2017;51(5):652–60. Troiano G, Nardi A. Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public Health. 2021;194:245–51. Dror AA, Eisenbach N, Taiber S, Morozov NG, Mizrachi M, Zigron A, et al. Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(8):775–9. Wood L, Smith M, Miller CB, O’Carroll RE. The internal consistency and validity of the vaccination attitudes examination scale: a replication study. Ann Behav Med. 2019;53(1):109–14. Yildiz E, Gungormus Z, Dayapoglu N. Assessment of validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the vaccination attitudes examination (VAX) scale. Int J Caring Sci. 2021;14(1):261–9. Huza G. The psychometric properties of a Romanian version of the vaccination attitudes examination (VAX) scale. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2020;6(1):25. Paredes B, Cárdaba MÁ, Cuesta U, Martinez L. Validity of the spanish version of the vaccination attitudes examination scale. Vaccines. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111237. Muñiz J, Elosúa P, Padilla JL, Hambleton RK. Test adaptation standards for cross-lingual assessment. In: Wells CS, Faulkner-Bond M, editors. Educational measurement From foundations to future. New York: Guilford Press; 2016. p. 291–304. Mcdonald J-AL. The optimal number of categories for numerical rating scales. Dissertation abstracts international section A: humanities and social sciences. 2004. Available from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/620634634?accountid=14777. Raykov T. Estimation of composite reliability for congeneric measures. Appl Psychol Meas. 1997;21(2):173–84. Raykov T, Marcoulides GA. Introduction to psychometric theory. New York: Routledge Ltd; 2011. Espejo B, Checa I. Vaccine attitudes examination (VAX) scale dataset in Spain. Harvard dataverse, V1. 2022. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/KZ66ES. Hernández A, Hidalgo MD, Hambleton RK, Gómez-Benito J. International test commission guidelines for test adaptation: a criterion checklist. Psicothema. 2020;32(3):390–8. Raykov T. Scale construction and development using structural equation modeling. In: Hoyle RH, editor. Handbook of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press; 2012. p. 472–92. Rigdon EE, Schumacker RE, Wothke W. A comparative review of interaction and nonlinear modeling. In: Schumacker RE, Marcoulides GA, editors. Interaction and nonlinear effects in structural equation modeling. Mahwah, NJ. Lawrence Erlbaum; 2017. p. 251–94. (Modern methods for business research). Johnson DR, Creech JC. Ordinal measures in multiple indicator models: a simulation study of categorization error. Am Sociol Rev. 1983;48(6):398. Hu LT, Bentler PM. Evaluating model fit. In: Hoyle RH, editor. Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA, US, US: Sage Publications, Inc; 1995. p. 76–99. Marsh HW, Balla JR, Hau KT. An evaluation of incremental fit indices: A clarification of mathematical and empirical properties. In: Marcoulides GA, Schumacker RE, editors. Advanced Structural Equation Modeling: Issues and Techniques. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc; 1996. p. 315–53. Raykov T. Scale validity evaluation with congeneric measures in hierarchical designs. Br J Math Stat Psychol. 2011;64(3):427–38. Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model. 2002;9(2):233–55. Muthén LK, Muthén B. Mplus user’s guide. Eighth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén; 2017. p. 950. Larson HJ, Jarrett C, Eckersberger E, Smith DMD, Paterson P. Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: a systematic review of published literature, 2007–2012. Vaccine. 2014;32(19):2150–9. Hornsey MJ, Harris EA, Fielding KS. The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: a 24-nation investigation. Heal Psychol. 2018;37(4):307–15. de Figueiredo A, Karafillakis E, Larson HJ. State of vaccine confidence in the EU+UK 2020 (Report ECDC). Publications Office of the European Union, editor. European Commission. Luxembourg; 2020. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_food-safety/index_en.htm. Martinelli M, Veltri GA. Do cognitive styles affect vaccine hesitancy? a dual-process cognitive framework for vaccine hesitancy and the role of risk perceptions. Soc Sci Med. 2021;289:114403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114403. Ministerio de Sanidad. Gestión integral de la vacunación Covid-19. Informe de actividad marzo [Comprehensive management of Covid-19 vaccination. Activity report March]. Madrid; 2022. Available from: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov/documentos/Informe_GIV_comunicacion_20220318.pdf.
