Pancreatitis en perros y gatos, un desafío para la clínica veterinaria.

La evaluación del páncreas puede ser difícil para los clínicos ya que este órgano se encuentra rodeado de muchos otros órganos abdominales y los signos clínicos generalmente son inespecíficos y sugieren el desarrollo de otras enfermedades de tipo gastrointestinal. El diagnóstico o la exclusión de la...

Full description

Autores:: García Castiblanco, Diego Francisco

Tipo de recurso:: Trabajo de grado de pregrado

Fecha de publicación:: 2019

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

Idioma:

id	COOPER2_06d68c62b426f50b60d3cdabf4eaca73
oai_identifier_str	oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/14324
network_acronym_str	COOPER2
network_name_str	Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Pancreatitis en perros y gatos, un desafío para la clínica veterinaria.
title	Pancreatitis en perros y gatos, un desafío para la clínica veterinaria.
spellingShingle	Pancreatitis en perros y gatos, un desafío para la clínica veterinaria. Inflamación Amilasa Lipasa Nutrición enteral Pancreas TG 2019 MVZ 14324 Inflammation Amylase Lipase Enteral nutrition Pancreas
title_short	Pancreatitis en perros y gatos, un desafío para la clínica veterinaria.
title_full	Pancreatitis en perros y gatos, un desafío para la clínica veterinaria.
title_fullStr	Pancreatitis en perros y gatos, un desafío para la clínica veterinaria.
title_full_unstemmed	Pancreatitis en perros y gatos, un desafío para la clínica veterinaria.
title_sort	Pancreatitis en perros y gatos, un desafío para la clínica veterinaria.
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	García Castiblanco, Diego Francisco
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Trujillo Piso, Dunia Yisela
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	García Castiblanco, Diego Francisco
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Inflamación Amilasa Lipasa Nutrición enteral Pancreas
topic	Inflamación Amilasa Lipasa Nutrición enteral Pancreas TG 2019 MVZ 14324 Inflammation Amylase Lipase Enteral nutrition Pancreas
dc.subject.classification.spa.fl_str_mv	TG 2019 MVZ 14324
dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv	Inflammation Amylase Lipase Enteral nutrition Pancreas
description	La evaluación del páncreas puede ser difícil para los clínicos ya que este órgano se encuentra rodeado de muchos otros órganos abdominales y los signos clínicos generalmente son inespecíficos y sugieren el desarrollo de otras enfermedades de tipo gastrointestinal. El diagnóstico o la exclusión de la pancreatitis debe basarse en la presentación clínica, en combinación con un rango de pruebas diagnósticas que incluyen pruebas de laboratorio de rutina (hemograma, bioquímica sanguínea y análisis de orina), imágenes diagnósticas (ultrasonografía y radiografía), pruebas séricas específicas y citología o histopatología. En cuanto a su tratamiento, lo importante es brindar analgesia, nutrición e hidratación; en algunos casos se deben incluir en la terapia antiinflamatorios, antieméticos y antiácidos. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo recopilar información actualizada acerca de la pancreatitis en perros y gatos.
publishDate	2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2019-10-03T12:52:34Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2019-10-03T12:52:34Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2019-10-02
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str	acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14324
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv	García Castiblanco, D. F. (2019). Pancreatitis en perros y gatos, un desafío para la clínica veterinaria. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14324
url	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14324
identifier_str_mv	García Castiblanco, D. F. (2019). Pancreatitis en perros y gatos, un desafío para la clínica veterinaria. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14324
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Watson P. Pancreatitis in dogs and cats: Definitions and pathophysiology. J Small Anim Pract. 2015;56(1):3–12. Mansfield C. Practical Interpretation and Application of Exocrine Pancreatic Testing in Small Animals. Clin Lab Med. 2015;35(3):535–54. Williams DA. Introduction: Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency and Pancreatitis. Top Companion Anim Med [Internet]. 2012;27(3):95. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2012.05.003 Mansfield C. Acute Pancreatitis in Dogs: Advances in Understanding, Diagnostics, and Treatment. Top Companion Anim Med [Internet]. 2012;27(3):123–32. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2012.04.003 Möhr A, Lobetti R, van der Lugt J. Acute pancreatitis: a newly recognised potential complication of canine babesiosis. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2000;71(4):232–9. Mylonakis ME, Xenoulis PG, Theodorou K, Siarkou VI, Steiner JM, Harrus S, et al. Serum canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in experimentally induced and naturally occurring canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis). Vet Microbiol. 2014;169(3–4):198–202. Kalli I V., Adamama-Moraitou KK, Patsika MN, Pardali D, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, et al. Prevalence of increased canine pancreas-specific lipase concentrations in young dogs with parvovirus enteritis. Vet Clin Pathol. 2017;46(1):111–9. Carrasco L, de Lara F, Martin E, Hervás J, Molleda J, Gómez-Villamandos JLR. Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Rec. 1997;141(20):519–21. Xenoulis PG, Saridomichelakis MN, Chatzis MK, Kasabalis D, Petanides T, Suchodolski JS, et al. Prospective evaluation of serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity and troponin I concentrations in Leishmania infantum-infected dogs treated with meglumine antimonate. Vet Parasitol [Internet]. 2014;203(3–4):326–30. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.033 Aste G, Di Tommaso M, Steiner JM, Williams DA, Boari A. Pancreatitis associated with N-methyl-glucamine therapy in a dog with leishmaniasis. Vet Res Commun. 2005;29(SUPPL. 2):269–72. Kerstein M, Grabman J. Azathioprine as a treatmentmodality in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Surg Forum. 1978;29(453). Broe PJ, Cameron JL. Azathioprine and Acute Pancreatitis : Studies isolated Perfused Canine Pancreas with an Group I . Controls . Control glands re- mained normal in gross appearance through- out the perfusion period . Mean weight gain was minimal ( 10 . 5 g ) and the arteria. J Surg Res. 1983;163:159–63. Moriello K, Bowen D, Meyer D. Acute pancreatitis in two dogs given azathioprine and prednisone. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;191(6):695–6. Trepanier LA, Danhof R, Toll J, Watrous D. Clinical findings in 40 dogs with hypersensitivity associated with administration of potentiated sulfonamides. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17(5):647–52. Trepanier LA. Idiosyncratic toxicity associated with potentiated sulfonamides in the dog. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2004;27(3):129–38. Liu S, Oguchi Y, Borner J, Runge W, Dressel T, Goodale R. Increased canine pancreatic acinar cell damage after organophosphate and acetylcholine or cholecystokinin. Pancreas. 1990;5(2):177–82. Ohta H, Morita T, Yokoyama N, Osuga T, Sasaki N, Morishita K, et al. Serial measurement of pancreatic lipaseimmunoreactivity concentration in dogs with immune-mediated disease treated with prednisolone. J Small Anim Pract. 2017;58(6):342–7. Lem KY, Fosgate GT, Norby B, Steiner JM. Associations between dietary factors and pancreatitis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc [Internet]. 2008;233(9):1425–31. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.233.9.1425 Cuthbertson CM, Christophi C. Disturbances of the microcirculation in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2006;93(5):518–30. Watson PJ, Roulois AJA, Scase T, Johnston PEJ, Thompson H, Herrtage ME. Prevalence and breed distribution of chronic pancreatitis at post-mortem examination in first-opinion dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2007;48(11):609–18. Watson P. Chronic Pancreatitis in Dogs. Top Companion Anim Med [Internet]. 2012;27(3):113–39. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2012.04.006 Watson PJ, Roulois A, Scase T, Holloway A, Herrtage ME. Characterization of chronic pancreatitis in English Cocker Spaniels. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25(4):797–804. Bishop MA, Xenoulis PG, Levinski MD, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Identification of variants of the SPINK1 geneand their association with pancreatitis in Miniature Schnauzers. Am J Vet Res. 2010;71(5):527–33. Etemad B, Whitcomb DC. Chronic pancreatitis: Diagnosis, classification, and new genetic developments. Gastroenterology. 2001;120(3):682–707. Hulsebosch SE, Palm CA, Segev G, Cowgill LD, Kass PH, Marks SL. Evaluation of Canine Pancreas-Specific Lipase Activity, Lipase Activity, and Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity in an Experimental Model of Acute Kidney Injury in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30(1):192–9. De Cock HEV, Forman MA, Farver TB, Marks SL. Prevalence and histopathologic characteristics of pancreatitis in cats. Vet Pathol. 