Evident sexual dimorphism in the shape of subadults of astyanax altiparanae (teleostei, characidae)
The fish species known as “lambari” inhabit small streams, lakes, and large rivers throughout the entire tropical environment of the New World; however, there is limited quantitative information regarding its morphological variations. Our investigation was aimed at studying the sexual dimorphism in...
- Autores:
-
Parés Casanova, Pere Miquel
Cala Delgado, Daniel Leonardo
Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UCC
- Idioma:
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/45819
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/45819
- Palabra clave:
- Especies de acuicultura
Estructura animal
Medición corporal
Morfometría geométrica
Plasticidad fenotípica
Aquaculture species
Animal structure
Body measuremen
Geometric morphometrics
Phenotypic plasticity
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
| id |
COOPER2_1a76cd6a19781f1cd3ecce0d49b4b58f |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/45819 |
| network_acronym_str |
COOPER2 |
| network_name_str |
Repositorio UCC |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Evident sexual dimorphism in the shape of subadults of astyanax altiparanae (teleostei, characidae) |
| title |
Evident sexual dimorphism in the shape of subadults of astyanax altiparanae (teleostei, characidae) |
| spellingShingle |
Evident sexual dimorphism in the shape of subadults of astyanax altiparanae (teleostei, characidae) Especies de acuicultura Estructura animal Medición corporal Morfometría geométrica Plasticidad fenotípica Aquaculture species Animal structure Body measuremen Geometric morphometrics Phenotypic plasticity |
| title_short |
Evident sexual dimorphism in the shape of subadults of astyanax altiparanae (teleostei, characidae) |
| title_full |
Evident sexual dimorphism in the shape of subadults of astyanax altiparanae (teleostei, characidae) |
| title_fullStr |
Evident sexual dimorphism in the shape of subadults of astyanax altiparanae (teleostei, characidae) |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Evident sexual dimorphism in the shape of subadults of astyanax altiparanae (teleostei, characidae) |
| title_sort |
Evident sexual dimorphism in the shape of subadults of astyanax altiparanae (teleostei, characidae) |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Parés Casanova, Pere Miquel Cala Delgado, Daniel Leonardo Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Parés Casanova, Pere Miquel Cala Delgado, Daniel Leonardo Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Especies de acuicultura Estructura animal Medición corporal Morfometría geométrica Plasticidad fenotípica |
| topic |
Especies de acuicultura Estructura animal Medición corporal Morfometría geométrica Plasticidad fenotípica Aquaculture species Animal structure Body measuremen Geometric morphometrics Phenotypic plasticity |
| dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv |
Aquaculture species Animal structure Body measuremen Geometric morphometrics Phenotypic plasticity |
| description |
The fish species known as “lambari” inhabit small streams, lakes, and large rivers throughout the entire tropical environment of the New World; however, there is limited quantitative information regarding its morphological variations. Our investigation was aimed at studying the sexual dimorphism in subadults of Astyanax altiparanae, using geometric morphometrics to compare sexes in terms of not only size (height and weight) but also shape. A total of 47 specimens (34 males and 13 females) was randomly collected. Photographs of the lateral plane were obtained without sacrificing the specimens, and eight landmarks were placed in the images. The results showed statistically significant differences between sexes. The length of the snout and thickness of the abdomen and caudal peduncle were greater in females, whereas males presented greater dorsal curvature. Females had tall and robust bodies, whereas males were longer and thinner. The difference in shape is probably associated with the species' defensive or survival strategies. However, whether there are ecological advantages or behavioral aspects in sexual dimorphism is still poorly understood, and further research is required to provide data that can explain the causes. |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-07-21T17:36:36Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-07-21T17:36:36Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-03-25 |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículo |
| dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2639-216X |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/45819 |
| dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Parés-Casanova, Pere M; Cala, Daniel Leonardo y Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio. 2022. Evident Sexual Dimorphism in the Shape of Subadults of Astyanax altiparanae (Teleostei, Characidae). Int. J. Zoo. Animal Biol. 5(2): 000366 |
| identifier_str_mv |
2639-216X Parés-Casanova, Pere M; Cala, Daniel Leonardo y Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio. 2022. Evident Sexual Dimorphism in the Shape of Subadults of Astyanax altiparanae (Teleostei, Characidae). Int. J. Zoo. Animal Biol. 5(2): 000366 |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/45819 |
| dc.relation.isversionof.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://medwinpublishers.com/IZAB/evident-sexual-dimorphism-in-the-shape-of-subadults-of-astyanax-altiparanae-teleostei-characidae.pdf https://medwinpublishers.com/IZAB/volume.php?volumeId=434&issueId=1342 |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
1. Souza MA, Fagundes DC, Leal CG, Pompeu PS (2014) Ecomorphology of Astyanax Species in streams with different substrates. Zoología (Curitiba) 31(1): 42-50. 2. McCoy M, Bolker BM, Osenberg CW, Miner BG, Vonesh JR (2006) Size correction: comparing morphological traits among populations and environments. Oecología 148: 547-554. 3. Galvão GA (2011) Comparação morfométrica de machos e fêmeas de Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) capturados em dois açudes da Bacia do Rio Moxotó (PE) sob a influência do Projeto São Francisco. (Graduação em Medicina Veterinária). Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus de Ciências Agrárias. 4. Bookstein FL, Schäfer K, Prossinger H, Seidler H, Fieder M, et al. (1999) Comparing frontal cranial profiles in archaic and modern Homo by morphometric analysis. Anat Rec 257(6): 217-224. 5. Toro IM, Manriquez SG, Suazo GI (2010) Geometric Morphometry and the Study of Biological Forms: From Descriptive Morphology to Quantitative Morphology. International Journal of Morphology 28(4): 977-990. 6. Ruiz CR, Román Valencia C, Herrera MB, Peláez O, Ermakova AA (2011) Variación morfológica de las especies de Astyanax, subgénero Zygogaster (Teleostei, Characidae). Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 34(1): 47-66, 7. Bookstein FL (1992) Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge University Press. 8. Rohlf F, Marcus LF (1993)A revolution in morphometrics. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8(4): 129-132. 9. Prioli SM, Prioli AJ, Júlio HF, Pavanelli CS, Oliveira AV, et al. (2002) Identification of Astyanax altiparanae (Teleostei, Characidae) in the Iguaçu River, Brazil , Based on Mitochondrial DNA and RAPD Markers. Genet. Mol. Biol 25(4): 421-430. 10. Catilho Almeida RB (2007) Astyanax altiparanae (Pisces, Characiformes) como modelo biológico de espécie de peixe para exploração zootécnica e biomanipulação. Tese Doutorado, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Brazil, pp: 1-119. 11. Almeida FS, Santana CA, Lima DM, Andrade LH, Súarez YR, et al. (2016) Discrimination of Astyanax altiparanae (Characiformes, Characidae) populations by applying Fourier transform-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy in the fish scales. Infrared Physics & Technology 76: 303- 307. 12. Castro JP, Moura MO, Moreira-Filho O, Shibatta OA, Santos MH, (2014) Evidence of incipient speciation in Astyanax scabripinnis species complex (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 12(2): 429-438. 13. Stevanato DJ, Ostrensky A (2018) Ontogenetic development of tetra Astyanax lacustris (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotrop Ichthyol 16(2): 1-10. 14. Rohlf FJ (2015) The tps series of software. Hystrix the Italic Jouyrnal of Mammalogy 26(1): 9-12. 15. Klingenberg CP (2011) MorphoJ: An integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Mol Ecol Resour 11(2): 353-357. 16. Hammer Ø, Harper DA, Ryan PD (2001) PAST: Paleontological Statisticts Software Package for education and data analysis. Palaeontological Association 4(1): 1-229. 17. Ruíz RI, Cipriani R (2007) Geometric morphometry of Astyanax siape (Pisces:Characidae). Dahlia (Rev. Asoc. Colomb. Ictiol.) 9: 63-75. |
| dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv |
Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar |
| dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
1-5 p. |
| dc.coverage.temporal.spa.fl_str_mv |
5(2) |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia |
| dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Medicina veterinaria y zootecnia |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Villavicencio |
| institution |