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spelling	Martín Carbonell, Marta de la CaridadEspejo Tort, BegoñaCheca, Irene10 (221)2023-08-22T13:39:25Z2023-08-22T13:39:25Z2022-09-1920507283https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00929-yhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/52503Espejo, B., Checa, I. & Martín-Carbonell, M. Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sample. BMC Psychol 10, 221 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00929-yEn estos tiempos de pandemia, la aceptación o rechazo de las vacunas se ha hecho cada vez más evidente, con un aumento considerable del movimiento antivacunas en España. Es importante comprender las actitudes que llevan a una persona a rechazar la vacunación para desarrollar campañas de salud pública más efectivas. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido estudiar las propiedades psicométricas y la invariancia de medida de la escala Vaccination Attitudes Examination (VAX) en una muestra española. El análisis factorial confirmatorio y el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales se han utilizado para estudiar las propiedades psicométricas del VAX. Asimismo, se ha estudiado la invariancia de medida por sexo y nivel educativo. Se confirma la estructura de cuatro factores relacionados para VAX, así como su valor predictivo, ya que el factor “confianza en el beneficio de la vacuna” predice claramente la elección de vacunarse. También se confirma la fuerte invariancia de medida por género y nivel educativo. La comparación de medias latentes entre grupos indica que no existen diferencias por género en ningún factor. Sin embargo, las personas con un nivel educativo alto presentan puntuaciones más altas en los factores “preocupación por los efectos futuros imprevistos”, “preocupación por los efectos comerciales y la especulación” y “preferencia por la inmunidad natural”. El VAX se presenta como una herramienta fiable y válida para evaluar cuatro factores diferentes relacionados con las actitudes hacia las vacunas en España. Los estudios futuros de su invariancia transcultural pueden ayudar a determinar los principales factores que llevan a las personas a no vacunarse para desarrollar campañas de salud pública más efectivas.In these times of pandemic, the acceptance or rejection of vaccines has become increasingly clear, with a considerable rise in the anti-vaccine movement in Spain. It is important to understand the attitudes that lead a person to refuse vaccination in order to develop more effective public health campaigns. The objective of this study has been to study the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination (VAX) scale in a Spanish sample. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling have been used to study the psychometric properties of the VAX. Likewise, the measurement invariance by gender and educational level has been studied. The structure of four related factors for VAX is confirmed, as well as its predictive value, since the factor “trust in the benefit of the vaccine” clearly predicts the choice to be vaccinated. The strong measurement invariance by gender and educational level is also confirmed. The comparison of latent means between groups indicates that there are no differences by gender in any factor. However, people with a high educational level present higher scores in factors “concern about unforeseen future effects”, “concern about commercial effects and speculation” and “preference for natural immunity”. The VAX is presented as a reliable and valid tool to assess four different factors related to attitudes towards vaccines in Spain. Future studies of its cross-cultural invariance may help to determine the main factors that lead people not to be vaccinated in order to develop more effective public health campaigns.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001561776https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-577Xmartha.martinc@campusucc.edu.co10Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Psicología, Santa MartaPsicologíaSanta Martahttps://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-022-00929-yBMC PsychologyKennedy J. Vaccine hesitancy: a growing concern. Pediatr Drugs. 2020;22(2):105–11.Jansen VAA, Stollenwerk N, Jensen HJ, Ramsay ME, Edmunds WJ, Rhodes CJ. Measles outbreaks in a population with declining vaccine uptake. Science. 2003;301(5634):804.Atwell JE, Salmon DA. Pertussis resurgence and vaccine uptake: implications for reducing vaccine hesitancy. Pediatrics. 2014;134(3):602–4.Sallam M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines. 2021;9(2):160.Ministerio de Sanidad. Gestión integral de la vacunación Covid-19. Informe de actividad mayo [Comprehensive management of Covid-19 vaccination. Activity report May]. Madrid; 2022. Available from: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov/documentos/Informe_GIV_comunicacion_20220513.pdf.Moraga-Llop FA. Measles. Re-emergence on its path to eradication. Vacunas (English Ed). 2020;21(1):41–9.Masa-Calles J, López-Perea N. El retraso en la eliminación del sarampión en Europa: razones, obstáculos y perspectivas [The delay in measles eradication in Europe: reasons, obstacles and prospects]. Boletín epidemiológico Sem. 2019;27(6):63–9.Siciliani L, Wild C, McKee M, Kringos D, Barry MM, Barros PP, et al. Strengthening vaccination programmes and health systems in the European Union: a framework for action. Health Policy. 2020;124(5):511–8.Dubé E, Gagnon D, Nickels E, Jeram S, Schuster M. Mapping vaccine hesitancy-Country-specific characteristics of a global phenomenon. Vaccine. 2014;32(49):6649–54.Catalan-Matamoros D, Peñafiel-Saiz C. Exploring the relationship between newspaper coverage of vaccines and childhood vaccination rates in Spain. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020;16(5):1055–61.Santillán-García A, Rosell-Aguilar I. Discurso antivacunas en las redes sociales. Análisis de los argumentos más frecuentes [Antivaccine discourse on social networks: analysis of the most frequent arguments]. Tiempos enfermería y salud. 