2007;44(1):39–49. Bostrom BM, Xenoulis PG, Newman SJ, Pool RR, Fosgate GT, Steiner JM. Chronic pancreatitis in dogs: A retrospective study of clinical, clinicopathological, and histopathological findings in 61 cases. Vet J [Internet]. 2013;195(1):73–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.034 Stevens T, Conwell DL, Zuccaro G. Pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis: An evidence-based review of past theories and recent developments. Am JGastroenterol. 2004;99(11):2256–70. Bernard J, Adrich Z, Montalto G, Multigner L, Dagorn J, Sarles H, et al. Immunoreactive forms of pancreatic stone protein in six mammalian species. Pancreas. 1991;6(2):162–7. Bazelle J, Watson P. Pancreatitis in cats: Is it acute, is it chronic, is it significant? J Feline Med Surg. 2014;16(5):395–406. Little S. Chronic Feline Pancreatitis: Cats are not Small Dogs. Proc 36th World Small Anim Vet Congr WSAVA. 2011;461–3. Szabó A, Sahin-Tóth M. Increased activation of hereditary pancreatitis-associated human cationic trypsinogen mutants in presence of chymotrypsin C. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(24):20701–10. Makhija R, Kingsnorth AN. Cytokine storm in acute pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2002;9(4):401–10. Mansfield C. Pathophysiology of Acute Pancreatitis: Potential Application from Experimental Models and Human Medicine to Dogs. J Vet Intern Med [Internet]. 2012;26(4):875–87. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864007147&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2012.00949.x&partnerID=40&md5=a782e9ae34d3d0341eba4c22775fd70b Ang AD, Adhikari S, Ng SW, Bhatia M. Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms and nitric oxide production in acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury. Pancreatology [Internet]. 2009;9(1–2):150–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19077466 Radin MJ, Sharkey LC, Holycross BJ. Adipokines: A reviewof biological and analytical principles and an update in dogs, cats, and horses. Vet Clin Pathol. 2009;38(2):136–56. Paek J, Kang JH, Kim HS, Lee I, Seo KW, Yang MP. Serum Adipokine Concentrations in Dogs with Acute Pancreatitis. J Vet Intern Med. 2014;28(6):1760–9. Flint RS, Windsor JA. The role of the intestine in the pathophysiology and management of severe acute pancreatitis. HPB (Oxford) [Internet]. 2003;5(2):69–85. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2020573&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract Shukla A. Acute pancreatitis attributed to dietary indiscretion in a female mixed breed canine. Can Vet J. 2010;51(2):201–3. Yang Z wen, Weng C zhao, Wang J, Xu P. The role of Card9 overexpression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with aseptic acute pancreatitis. J Cell Mol Med. 2016;20(3):441–9. Vrolyk V, Wobeser BK, Al-Dissi AN, Carr A, Singh B. Lung Inflammation Associated With Clinical Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis in Dogs. Vet Pathol. 2017;54(1):129–40. Pápa K, Máthé Á, Abonyi-Tóth Z, Sterczer Á, Psáder R, Hetyey C, et al. Occurrence, clinical features and outcome of canine pancreatitis (80 cases). Acta Vet Hung [Internet]. 2011;59(1):37–52. Available from: http://www.akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/AVet.59.2011.1.4 Watson PJ. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency as an end stage of pancreatitis in four dogs. J Small Anim Pract [Internet]. 2003;44(7):306–12. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12866928 Sadler RA, Fields EL, Whittemore JC. Attempted ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation of a suspected pancreatic pseudocyst in a dog. Can Vet J. 2016;54(Noviembre):1169–74. VanEnkevort BA, O’Brien RT, Young KM. Pancreatic pseudocysts in 4 dogs and 2 cats: ultrasonographic and clinicopathologic findings. J Vet Intern Med. 1999;13(4):309–13.Wyatt KM. Pancreatic pseudocyst causing extrahepatic biliary obstruction in a dog. Aust Vet J [Internet]. 2000;78(2):99–101. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736669 Armstrong PJ, Williams DA. Pancreatitis in Cats. Top Companion Anim Med [Internet]. 2012;27(3):140–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2012.09.001 Simpson KW, Shiroma JT, Biller DS, Wicks J, Johnson SE, Dimski D, et al. Ante mortem diagnosis of pancreatitis in four cats. J Small Anim Pract. 1994;35(2):93–9. Xenoulis PG. Diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2015;56(1):13–26. Watson P, Archer J, Roulois A, Scase T, Herrtage M. Observational study of 14 cases of chronic pancreatitis in dogs. Vet Rec. 2010;167(25):968–76. Watson PJ, Archer J, Roulois AJ, Scase TJ, Herrtage ME. Observational study of 14 cases of chronic pancreatitis in dogs. Vet Rec. 2010;167(25):968–76. Lidbury JA, Suchodolski JS. New advances in the diagnosis of canine and feline liver and pancreatic disease. Vet J [Internet]. 