A comparison of traditional and geometric morphometric techniques for the study of basicranial morphology in horses: a case study of the araucanian horse from Colombia
El tamaño y la forma del cráneo se han utilizado ampliamente para estudiar las poblaciones y razas de animales domésticos. Aunque se han propuesto varias técnicas para cuantificar la forma craneal, se han hecho pocos intentos para comparar los resultados obtenidos por diferentes técnicas. Si bien la...
- Autores:
-
Parés Casanova, Pere Miquel
Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio
Crosby Granados, René Alejandro
Bentez Molano, Jannet
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2020
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UCC
- Idioma:
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/16095
- Palabra clave:
- Alometría
Criollo
Pasticidad fenotípics
Cráneo
Esplacnocráneo
Allometry
Criollo
Phenotypic plasticity
Skull
Splanchnocranium
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
id |
COOPER2_081e76c92f87e591338af4f9e60d8ba3 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/16095 |
network_acronym_str |
COOPER2 |
network_name_str |
Repositorio UCC |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
A comparison of traditional and geometric morphometric techniques for the study of basicranial morphology in horses: a case study of the araucanian horse from Colombia |
title |
A comparison of traditional and geometric morphometric techniques for the study of basicranial morphology in horses: a case study of the araucanian horse from Colombia |
spellingShingle |
A comparison of traditional and geometric morphometric techniques for the study of basicranial morphology in horses: a case study of the araucanian horse from Colombia Alometría Criollo Pasticidad fenotípics Cráneo Esplacnocráneo Allometry Criollo Phenotypic plasticity Skull Splanchnocranium |
title_short |
A comparison of traditional and geometric morphometric techniques for the study of basicranial morphology in horses: a case study of the araucanian horse from Colombia |
title_full |
A comparison of traditional and geometric morphometric techniques for the study of basicranial morphology in horses: a case study of the araucanian horse from Colombia |
title_fullStr |
A comparison of traditional and geometric morphometric techniques for the study of basicranial morphology in horses: a case study of the araucanian horse from Colombia |
title_full_unstemmed |
A comparison of traditional and geometric morphometric techniques for the study of basicranial morphology in horses: a case study of the araucanian horse from Colombia |
title_sort |
A comparison of traditional and geometric morphometric techniques for the study of basicranial morphology in horses: a case study of the araucanian horse from Colombia |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Parés Casanova, Pere Miquel Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio Crosby Granados, René Alejandro Bentez Molano, Jannet |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Parés Casanova, Pere Miquel Salamanca Carreño, Arcesio Crosby Granados, René Alejandro Bentez Molano, Jannet |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Alometría Criollo Pasticidad fenotípics Cráneo Esplacnocráneo |
topic |
Alometría Criollo Pasticidad fenotípics Cráneo Esplacnocráneo Allometry Criollo Phenotypic plasticity Skull Splanchnocranium |
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv |
Allometry Criollo Phenotypic plasticity Skull Splanchnocranium |
description |
El tamaño y la forma del cráneo se han utilizado ampliamente para estudiar las poblaciones y razas de animales domésticos. Aunque se han propuesto varias técnicas para cuantificar la forma craneal, se han hecho pocos intentos para comparar los resultados obtenidos por diferentes técnicas. Si bien la morfometría lineal se ha utilizado tradicionalmente en la caracterización de la raza, los avances recientes en la morfometría geométrica han creado nuevas técnicas para cuantificar específicamente la forma y el tamaño. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar dos métodos morfométricos por su capacidad para describir la morfología externa. Para este propósito, se examinaron 20 especímenes de cráneo de caballos araucanos machos adultos. Se establecieron dos categorías de edad (el "grupo maduro", M3 no entró en erupción completamente a moderadamente desgastado, n = 7; y el "grupo senil", M3 entró en erupción totalmente y muy desgastado, n = 13). Ambos métodos mostraron que hubo diferencias estadísticas entre generaciones, pero las tasas de discriminación fueron diferentes entre los métodos con el análisis morfométrico geométrico obteniendo una tasa de 97.5%. Aunque se descubrió que la morfometría lineal es compatible con la morfometría geométrica, este último pudo discriminar mejor a los dos grupos y también proporciona más información sobre la forma. |