2019;1(5):50–3.Herrera-Peco I, Jiménez-Gómez B, Romero Magdalena CS, Deudero JJ, García-Puente M, Benítez De Gracia E, et al. Antivaccine movement and covid-19 negationism: a content analysis of spanish-written messages on twitter. Vaccines. 2021;9(6):1–14.Kennedy A, Basket M, Sheedy K. Vaccine attitudes, concerns, and information sources reported by parents of young children: results from the 2009 HealthStyles survey. Pediatrics. 2011;127(SUPPL. 1):92–9.Opel DJ, Mangione-Smith R, Taylor JA, Korfiatis C, Wiese C, Catz S, et al. Development of a survey to identify vaccine-hesitant parents: the parent attitudes about childhood vaccines survey. Hum Vaccin. 2011;7(4):419–25.Shapiro GK, Tatar O, Dube E, Amsel R, Knauper B, Naz A, et al. The vaccine hesitancy scale: psychometric properties and validation. Vaccine. 2018;36(5):660–7.Helmkamp LJ, Szilagyi PG, Zimet G, Saville AW, Gurfinkel D, Albertin C, et al. A validated modification of the vaccine hesitancy scale for childhood, influenza and HPV vaccines. Vaccine. 2021;39(13):1831–9.Rodriguez VJ, Alcaide ML, Salazar AS, Montgomerie EK, Maddalon MJ, Jones DL. Psychometric properties of a vaccine hesitancy scale adapted for COVID-19 vaccination among people with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2022;26(1):96–101.Lee SJ, Newman PA, Duan N, Cunningham WE. Development of an HIV vaccine attitudes scale to predict HIV vaccine acceptability among vulnerable populations: L.A. VOICES. Vaccine. 2014;32(39):5013–8.Akel KB, Masters NB, Shih SF, Lu Y, Wagner AL. Modification of a vaccine hesitancy scale for use in adult vaccinations in the United States and China. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2021;17(8):2639–46.Alam MM, Melhim LKB, Ahmad MT, Jemmali M. Public attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination: validation of COVID-vaccination attitude scale (C-VAS). J Multidiscip Healthc. 2022;15:941–54.Martin LR, Petrie KJ. Understanding the dimensions of anti-vaccination attitudes: the vaccination attitudes examination (VAX) scale. Ann Behav Med. 2017;51(5):652–60.Troiano G, Nardi A. Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public Health. 2021;194:245–51.Dror AA, Eisenbach N, Taiber S, Morozov NG, Mizrachi M, Zigron A, et al. Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(8):775–9.Wood L, Smith M, Miller CB, O’Carroll RE. The internal consistency and validity of the vaccination attitudes examination scale: a replication study. Ann Behav Med. 2019;53(1):109–14.Yildiz E, Gungormus Z, Dayapoglu N. Assessment of validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the vaccination attitudes examination (VAX) scale. Int J Caring Sci. 2021;14(1):261–9.Huza G. The psychometric properties of a Romanian version of the vaccination attitudes examination (VAX) scale. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2020;6(1):25.Paredes B, Cárdaba MÁ, Cuesta U, Martinez L. Validity of the spanish version of the vaccination attitudes examination scale. Vaccines. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111237.Muñiz J, Elosúa P, Padilla JL, Hambleton RK. Test adaptation standards for cross-lingual assessment. In: Wells CS, Faulkner-Bond M, editors. Educational measurement From foundations to future. New York: Guilford Press; 2016. p. 291–304.Mcdonald J-AL. The optimal number of categories for numerical rating scales. Dissertation abstracts international section A: humanities and social sciences. 2004. Available from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/620634634?accountid=14777.Raykov T. Estimation of composite reliability for congeneric measures. Appl Psychol Meas. 1997;21(2):173–84.Raykov T, Marcoulides GA. Introduction to psychometric theory. New York: Routledge Ltd; 2011.Espejo B, Checa I. Vaccine attitudes examination (VAX) scale dataset in Spain. Harvard dataverse, V1. 2022. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/KZ66ES.Hernández A, Hidalgo MD, Hambleton RK, Gómez-Benito J. International test commission guidelines for test adaptation: a criterion checklist. Psicothema. 2020;32(3):390–8.Raykov T. Scale construction and development using structural equation modeling. In: Hoyle RH, editor. Handbook of structural equation modeling. 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Scale validity evaluation with congeneric measures in hierarchical designs. Br J Math Stat Psychol. 2011;64(3):427–38.Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model. 2002;9(2):233–55.Muthén LK, Muthén B. Mplus user’s guide. Eighth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén; 2017. p. 950.Larson HJ, Jarrett C, Eckersberger E, Smith DMD, Paterson P. Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: a systematic review of published literature, 2007–2012. Vaccine. 2014;32(19):2150–9.Hornsey MJ, Harris EA, Fielding KS. The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: a 24-nation investigation. Heal Psychol. 2018;37(4):307–15.de Figueiredo A, Karafillakis E, Larson HJ. State of vaccine confidence in the EU+UK 2020 (Report ECDC). Publications Office of the European Union, editor. European Commission. Luxembourg; 2020. 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Available from: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov/documentos/Informe_GIV_comunicacion_20220318.pdf.Vaccine hesitancyVaccine reluctanceConfirmatory factor analysisStructural equation modellingMeasurement invarianceEducational level GenderGenderCovid-19Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sampleArtículos Científicosinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleAtribución – No comercialinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2PublicationORIGINAL2022_psychometric_properties2022_psychometric_propertiesArtículoapplication/pdf1161142https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/5ad1a57a-0b45-4925-92f6-acba65a78b98/downloadcf587247245896640c1a8879e6c11faeMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; 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Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sample

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