2016;215:87–95. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090023316000630 Son TT, Thompson L, Serrano S, Seshadri R. Surgical intervention in the management of severe acute pancreatitis in cats: 8 cases (2003-2007). J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2010;20(4):426–35. Mayhew PD, Weisse CW. Treatment of pancreatitis-associated extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction by choledochal stenting in seven cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2008;49(3):133–8. Kimmel SE, Washabau RJ, Drobatz KJ. Incidence and prognostic value of low plasma ionized calcium concentration in cats with acute pancreatitis: 46 cases (1996-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;219(8):1105–9. Fujii T, Nakao A. [Severe acute pancreatitis and abnormalities in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis system]. Japanese J Clin Med. 2004;62(11):2005–7. Machida T, Kokubu H, Matsuda K, Miyoshi K, Uchida E. Clinical use of D-dimer measurement for the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs. J Vet Med Sci. 2010;72:1301–6. Trivedi S, Marks SL, Kass PH, Luff JA, Keller SM, Johnson EG, et al. Sensitivity and Specificity of Canine Pancreas-Specific Lipase (cPL) and Other Markers for Pancreatitis in 70 Dogs with and without Histopathologic Evidence of Pancreatitis. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25(6):1241–7. Steiner JM, Rutz GM, Williams DA. Serum lipase activities and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67(1):84–7. Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM. Canine and feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity. Vet Clin Pathol. 2012;41(3):312–24. Chartier MA, Hill SL, Sunico S, Suchodolski JS, Robertson JE, Steiner JM. Pancreas-specific lipase concentrations and amylase and lipase activities in the peritoneal fluid of dogs with suspected pancreatitis. Vet J [Internet]. 2014;201(3):385–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.014 Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM. SNAP Tests for Pancreatitis in Dogs and Cats: SNAP Canine Pancreatic Lipase and SNAP Feline Pancreatic Lipase. Top Companion Anim Med [Internet]. 2016;31(4):134–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2016.10.005 Larson MM. Ultrasound Imaging of the Hepatobiliary System and Pancreas. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2016;46(3):453–80. Pratschke K, Ryan J, McAlinden A, McLauchlan G. Pancreatic surgical biopsy in 24 dogs and 19 cats: postoperative complications and clinical relevance of histologicalfindings. J Small Anim Pract. 2015;56(1):60–6. Bjorneby JM, Kari S. Cytology of the pancreas. Vet Clin North Am - Small Anim Pract. 2002;32(6):1293–312. Mansfield CS, Watson PD, Jones BR. Specificity and sensitivity of serum canine pancreatic elastase-1 concentration in the diagnosis of pancreatitis. J Vet Diagnostic Investig. 2011;23(4):691–7. Rouse R, Rosenzweig B, Shea K, Knapton A, Stewart S, Xu L, et al. MicroRNA biomarkers of pancreatic injury in a canine model. Exp Toxicol Pathol [Internet]. 2017;69(1):33–43. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2016.11.001 Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM. Current Concepts in Feline Pancreatitis. Top Companion Anim Med [Internet]. 2008;23(4):185–92. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2008.08.005 Sedlacek H, Ramsey D, Boucher J, Eagleson J, Conder G, Clemence R. Comparative efficacy of maropitant and selected drugs in preventing emesis induced by centrally or peripherally acting emetogens in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2008;31(6):533–7. Tsukamoto A, Ohgoda M, Haruki N, Hori M, Inomata T. La acción antiinflamatoria de maropitant en un modelo deratón de pancreatitis aguda. J Vet Med Sci. 2018;10. Watson P. Canine and feline pancreatitis. J Small Anim Pract [Internet]. 2015;56(January):1–2. Available from: https://secure.vlsstore.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?nm=CE+Programs&type=Publishing&mod=Publications::Article&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=462D7CFE2AAF4872AE16AAE8C9E0CC7D&AudID=BE924B06C44442DE9033CA13B621B284 Sun W, Watanabe Y, Toki A, Wang Z. Beneficial effects of hydrocortisone in induced acute pancreatitis of rats. Chinesse Med J. 2007;120(20):1757–61. Case LP, Daristotle L, Hayek M, Foess M. Canine and Feline Nutrition. Elsevier, editor. 2010. 455-478 p. Jensen K, Chan D. Nutritional management of acute pancreatitis in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2014;24(3):240–50.