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/7f664e3e-d1e2-44b2-b341-105825e2d6de/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/c243ac38-ff59-468a-b3cc-c2917efabb7d/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/af64676d-02d4-49cf-a5f6-b2481458067c/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/a5ae3464-0d33-4f8f-8af6-c0c37ce298b3/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/b72e8875-0edb-46ff-b3d5-fca42ea3a52a/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/999aee61-e6c5-4f69-8644-638051429704/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/a512c9b1-6bee-4667-8361-cb917be33bc1/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
0996ecca235a12311ed7aaf6f243c346 3c3b60383d59d85ba0c90bd4fd0eee59 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 2cee5ce1d8f4a6ed3ace989031a36104 0294cc80f44c3f7b530bba2328d6a424 aaddb14e5779de6fd1d74a9830df4697 a1635b8f5c87fd3e6bde01c56a47cdf8 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
bdigital@metabiblioteca.com |
| _version_ |
1814246845800513536 |
| spelling |
Parés Casanova, Pere MiquelCala Delgado, Daniel Leonardo Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio5(2)2022-07-21T17:36:36Z2022-07-21T17:36:36Z2022-03-252639-216Xhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/45819Parés-Casanova, Pere M; Cala, Daniel Leonardo y Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio. 2022. Evident Sexual Dimorphism in the Shape of Subadults of Astyanax altiparanae (Teleostei, Characidae). Int. J. Zoo. Animal Biol. 5(2): 000366The fish species known as “lambari” inhabit small streams, lakes, and large rivers throughout the entire tropical environment of the New World; however, there is limited quantitative information regarding its morphological variations. Our investigation was aimed at studying the sexual dimorphism in subadults of Astyanax altiparanae, using geometric morphometrics to compare sexes in terms of not only size (height and weight) but also shape. A total of 47 specimens (34 males and 13 females) was randomly collected. Photographs of the lateral plane were obtained without sacrificing the specimens, and eight landmarks were placed in the images. The results showed statistically significant differences between sexes. The length of the snout and thickness of the abdomen and caudal peduncle were greater in females, whereas males presented greater dorsal curvature. Females had tall and robust bodies, whereas males were longer and thinner. The difference in shape is probably associated with the species' defensive or survival strategies. However, whether there are ecological advantages or behavioral aspects in sexual dimorphism is still poorly understood, and further research is required to provide data that can explain the causes.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001022903https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5416-5906https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1440-6418https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4639-5952https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000009387pmpares@gencat.catdaniel.cala@campusucc.edu.coasaca_65@yahoo.esarcesio.salamanca@campusucc.edu.cohttps://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=es&user=EqGLQZUAAAAJ1-5 p. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Cooperativa de ColombiaMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaVillavicenciohttps://medwinpublishers.com/IZAB/evident-sexual-dimorphism-in-the-shape-of-subadults-of-astyanax-altiparanae-teleostei-characidae.pdfhttps://medwinpublishers.com/IZAB/volume.php?volumeId=434&issueId=13421. Souza MA, Fagundes DC, Leal CG, Pompeu PS (2014) Ecomorphology of Astyanax Species in streams with different substrates. Zoología (Curitiba) 31(1): 42-50. 2. McCoy M, Bolker BM, Osenberg CW, Miner BG, Vonesh JR (2006) Size correction: comparing morphological traits among populations and environments. Oecología 148: 547-554. 3. Galvão GA (2011) Comparação morfométrica de machos e fêmeas de Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) capturados em dois açudes da Bacia do Rio Moxotó (PE) sob a influência do Projeto São Francisco. (Graduação em Medicina Veterinária). Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Campus de Ciências Agrárias. 4. Bookstein FL, Schäfer K, Prossinger H, Seidler H, Fieder M, et al. (1999) Comparing frontal cranial profiles in archaic and modern Homo by morphometric analysis. Anat Rec 257(6): 217-224. 5. Toro IM, Manriquez SG, Suazo GI (2010) Geometric Morphometry and the Study of Biological Forms: From Descriptive Morphology to Quantitative Morphology. International Journal of Morphology 28(4): 977-990. 