publishDate |
2020 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-01-20T15:38:04Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-01-20T15:38:04Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-01-10 |
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículo |
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2076-2615 |
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010118 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/16095 |
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Parés-Casanova et al. (2020). A Comparison of Traditional and Geometric Morphometric Techniques for the Study of Basicranial Morphology in Horses: A Case Study of the Araucanian Horse from Colombia. Animals, 10 (1),1-6. |
identifier_str_mv |
2076-2615 Parés-Casanova et al. (2020). A Comparison of Traditional and Geometric Morphometric Techniques for the Study of Basicranial Morphology in Horses: A Case Study of the Araucanian Horse from Colombia. Animals, 10 (1),1-6. |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010118 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/16095 |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Animals |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Richtsmeier, J.T.; DeLeon, V.B.; Lele, S.R. The promise of geometric morphometrics. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 2002, 45, 63–91. [CrossRef] [PubMed] Zelditch, M.L.; Swiderski, D.L.; Sheets, H.D.; Fink, W.L. Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists: A Primer; Elsevier Academic Press: Bostón, MA, USA, 2004; p. 416. Sotillo, J.L.; Serrano, V. Produccion Animal. I-Etnologia Zootecnica; Tebar Flores: Albacete, Spain, 1985; p. 402. Heck, L.; Wilson, L.A.B.; Evin, A.; Stange, M.; Sánchez-Villagra, M.R. Shape variation and modularity of skull and teeth in domesticated horses and wild equids. Front. Zool. 2018, 15, 14. [CrossRef] [PubMed] Heck, L.; Sanchez-Villagra, M.R.; Stange, M. Why the long face? Comparative shape analysis of miniature, pony, and other horse skulls reveals changes in ontogenetic growth. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7678. [CrossRef] [PubMed] Rohlf, F.J.; Bookstein, F.L. Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop; Proceedings Michigan Morphometrics Work; University of Michigan Museum of Zoology: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1990; p. 396 Adams, D.C.; Rohlf, F.J.; Slice, D.E. A field comes of age: Geometric morphometrics in the 21st century. Hystrix 2013, 24, 7–14. Salamanca, C.A.; Parés-Casanova, P.M.; Vélez, T.M.; Bentez, M.J. Uso de indices zoométricos en la diferenciación racial del caballo criollo de las sabanas inundables araucanas. Actas Iberoam. Conserv. Anim. 2016, 7, 1–7. Bookstein, F.L. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1991 Salamanca, C.A.; Monroy, N.; Parés-Casanova, P.M.; Crosby, R.A. Aporte a la evaluación para la preservación del caballo Criollo Araucano en Colombia. Zootecnia Trop. 2015, 33, 317–325 Rohlf, F.J. The tps series of software. Hystrix 2015, 26, 9–12. Klingenberg, C.P.; Nijhout, H.F. Genetics of fluctuating asymmetry: A developmental model of developmental instability. Evolution 1999, 53, 358–375. [CrossRef] [PubMed] Palmer, A.R. Fluctuating asymetry analysis: A Primer. Developmental Instability: Its Origins and Evolutionary Implications; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1994; Volume 39, pp. 335–364. Von den Driesch, A. Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites; Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Harward University: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1976. Hammer, Ø.; Harper, D.A.T.; Ryan, P.D. PAST v. 2.17c. Palaeontol. Electron. 2001, 4, 1–229. Klingenberg, C.P. MorphoJ: An integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2011, 11, 353–357. [CrossRef] [PubMed] Lemic, D.; Benítez, H.A.; Bažok, R. Intercontinental effect on sexual shape dimorphism and allometric relationships in the beetle pest Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Zool. Anz. 2014, 253, 203–206. [CrossRef] |
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv |
Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar |
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
1-6 |
dc.coverage.temporal.spa.fl_str_mv |
10(1) |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, Arauca Arauca |
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Medicina veterinaria y zootecnia |
institution |