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv	Atribución
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
rights_invalid_str_mv	Atribución http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
eu_rights_str_mv	closedAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv	29
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, Ibagué
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv	Medicina veterinaria y zootecnia
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv	Ibagué
institution	Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv	https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/9ac2f1aa-32ff-4f76-850c-68b5887a6a6f/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/d3538c06-44ab-4a9e-a93d-978b28e2d0c1/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/3a6a81fe-238b-437e-92e2-1ee2f0abbb07/download https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/90c90eb0-9175-41bd-b70e-c355d1424b1e/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv	3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45 e09680824be9e3db17da04fead313021 e44a017e4e75ed97f559f6c41ce0cbf8 b1e161abe932cfabe67a1278f3f075ff
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv	MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv	bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_	1808789160732917760
spelling	Trujillo Piso, Dunia YiselaGarcía Castiblanco, Diego Francisco2019-10-03T12:52:34Z2019-10-03T12:52:34Z2019-10-02https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14324García Castiblanco, D. F. (2019). Pancreatitis en perros y gatos, un desafío para la clínica veterinaria. (Tesis de pregrado). Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/14324La evaluación del páncreas puede ser difícil para los clínicos ya que este órgano se encuentra rodeado de muchos otros órganos abdominales y los signos clínicos generalmente son inespecíficos y sugieren el desarrollo de otras enfermedades de tipo gastrointestinal. El diagnóstico o la exclusión de la pancreatitis debe basarse en la presentación clínica, en combinación con un rango de pruebas diagnósticas que incluyen pruebas de laboratorio de rutina (hemograma, bioquímica sanguínea y análisis de orina), imágenes diagnósticas (ultrasonografía y radiografía), pruebas séricas específicas y citología o histopatología. En cuanto a su tratamiento, lo importante es brindar analgesia, nutrición e hidratación; en algunos casos se deben incluir en la terapia antiinflamatorios, antieméticos y antiácidos. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo recopilar información actualizada acerca de la pancreatitis en perros y gatos.The evaluation of the pancreas can be difficult for clinicians since this organ is surrounded by many other abdominal organs and clinical signs are usually nonspecific and suggest the development of other gastrointestinal diseases. The diagnosis or exclusion of pancreatitis should be based on clinical presentation, in combination with a range of diagnostic tests that include routine laboratory tests (blood count, blood chemistry and urinalysis), diagnostic imaging (ultrasonography and radiography), tests specific serum and cytology or histopathology. In terms of treatment, the important thing is to provide analgesia, nutrition and hydration; in some cases they should be included in anti-inflammatory therapy, antiemetics and antacids. The present work aims to collect updated information about pancreatitis in dogs and cats.diegof.garciac@campusucc.edu.co29Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, IbaguéMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaIbaguéInflamaciónAmilasaLipasaNutrición enteralPancreasTG 2019 MVZ 14324InflammationAmylaseLipaseEnteral nutritionPancreasPancreatitis en perros y gatos, un desafío para la clínica veterinaria.Trabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAtribucióninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbWatson P. Pancreatitis in dogs and cats: Definitions and pathophysiology. J Small Anim Pract. 2015;56(1):3–12.Mansfield C. Practical Interpretation and Application of Exocrine Pancreatic Testing in Small Animals. Clin Lab Med. 2015;35(3):535–54.Williams DA. Introduction: Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency and Pancreatitis. Top Companion Anim Med [Internet]. 2012;27(3):95. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2012.05.003Mansfield C. Acute Pancreatitis in Dogs: Advances in Understanding, Diagnostics, and Treatment. Top Companion Anim Med [Internet]. 2012;27(3):123–32. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2012.04.003Möhr A, Lobetti R, van der Lugt J. Acute pancreatitis: a newly recognised potential complication of canine babesiosis. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2000;71(4):232–9.Mylonakis ME, Xenoulis PG, Theodorou K, Siarkou VI, Steiner JM, Harrus S, et al. Serum canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in experimentally induced and naturally occurring canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis). Vet Microbiol. 