6. Ruiz CR, Román Valencia C, Herrera MB, Peláez O, Ermakova AA (2011) Variación morfológica de las especies de Astyanax, subgénero Zygogaster (Teleostei, Characidae). Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 34(1): 47-66, 7. Bookstein FL (1992) Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge University Press. 8. Rohlf F, Marcus LF (1993)A revolution in morphometrics. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8(4): 129-132. 9. Prioli SM, Prioli AJ, Júlio HF, Pavanelli CS, Oliveira AV, et al. (2002) Identification of Astyanax altiparanae (Teleostei, Characidae) in the Iguaçu River, Brazil , Based on Mitochondrial DNA and RAPD Markers. Genet. Mol. Biol 25(4): 421-430. 10. Catilho Almeida RB (2007) Astyanax altiparanae (Pisces, Characiformes) como modelo biológico de espécie de peixe para exploração zootécnica e biomanipulação. Tese Doutorado, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Brazil, pp: 1-119. 11. Almeida FS, Santana CA, Lima DM, Andrade LH, Súarez YR, et al. (2016) Discrimination of Astyanax altiparanae (Characiformes, Characidae) populations by applying Fourier transform-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy in the fish scales. Infrared Physics & Technology 76: 303- 307. 12. Castro JP, Moura MO, Moreira-Filho O, Shibatta OA, Santos MH, (2014) Evidence of incipient speciation in Astyanax scabripinnis species complex (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 12(2): 429-438. 13. Stevanato DJ, Ostrensky A (2018) Ontogenetic development of tetra Astyanax lacustris (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotrop Ichthyol 16(2): 1-10. 14. Rohlf FJ (2015) The tps series of software. Hystrix the Italic Jouyrnal of Mammalogy 26(1): 9-12. 15. Klingenberg CP (2011) MorphoJ: An integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Mol Ecol Resour 11(2): 353-357. 16. Hammer Ø, Harper DA, Ryan PD (2001) PAST: Paleontological Statisticts Software Package for education and data analysis. Palaeontological Association 4(1): 1-229. 17. Ruíz RI, Cipriani R (2007) Geometric morphometry of Astyanax siape (Pisces:Characidae). Dahlia (Rev. Asoc. Colomb. Ictiol.) 9: 63-75.Especies de acuiculturaEstructura animalMedición corporalMorfometría geométricaPlasticidad fenotípicaAquaculture speciesAnimal structureBody measuremenGeometric morphometricsPhenotypic plasticityEvident sexual dimorphism in the shape of subadults of astyanax altiparanae (teleostei, characidae)Artículohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Sin Derivarinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2PublicationORIGINAL2022_evident_sexual_dimorphism.pdf2022_evident_sexual_dimorphism.pdfapplication/pdf419257https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/7f664e3e-d1e2-44b2-b341-105825e2d6de/download0996ecca235a12311ed7aaf6f243c346MD512022_evident_sexual_dimorphism-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf2022_evident_sexual_dimorphism-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdfapplication/pdf217112https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/c243ac38-ff59-468a-b3cc-c2917efabb7d/download3c3b60383d59d85ba0c90bd4fd0eee59MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/af64676d-02d4-49cf-a5f6-b2481458067c/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53THUMBNAIL2022_evident_sexual_dimorphism.pdf.jpg2022_evident_sexual_dimorphism.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5855https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/a5ae3464-0d33-4f8f-8af6-c0c37ce298b3/download2cee5ce1d8f4a6ed3ace989031a36104MD542022_evident_sexual_dimorphism-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.jpg2022_evident_sexual_dimorphism-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5413https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/b72e8875-0edb-46ff-b3d5-fca42ea3a52a/download0294cc80f44c3f7b530bba2328d6a424MD55TEXT2022_evident_sexual_dimorphism.pdf.txt2022_evident_sexual_dimorphism.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain23644https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/999aee61-e6c5-4f69-8644-638051429704/downloadaaddb14e5779de6fd1d74a9830df4697MD562022_evident_sexual_dimorphism-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.txt2022_evident_sexual_dimorphism-FormatoLicenciaUso.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain6545https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/a512c9b1-6bee-4667-8361-cb917be33bc1/downloada1635b8f5c87fd3e6bde01c56a47cdf8MD5720.500.12494/45819oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/458192024-08-09 12:00:22.34open.accesshttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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 |