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/81bf0d9a-65ce-4391-8e5f-0ddafe47a970/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/76430604-86eb-4145-9163-390668d7115d/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/6dc8b290-f783-47b0-b6a2-2426e40cacbb/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/7a54490f-1446-4620-a081-7799c2d489cb/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/3d62fa49-df99-4ebc-8795-3c60217ae722/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/24afd7c3-0acb-401d-b9db-601e52be7e8d/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/143f96c4-e79c-4ce1-a90c-10a6552e93c5/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45 7597d5ab5b2fdb0303948ee0729b229c 7dd28c3650ffd5e54d8c396a562a2683 7c6714519969c4ccc0a695fd6ba3f3eb 97563d6198a977e93b53cedda9e366c4 ef7f88a629a70fb929fb171442870913 7dcab1fd8a1a653483c622cd1242a0ee |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
bdigital@metabiblioteca.com |
_version_ |
1814246887926005760 |
spelling |
Parés Casanova, Pere MiquelSalamanca Carreño, ArcesioCrosby Granados, René AlejandroBentez Molano, Jannet10(1)2020-01-20T15:38:04Z2020-01-20T15:38:04Z2020-01-102076-2615https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010118https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/16095Parés-Casanova et al. (2020). A Comparison of Traditional and Geometric Morphometric Techniques for the Study of Basicranial Morphology in Horses: A Case Study of the Araucanian Horse from Colombia. Animals, 10 (1),1-6.El tamaño y la forma del cráneo se han utilizado ampliamente para estudiar las poblaciones y razas de animales domésticos. Aunque se han propuesto varias técnicas para cuantificar la forma craneal, se han hecho pocos intentos para comparar los resultados obtenidos por diferentes técnicas. Si bien la morfometría lineal se ha utilizado tradicionalmente en la caracterización de la raza, los avances recientes en la morfometría geométrica han creado nuevas técnicas para cuantificar específicamente la forma y el tamaño. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar dos métodos morfométricos por su capacidad para describir la morfología externa. Para este propósito, se examinaron 20 especímenes de cráneo de caballos araucanos machos adultos. Se establecieron dos categorías de edad (el "grupo maduro", M3 no entró en erupción completamente a moderadamente desgastado, n = 7; y el "grupo senil", M3 entró en erupción totalmente y muy desgastado, n = 13). Ambos métodos mostraron que hubo diferencias estadísticas entre generaciones, pero las tasas de discriminación fueron diferentes entre los métodos con el análisis morfométrico geométrico obteniendo una tasa de 97.5%. Aunque se descubrió que la morfometría lineal es compatible con la morfometría geométrica, este último pudo discriminar mejor a los dos grupos y también proporciona más información sobre la forma.Skull size and shape have been widely used to study domestic animal populations and breeds. Although several techniques have been proposed to quantify cranial form, few attempts have been made to compare the results obtained by di erent techniques. While linear morphometrics has traditionally been used in breed characterization, recent advances in geometric orphometrics have created new techniques for specifically quantifying shape and size. The objective of this study was to compare two morphometric methods for their ability to describe external morphology. For this purpose, 20 skull specimens of adult male Araucanian horses were examined. Two age categories were established (the “mature group”,M3 not fully erupted to moderately worn, n = 7; and the “senile group”, M3 totally erupted and highly worn, n = 13). Both methods showed that there were statistical di erences between generations, but discrimination rates were di erent between methods with the geometric morphometric analysis obtaining a rate of 97.5%. Although linear orphometrics was found to be compatible with geometric morphometrics, the latter was etter able to discriminate the two groups and it also provides more information on shape. https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001022903https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5416-5906https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000009387arcesio.salamanca@campusucc.edu.co1-6Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, AraucaAraucaMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaAlometríaCriolloPasticidad fenotípicsCráneoEsplacnocráneoAllometryCriolloPhenotypic plasticitySkullSplanchnocraniumA comparison of traditional and geometric morphometric techniques for the study of basicranial morphology in horses: a case study of the araucanian horse from ColombiaArtículohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Sin Derivarinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2AnimalsRichtsmeier, J.T.; DeLeon, V.B.; Lele, S.R. The promise of geometric morphometrics. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 2002, 45, 63–91. [CrossRef] [PubMed]Zelditch, M.L.; Swiderski, D.L.; Sheets, H.D.; Fink, W.L. Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists: A Primer; Elsevier Academic Press: Bostón, MA, USA, 2004; p. 416.Sotillo, J.L.; Serrano, V. Produccion Animal. I-Etnologia Zootecnica; Tebar Flores: Albacete, Spain, 1985; p. 402.Heck, L.; Wilson, L.A.B.; Evin, A.; Stange, M.; Sánchez-Villagra, M.R. Shape variation and modularity of skull and teeth in domesticated horses and wild equids. Front. Zool. 2018, 15, 14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]Heck, L.; Sanchez-Villagra, M.R.; Stange, M. Why the long face? Comparative shape analysis of miniature, pony, and other horse skulls reveals changes in ontogenetic growth. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7678. [CrossRef] [PubMed]Rohlf, F.J.; Bookstein, F.L. Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop; Proceedings Michigan Morphometrics Work; University of Michigan Museum of Zoology: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1990; p. 396Adams, D.C.; Rohlf, F.J.; Slice, D.E. A field comes of age: Geometric morphometrics in the 21st century. Hystrix 2013, 24, 7–14.Salamanca, C.A.; Parés-Casanova, P.M.; Vélez, T.M.; Bentez, M.J. Uso de indices zoométricos en la diferenciación racial del caballo criollo de las sabanas inundables araucanas. Actas Iberoam. Conserv. Anim. 2016, 7, 1–7.Bookstein, F.L. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1991Salamanca, C.A.; Monroy, N.; Parés-Casanova, P.M.; Crosby, R.A. Aporte a la evaluación para la preservación del caballo Criollo Araucano en Colombia. Zootecnia Trop. 2015, 33, 317–325Rohlf, F.J. The tps series of software. Hystrix 2015, 26, 9–12.Klingenberg, C.P.; Nijhout, H.F. Genetics of fluctuating asymmetry: A developmental model of developmental instability. Evolution 1999, 53, 358–375. [CrossRef] [PubMed]Palmer, A.R. Fluctuating asymetry analysis: A Primer. Developmental Instability: Its Origins and Evolutionary Implications; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1994; Volume 39, pp. 335–364.Von den Driesch, A. Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites; Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Harward University: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1976.Hammer, Ø.; Harper, D.A.T.; Ryan, P.D. PAST v. 2.17c. Palaeontol. Electron. 2001, 4, 1–229.Klingenberg, C.P. MorphoJ: An integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2011, 11, 353–357. [CrossRef] [PubMed]Lemic, D.; Benítez, H.A.; Bažok, R. Intercontinental effect on sexual shape dimorphism and allometric relationships in the beetle pest Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Zool. Anz. 2014, 253, 203–206. [CrossRef]PublicationLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84334https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/81bf0d9a-65ce-4391-8e5f-0ddafe47a970/download3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45MD53ORIGINAL2020 A comparison traditional and geometric morphometric.pdf2020 A comparison traditional and geometric morphometric.pdfapplication/pdf758237https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/76430604-86eb-4145-9163-390668d7115d/download7597d5ab5b2fdb0303948ee0729b229cMD51Licencia de uso RI Ver3 Morphometric horses.pdfLicencia de uso RI Ver3 Morphometric horses.pdfapplication/pdf158427https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/6dc8b290-f783-47b0-b6a2-2426e40cacbb/download7dd28c3650ffd5e54d8c396a562a2683MD52THUMBNAIL2020 A comparison traditional and geometric morphometric.pdf.jpg2020 A comparison traditional and geometric morphometric.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5554https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/7a54490f-1446-4620-a081-7799c2d489cb/download7c6714519969c4ccc0a695fd6ba3f3ebMD54Licencia de uso RI Ver3 Morphometric horses.pdf.jpgLicencia de uso RI Ver3 Morphometric horses.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5124https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/3d62fa49-df99-4ebc-8795-3c60217ae722/download97563d6198a977e93b53cedda9e366c4MD55TEXT2020 A comparison traditional and geometric morphometric.pdf.txt2020 A comparison traditional and geometric morphometric.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain19937https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/24afd7c3-0acb-401d-b9db-601e52be7e8d/downloadef7f88a629a70fb929fb171442870913MD56Licencia de uso RI Ver3 Morphometric horses.pdf.txtLicencia de uso RI Ver3 Morphometric horses.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain5735https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/143f96c4-e79c-4ce1-a90c-10a6552e93c5/download7dcab1fd8a1a653483c622cd1242a0eeMD5720.500.12494/16095oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/160952024-08-09 12:11:06.002open.accesshttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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 |