2014;169(3–4):198–202.Kalli I V., Adamama-Moraitou KK, Patsika MN, Pardali D, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, et al. Prevalence of increased canine pancreas-specific lipase concentrations in young dogs with parvovirus enteritis. Vet Clin Pathol. 2017;46(1):111–9.Carrasco L, de Lara F, Martin E, Hervás J, Molleda J, Gómez-Villamandos JLR. Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Rec. 1997;141(20):519–21.Xenoulis PG, Saridomichelakis MN, Chatzis MK, Kasabalis D, Petanides T, Suchodolski JS, et al. Prospective evaluation of serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity and troponin I concentrations in Leishmania infantum-infected dogs treated with meglumine antimonate. Vet Parasitol [Internet]. 2014;203(3–4):326–30. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.033Aste G, Di Tommaso M, Steiner JM, Williams DA, Boari A. Pancreatitis associated with N-methyl-glucamine therapy in a dog with leishmaniasis. Vet Res Commun. 2005;29(SUPPL. 2):269–72.Kerstein M, Grabman J. Azathioprine as a treatmentmodality in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Surg Forum. 1978;29(453).Broe PJ, Cameron JL. Azathioprine and Acute Pancreatitis : Studies isolated Perfused Canine Pancreas with an Group I . Controls . Control glands re- mained normal in gross appearance through- out the perfusion period . Mean weight gain was minimal ( 10 . 5 g ) and the arteria. J Surg Res. 1983;163:159–63.Moriello K, Bowen D, Meyer D. Acute pancreatitis in two dogs given azathioprine and prednisone. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;191(6):695–6.Trepanier LA, Danhof R, Toll J, Watrous D. Clinical findings in 40 dogs with hypersensitivity associated with administration of potentiated sulfonamides. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17(5):647–52.Trepanier LA. Idiosyncratic toxicity associated with potentiated sulfonamides in the dog. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2004;27(3):129–38.Liu S, Oguchi Y, Borner J, Runge W, Dressel T, Goodale R. Increased canine pancreatic acinar cell damage after organophosphate and acetylcholine or cholecystokinin. Pancreas. 1990;5(2):177–82.Ohta H, Morita T, Yokoyama N, Osuga T, Sasaki N, Morishita K, et al. Serial measurement of pancreatic lipaseimmunoreactivity concentration in dogs with immune-mediated disease treated with prednisolone. J Small Anim Pract. 2017;58(6):342–7.Lem KY, Fosgate GT, Norby B, Steiner JM. Associations between dietary factors and pancreatitis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc [Internet]. 2008;233(9):1425–31. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.233.9.1425Cuthbertson CM, Christophi C. Disturbances of the microcirculation in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2006;93(5):518–30.Watson PJ, Roulois AJA, Scase T, Johnston PEJ, Thompson H, Herrtage ME. Prevalence and breed distribution of chronic pancreatitis at post-mortem examination in first-opinion dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2007;48(11):609–18.Watson P. Chronic Pancreatitis in Dogs. Top Companion Anim Med [Internet]. 2012;27(3):113–39. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2012.04.006Watson PJ, Roulois A, Scase T, Holloway A, Herrtage ME. Characterization of chronic pancreatitis in English Cocker Spaniels. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25(4):797–804.Bishop MA, Xenoulis PG, Levinski MD, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Identification of variants of the SPINK1 geneand their association with pancreatitis in Miniature Schnauzers. Am J Vet Res. 2010;71(5):527–33.Etemad B, Whitcomb DC. Chronic pancreatitis: Diagnosis, classification, and new genetic developments. Gastroenterology. 2001;120(3):682–707.Hulsebosch SE, Palm CA, Segev G, Cowgill LD, Kass PH, Marks SL. Evaluation of Canine Pancreas-Specific Lipase Activity, Lipase Activity, and Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity in an Experimental Model of Acute Kidney Injury in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30(1):192–9.De Cock HEV, Forman MA, Farver TB, Marks SL. Prevalence and histopathologic characteristics of pancreatitis in cats. Vet Pathol. 2007;44(1):39–49.Bostrom BM, Xenoulis PG, Newman SJ, Pool RR, Fosgate GT, Steiner JM. Chronic pancreatitis in dogs: A retrospective study of clinical, clinicopathological, and histopathological findings in 61 cases. Vet J [Internet]. 2013;195(1):73–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.034Stevens T, Conwell DL, Zuccaro G. Pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis: An evidence-based review of past theories and recent developments. Am JGastroenterol. 2004;99(11):2256–70.Bernard J, Adrich Z, Montalto G, Multigner L, Dagorn J, Sarles H, et al. Immunoreactive forms of pancreatic stone protein in six mammalian species. Pancreas. 