Mental health during the Covid-19 quarantine in five countries
Introduction. As part of the holistic concept of health, mental health can be focused on prevention of contagion and coping with the disease and its consequences in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The present study describes, compares, and analyzes the association of the impact of the...
- Autores:
-
Bedoya Cardona, Erika Yohanna
Popa, Ioana
Morandi, Anna
Montomoli, Cristina
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2021
- Institución:
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UCC
- Idioma:
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/36164
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/36164
- Palabra clave:
- Salud mental
Covid-19
Cuarentena
Pandemia
Mental health
Covid-19
Quarantine
Pandemic
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución
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Mental health during the Covid-19 quarantine in five countries |
| title |
Mental health during the Covid-19 quarantine in five countries |
| spellingShingle |
Mental health during the Covid-19 quarantine in five countries Salud mental Covid-19 Cuarentena Pandemia Mental health Covid-19 Quarantine Pandemic |
| title_short |
Mental health during the Covid-19 quarantine in five countries |
| title_full |
Mental health during the Covid-19 quarantine in five countries |
| title_fullStr |
Mental health during the Covid-19 quarantine in five countries |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Mental health during the Covid-19 quarantine in five countries |
| title_sort |
Mental health during the Covid-19 quarantine in five countries |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Bedoya Cardona, Erika Yohanna Popa, Ioana Morandi, Anna Montomoli, Cristina |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Bedoya Cardona, Erika Yohanna Popa, Ioana Morandi, Anna Montomoli, Cristina |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Salud mental Covid-19 Cuarentena Pandemia |
| topic |
Salud mental Covid-19 Cuarentena Pandemia Mental health Covid-19 Quarantine Pandemic |
| dc.subject.other.spa.fl_str_mv |
Mental health Covid-19 Quarantine Pandemic |
| description |
Introduction. As part of the holistic concept of health, mental health can be focused on prevention of contagion and coping with the disease and its consequences in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The present study describes, compares, and analyzes the association of the impact of the event, perceived stress, coping strategies, emotional regula-tion, and sociodemographic characteristics during the quarantine in various countries. Material and methods. This research is a multicentric and epidemiological study with a convenience online snowball sampling of the general population and university students. Results. 1.179 participants from Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, Italy, and Spain responded to the survey. Most of them included students and workers, with a high educational level and living with family during the quarantine. There are significant differences in the medians of all variables among countries and sociodemographic characteristics. The variables positively and significantly associated with the impact of the event during quarantine included the perceived stress, the coping strategies of alcohol/drug use, planning and active coping, focus on emotions and vent, the emotional regulation strategy expressive suppression, and living in Italy. Conclusions. These results have contributed to the understanding of mental, emotional, and behavioral response to quarantine, as well as underline the urgency of monitoring men-tal health among the vulnerable groups, in order to design specific prevention and interven-tion programs. |
| publishDate |
2021 |
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2021-10-08T16:00:01Z |
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2021-10-08T16:00:01Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-06 |
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Artículos Científicos |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
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2587-3466 |
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10.38045/ohrm.2021.4.06 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/36164 |
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Bedoya Carmona, E. Y., Popa, I., Morandi, A., & Montomoli, C. (2021). Mental health during the Covid-19 quarantine in five countries. One Health & Risk Management , 2(4), 65-75. https://doi.org/10.38045/ohrm.2021.4.06 |
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2587-3466 10.38045/ohrm.2021.4.06 Bedoya Carmona, E. Y., Popa, I., Morandi, A., & Montomoli, C. (2021). Mental health during the Covid-19 quarantine in five countries. One Health & Risk Management , 2(4), 65-75. https://doi.org/10.38045/ohrm.2021.4.06 |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/36164 |
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https://journal.ohrm.bba.md/index.php/journal-ohrm-bba-md/article/view/152 |
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One Health & Risk Management |