1991;6(2):162–7.Bazelle J, Watson P. Pancreatitis in cats: Is it acute, is it chronic, is it significant? J Feline Med Surg. 2014;16(5):395–406.Little S. Chronic Feline Pancreatitis: Cats are not Small Dogs. Proc 36th World Small Anim Vet Congr WSAVA. 2011;461–3.Szabó A, Sahin-Tóth M. Increased activation of hereditary pancreatitis-associated human cationic trypsinogen mutants in presence of chymotrypsin C. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(24):20701–10.Makhija R, Kingsnorth AN. Cytokine storm in acute pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2002;9(4):401–10.Mansfield C. Pathophysiology of Acute Pancreatitis: Potential Application from Experimental Models and Human Medicine to Dogs. J Vet Intern Med [Internet]. 2012;26(4):875–87. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864007147&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2012.00949.x&partnerID=40&md5=a782e9ae34d3d0341eba4c22775fd70bAng AD, Adhikari S, Ng SW, Bhatia M. Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms and nitric oxide production in acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury. Pancreatology [Internet]. 2009;9(1–2):150–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19077466Radin MJ, Sharkey LC, Holycross BJ. Adipokines: A reviewof biological and analytical principles and an update in dogs, cats, and horses. Vet Clin Pathol. 2009;38(2):136–56.Paek J, Kang JH, Kim HS, Lee I, Seo KW, Yang MP. Serum Adipokine Concentrations in Dogs with Acute Pancreatitis. J Vet Intern Med. 2014;28(6):1760–9.Flint RS, Windsor JA. The role of the intestine in the pathophysiology and management of severe acute pancreatitis. HPB (Oxford) [Internet]. 2003;5(2):69–85. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2020573&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstractShukla A. Acute pancreatitis attributed to dietary indiscretion in a female mixed breed canine. Can Vet J. 2010;51(2):201–3.Yang Z wen, Weng C zhao, Wang J, Xu P. The role of Card9 overexpression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with aseptic acute pancreatitis. J Cell Mol Med. 2016;20(3):441–9.Vrolyk V, Wobeser BK, Al-Dissi AN, Carr A, Singh B. Lung Inflammation Associated With Clinical Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis in Dogs. Vet Pathol. 2017;54(1):129–40.Pápa K, Máthé Á, Abonyi-Tóth Z, Sterczer Á, Psáder R, Hetyey C, et al. Occurrence, clinical features and outcome of canine pancreatitis (80 cases). Acta Vet Hung [Internet]. 2011;59(1):37–52. Available from: http://www.akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/AVet.59.2011.1.4Watson PJ. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency as an end stage of pancreatitis in four dogs. J Small Anim Pract [Internet]. 2003;44(7):306–12. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12866928Sadler RA, Fields EL, Whittemore JC. Attempted ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation of a suspected pancreatic pseudocyst in a dog. Can Vet J. 2016;54(Noviembre):1169–74.VanEnkevort BA, O’Brien RT, Young KM. Pancreatic pseudocysts in 4 dogs and 2 cats: ultrasonographic and clinicopathologic findings. J Vet Intern Med. 1999;13(4):309–13.Wyatt KM. Pancreatic pseudocyst causing extrahepatic biliary obstruction in a dog. Aust Vet J [Internet]. 2000;78(2):99–101. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736669Armstrong PJ, Williams DA. Pancreatitis in Cats. Top Companion Anim Med [Internet]. 2012;27(3):140–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2012.09.001Simpson KW, Shiroma JT, Biller DS, Wicks J, Johnson SE, Dimski D, et al. Ante mortem diagnosis of pancreatitis in four cats. J Small Anim Pract. 1994;35(2):93–9.Xenoulis PG. Diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2015;56(1):13–26.Watson P, Archer J, Roulois A, Scase T, Herrtage M. Observational study of 14 cases of chronic pancreatitis in dogs. Vet Rec. 2010;167(25):968–76.Watson PJ, Archer J, Roulois AJ, Scase TJ, Herrtage ME. Observational study of 14 cases of chronic pancreatitis in dogs. Vet Rec. 2010;167(25):968–76.Lidbury JA, Suchodolski JS. New advances in the diagnosis of canine and feline liver and pancreatic disease. Vet J [Internet]. 2016;215:87–95. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090023316000630Son TT, Thompson L, Serrano S, Seshadri R. Surgical intervention in the management of severe acute pancreatitis in cats: 8 cases (2003-2007). J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2010;20(4):426–35.Mayhew PD, Weisse CW. Treatment of pancreatitis-associated extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction by choledochal stenting in seven cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2008;49(3):133–8.Kimmel SE, Washabau RJ, Drobatz KJ. Incidence and prognostic value of low plasma ionized calcium concentration in cats with acute pancreatitis: 46 cases (1996-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;219(8):1105–9.Fujii T, Nakao A. [Severe acute pancreatitis and abnormalities in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis system]. Japanese J Clin Med. 2004;62(11):2005–7.Machida T, Kokubu H, Matsuda K, Miyoshi K, Uchida E. Clinical use of D-dimer measurement for the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs. J Vet Med Sci. 2010;72:1301–6.Trivedi S, Marks SL, Kass PH, Luff JA, Keller SM, Johnson EG, et al. Sensitivity and Specificity of Canine Pancreas-Specific Lipase (cPL) and Other Markers for Pancreatitis in 70 Dogs with and without Histopathologic Evidence of Pancreatitis. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25(6):1241–7.Steiner JM, Rutz GM, Williams DA. Serum lipase activities and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67(1):84–7.Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM. Canine and feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity. Vet Clin Pathol. 2012;41(3):312–24.Chartier MA, Hill SL, Sunico S, Suchodolski JS, Robertson JE, Steiner JM. Pancreas-specific lipase concentrations and amylase and lipase activities in the peritoneal fluid of dogs with suspected pancreatitis. Vet J [Internet]. 2014;201(3):385–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.014Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM. SNAP Tests for Pancreatitis in Dogs and Cats: SNAP Canine Pancreatic Lipase and SNAP Feline Pancreatic Lipase. Top Companion Anim Med [Internet]. 2016;31(4):134–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2016.10.005Larson MM. Ultrasound Imaging of the Hepatobiliary System and Pancreas. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2016;46(3):453–80.Pratschke K, Ryan J, McAlinden A, McLauchlan G. Pancreatic surgical biopsy in 24 dogs and 19 cats: postoperative complications and clinical relevance of histologicalfindings. J Small Anim Pract. 2015;56(1):60–6.Bjorneby JM, Kari S. Cytology of the pancreas. Vet Clin North Am - Small Anim Pract. 2002;32(6):1293–312.Mansfield CS, Watson PD, Jones BR. Specificity and sensitivity of serum canine pancreatic elastase-1 concentration in the diagnosis of pancreatitis. J Vet Diagnostic Investig. 2011;23(4):691–7.Rouse R, Rosenzweig B, Shea K, Knapton A, Stewart S, Xu L, et al. MicroRNA biomarkers of pancreatic injury in a canine model. Exp Toxicol Pathol [Internet]. 2017;69(1):33–43. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2016.11.001Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM. Current Concepts in Feline Pancreatitis. Top Companion Anim Med [Internet]. 2008;23(4):185–92. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2008.08.005Sedlacek H, Ramsey D, Boucher J, Eagleson J, Conder G, Clemence R. Comparative efficacy of maropitant and selected drugs in preventing emesis induced by centrally or peripherally acting emetogens in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2008;31(6):533–7.Tsukamoto A, Ohgoda M, Haruki N, Hori M, Inomata T. La acción antiinflamatoria de maropitant en un modelo deratón de pancreatitis aguda. J Vet Med Sci. 2018;10.Watson P. Canine and feline pancreatitis. J Small Anim Pract [Internet]. 2015;56(January):1–2. Available from: https://secure.vlsstore.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?nm=CE+Programs&type=Publishing&mod=Publications::Article&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=462D7CFE2AAF4872AE16AAE8C9E0CC7D&AudID=BE924B06C44442DE9033CA13B621B284Sun W, Watanabe Y, Toki A, Wang Z. Beneficial effects of hydrocortisone in induced acute pancreatitis of rats. Chinesse Med J. 2007;120(20):1757–61.Case LP, Daristotle L, Hayek M, Foess M. Canine and Feline Nutrition. Elsevier, editor. 2010. 455-478 p.Jensen K, Chan D. Nutritional management of acute pancreatitis in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2014;24(3):240–50.PublicationLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84334https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/9ac2f1aa-32ff-4f76-850c-68b5887a6a6f/download3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45MD52ORIGINAL2019_pancreatitis_perros_gatos.pdf2019_pancreatitis_perros_gatos.pdfapplication/pdf444025https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/d3538c06-44ab-4a9e-a93d-978b28e2d0c1/downloade09680824be9e3db17da04fead313021MD51TEXT2019_pancreatitis_perros_gatos.pdf.txt2019_pancreatitis_perros_gatos.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain74985https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/3a6a81fe-238b-437e-92e2-1ee2f0abbb07/downloade44a017e4e75ed97f559f6c41ce0cbf8MD53THUMBNAIL2019_pancreatitis_perros_gatos.pdf.jpg2019_pancreatitis_perros_gatos.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5599https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/90c90eb0-9175-41bd-b70e-c355d1424b1e/downloadb1e161abe932cfabe67a1278f3f075ffMD5420.500.12494/14324oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/143242024-08-09 12:31:55.351restrictedhttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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

Pancreatitis en perros y gatos, un desafío para la clínica veterinaria.

Publicaciones similares