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Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, Ng CH. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet. 2020; 7(3): 228-229. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8 Babore A, Lombardi L, Viceconti ML, Pignataro S, Marino V, Crudele M, et al. Psychological effects of the COVID-2019 pandemic: Perceived stress and coping strategies among healthcare professionals. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 293:113366, 11. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113366 Balmford B, Annan JD, Hargreaves JC, Altoè M, Bateman IJ. Cross-Country Comparisons of Covid19: Policy, Politics and the Price of Life. Environmental and Resource Economics. 2020; 76:525– 551. doi:10.1007/s10640-020-00466-5 Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10227):912-920. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736 (20)30460-8 Di Fronso S, Costa S, Montesano C, Di Gruttola F, Ciofi EG, Morgilli L, et al. The effects of COVID-19 pandemic on perceived stress and psychobiosocial states in Italian athletes. Interna-tional Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2020; doi:10.1080/1612197X.2020.1802612 Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Jiang W, Wang H. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public - A systematic review and metaanalysis. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 291:113190. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190 Mækelæ MJ, Reggev N, Dutra N, Tamayo RM, Silva-Sobrinho RA, Klevjer K, et al. Perceived efficacy of COVID-19 restrictions, reactions and their impact on mental health during the early phase of the outbreak in six countries. Royal Society Open Science. 2020; 7:200644. doi:10.1098/rsos. 200644 Prati G. Mental health and its psychosocial predictors during national quarantine in Italy against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Anxiety, Stress, & Coping. 2021; 34(2):145-156. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1861253 Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rasoulpoor S, Mohammadi M, et al. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Health. 2020; 16(1):57. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00589- w Veer IM, Riepenhausen A, Zerban M, Wackerhagen C, Puhlmann L, Engen H, et al. Psycho-social factors associated with mental resilience in the Corona lockdown. PsyArXiv. 2020. doi:10.31234/ osf.io/4z62t Sim K, Huak Chan Y, Chong PN, Chua HC, Wen Soon S. Psychosocial and coping responses within the community health care setting towards a national outbreak of an infectious disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2010; 68(2):195-202. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.04.004 Main A, Zhou Q, Ma Y, Luecken LJ, Liu, X. Relations of SARS-related stressors and coping to Chinese college students' psychological adjustment during the 2003 Beijing SARS epidemic. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2011; 58(3):410-423. doi:10.1037/a0023632 Khalid I, Khalid TJ, Qabajah MR, Barnard AG, Qushmaq IA. Healthcare workers emotions, perceived stressors and coping strategies during a MERS-CoV outbreak. Clinical Medicine & Research. 2016; 14(1):7-14. doi:10.3121/cmr.2016.1303 Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1729. doi:10.3390/ijerph 17051729 Rubin GJ, Wessely S. The psychological effects of quarantining a city. British Medical Journal. 2020; 368: m313. doi:10.1136/bmj.m313 Báguena MJ, Villarroya E, Beleña A, Díaz A, Roldán C, Reig R. Propiedades Psicométricas de la Versión Española de la escala Revisada de Impacto del Estresor. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta. 2001; 27:581-604 Caiuby AVS, Lacerda SS, Quintana MI, Torii TS, Andreoli SB. Adaptação transcultural da versão brasileira da Escala do Impacto do EventoRevisada (IES-R). Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2012; 28:597-603. Craparo G, Faraci P, Rotondo G, Gori A. The Impact of Event Scale - Revised: psychometric properties of the Italian version in a sample of flood victims. Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Treatment. 2013; 9:1427-32. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S51793. Epub 2013 Sep 19. PMID: 24092980; PMCID: PMC3788700. Remor E. Psychometric Properties of a European Spanish Version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 2006; 9(1):86-93. doi:10.1017/S1138741600006004 Luft CDB, Sanches SDO, Mazo GZ, Andrade A. Versão brasileira da Escala de Estresse Percebido: tradução e validação para idosos. Revista de Saúde Pública. 2007; 41(4):606-615. doi:10.1590/S0034-89102007000400015 Mondo C, Sechi C, Cabras C. Psychometric evaluation of three versions of the Italian Perceived Stress Scale. Current Psychology. 2019; 1-9. doi:10.1007/s12144-019-0132-8 Crespo M, Cruzado JA. La evaluación del afrontamiento: adaptación española del cuestionario COPE con una muestra de estudiantes universitarios. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta. 1997; 23:797-830. Rodríguez-Carvajal R, Moreno-Jiménez B, Garrosa E. Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional. Versión española. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 2006. Balzarotti S, John OP, Gross JJ. An Italian Adapta- 2020 tion of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 2010; 26(1):61-67. doi:10.1027/ 1015-5759/ a000009 Boian AC, Soares DSM, Silva J. Questionário de Regulação Emocional adaptado para a população brasileira. 2009. Available from: http://spl. stanford.edu/pdfs/erq_portuguese_brazilian.pdf Bland JM, Altman DG. Cronbach’s alpha. British Medical Journal. 1997; 314(7080):572. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572 Makarowski R, Piotrowski A, Predoiu R, Görner K, Predoiu A, Mitrache G, et al. Stress and coping during the COVID-19 pandemic among martial arts athletes – A cross-cultural study. Archives of Budo. 2020; 16: 161-171. De Vaus J, Hornsey MJ, Kuppens P, Bastian B. Exploring the east-west divide in prevalence of affective disorder: A case for cultural differences in coping with negative emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2018; 22(3):285-304. doi:10.1177/1088868317736222 Wong PTP, Wong LCJ., editors. Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping. New York: Springer; 2006. Chun CA, Moos RH, Cronkite RC. Culture: A Fundamental Context for the Stress and Coping Paradigm. In: Wong PTP, Wong LCJ. (eds.). Handbook of Multicultural Perspectives on Stress and Coping. International and Cultural Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer; 2006. p. 29-53 Available from: doi:10.1007/0-387-26238-5_2 Guan Y, Deng H, Zhou X. Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on career development: Insights from cultural psychology. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 2020; 119:103438. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103438 Broche-Pérez Y, Fernández-Fleites Z, JiménezPuig E, Fernández-Castillo E, Rodríguez-Martin BC. Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2020; 1-9. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8 Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry. 2020; 33(2):e100213. doi:10.1136/ gpsych-2020-100213 Rossi R, Socci V, Talevi D, Mensi S, Niolu C, Pacitti F, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2020; 11:790. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790 Alon TM, Doepke M, Olmstead-Rumsey J, Tertilt M. The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality. National Bureau of Economic Research. 2020. doi:10.3386/w26947. Dai H, Zhang SX, Looi KH, Su R, Li J. Perception of Health Conditions and Test Availability as Predictors of Adults’ Mental Health during the COVID19 Pandemic: A Survey Study of Adults in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17:5498. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155498 Garfin DR. Technology as a coping tool during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Implications and recommendations. Stress and Health. 2020; 36(4):555-559. doi:10.1002/smi. 2975 Hossain MM, Tasnim S, Sultana A, Faizah F, Mazumder H, Zou L, et al. Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: A review. F1000Research. 2020; 9:636. doi:10.12688/ f1000research.24457.1 Martínez-Taboas A. Pandemias, COVID-19 y Salud Mental: Qué Sabemos Actualmente?. Revista Caribeña de Psicología. 2020; 4(2):143-152. doi:10. 37226/rcp.v4i2.4907 Sun QH, Su Y. Psychological crisis intervention for college students during novel coronavirus infection epidemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020;289: 113043. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020. 113043 Odriozola-González P, Planchuelo-Gómez Á, Irurtia MJ, de Luis-García R. Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 290:113108. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.11310 Crayne MP. The traumatic impact of job loss and job search in the aftermath of COVID-19. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2020; 12(S1):S180-S182. doi:10.1037/ tra0000852 Eisenbarth CA. Coping with Stress: Gender Differences among College Students. College Student Journal. 2019; 53(2):151-162. Pieh C, Budimir S, Probst T. The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2020; 136:110186. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110186 Lazarus RS. Estrés y Emoción. Manejo e implicaciones en nuestra salud. Bilbao, España: Desclée de Brouwer; 2000. Cheng C, Lau HPB, Chan MPS. Coping flexibility and psychological adjustment to stressful life changes: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin. 2014; 140(6):1582-1607. doi:10.1037/ a0037913 Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK. Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1989; 56:267-283. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267 |
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Bedoya Cardona, Erika YohannaPopa, IoanaMorandi, AnnaMontomoli, Cristina2/42021-10-08T16:00:01Z2021-10-08T16:00:01Z2021-062587-346610.38045/ohrm.2021.4.06https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/36164Bedoya Carmona, E. Y., Popa, I., Morandi, A., & Montomoli, C. (2021). Mental health during the Covid-19 quarantine in five countries. One Health & Risk Management , 2(4), 65-75. https://doi.org/10.38045/ohrm.2021.4.06Introduction. As part of the holistic concept of health, mental health can be focused on prevention of contagion and coping with the disease and its consequences in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The present study describes, compares, and analyzes the association of the impact of the event, perceived stress, coping strategies, emotional regula-tion, and sociodemographic characteristics during the quarantine in various countries. Material and methods. This research is a multicentric and epidemiological study with a convenience online snowball sampling of the general population and university students. Results. 1.179 participants from Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, Italy, and Spain responded to the survey. Most of them included students and workers, with a high educational level and living with family during the quarantine. There are significant differences in the medians of all variables among countries and sociodemographic characteristics. The variables positively and significantly associated with the impact of the event during quarantine included the perceived stress, the coping strategies of alcohol/drug use, planning and active coping, focus on emotions and vent, the emotional regulation strategy expressive suppression, and living in Italy. Conclusions. These results have contributed to the understanding of mental, emotional, and behavioral response to quarantine, as well as underline the urgency of monitoring men-tal health among the vulnerable groups, in order to design specific prevention and interven-tion programs.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=00005658220000-0002-3398-8188https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/welcome/login_success.doerika.bedoyac@campusucc.edu.cohttps://scholar.google.com/citations?user=IN_kqVUAAAAJ&hl=it&oi=ao65-75Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Psicología, BucaramangaMoldavian Biosafety and Biosecurity Asociation (MDBBA)PsicologíaBucaramangahttps://journal.ohrm.bba.md/index.php/journal-ohrm-bba-md/article/view/152One Health & Risk ManagementXiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, Ng CH. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet. 2020; 7(3): 228-229. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8Babore A, Lombardi L, Viceconti ML, Pignataro S, Marino V, Crudele M, et al. Psychological effects of the COVID-2019 pandemic: Perceived stress and coping strategies among healthcare professionals. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 293:113366, 11. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113366Balmford B, Annan JD, Hargreaves JC, Altoè M, Bateman IJ. Cross-Country Comparisons of Covid19: Policy, Politics and the Price of Life. Environmental and Resource Economics. 2020; 76:525– 551. doi:10.1007/s10640-020-00466-5Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10227):912-920. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736 (20)30460-8Di Fronso S, Costa S, Montesano C, Di Gruttola F, Ciofi EG, Morgilli L, et al. The effects of COVID-19 pandemic on perceived stress and psychobiosocial states in Italian athletes. Interna-tional Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2020; doi:10.1080/1612197X.2020.1802612Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Jiang W, Wang H. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public - A systematic review and metaanalysis. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 291:113190. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190Mækelæ MJ, Reggev N, Dutra N, Tamayo RM, Silva-Sobrinho RA, Klevjer K, et al. Perceived efficacy of COVID-19 restrictions, reactions and their impact on mental health during the early phase of the outbreak in six countries. Royal Society Open Science. 2020; 7:200644. doi:10.1098/rsos. 200644Prati G. Mental health and its psychosocial predictors during national quarantine in Italy against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Anxiety, Stress, & Coping. 2021; 34(2):145-156. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1861253Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rasoulpoor S, Mohammadi M, et al. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Health. 2020; 16(1):57. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00589- wVeer IM, Riepenhausen A, Zerban M, Wackerhagen C, Puhlmann L, Engen H, et al. Psycho-social factors associated with mental resilience in the Corona lockdown. PsyArXiv. 2020. doi:10.31234/ osf.io/4z62tSim K, Huak Chan Y, Chong PN, Chua HC, Wen Soon S. Psychosocial and coping responses within the community health care setting towards a national outbreak of an infectious disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2010; 68(2):195-202. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.04.004Main A, Zhou Q, Ma Y, Luecken LJ, Liu, X. Relations of SARS-related stressors and coping to Chinese college students' psychological adjustment during the 2003 Beijing SARS epidemic. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2011; 58(3):410-423. doi:10.1037/a0023632Khalid I, Khalid TJ, Qabajah MR, Barnard AG, Qushmaq IA. Healthcare workers emotions, perceived stressors and coping strategies during a MERS-CoV outbreak. Clinical Medicine & Research. 2016; 14(1):7-14. doi:10.3121/cmr.2016.1303Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1729. doi:10.3390/ijerph 17051729Rubin GJ, Wessely S. The psychological effects of quarantining a city. British Medical Journal. 2020; 368: m313. doi:10.1136/bmj.m313Báguena MJ, Villarroya E, Beleña A, Díaz A, Roldán C, Reig R. Propiedades Psicométricas de la Versión Española de la escala Revisada de Impacto del Estresor. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta. 2001; 27:581-604Caiuby AVS, Lacerda SS, Quintana MI, Torii TS, Andreoli SB. Adaptação transcultural da versão brasileira da Escala do Impacto do EventoRevisada (IES-R). Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2012; 28:597-603.Craparo G, Faraci P, Rotondo G, Gori A. The Impact of Event Scale - Revised: psychometric properties of the Italian version in a sample of flood victims. Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Treatment. 2013; 9:1427-32. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S51793. Epub 2013 Sep 19. PMID: 24092980; PMCID: PMC3788700.Remor E. Psychometric Properties of a European Spanish Version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 2006; 9(1):86-93. doi:10.1017/S1138741600006004Luft CDB, Sanches SDO, Mazo GZ, Andrade A. Versão brasileira da Escala de Estresse Percebido: tradução e validação para idosos. Revista de Saúde Pública. 2007; 41(4):606-615. doi:10.1590/S0034-89102007000400015Mondo C, Sechi C, Cabras C. Psychometric evaluation of three versions of the Italian Perceived Stress Scale. 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Psychological crisis intervention for college students during novel coronavirus infection epidemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020;289: 113043. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020. 113043Odriozola-González P, Planchuelo-Gómez Á, Irurtia MJ, de Luis-García R. Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 290:113108. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.11310Crayne MP. The traumatic impact of job loss and job search in the aftermath of COVID-19. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2020; 12(S1):S180-S182. doi:10.1037/ tra0000852Eisenbarth CA. Coping with Stress: Gender Differences among College Students. College Student Journal. 2019; 53(2):151-162.Pieh C, Budimir S, Probst T. The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2020; 136:110186. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110186Lazarus RS. Estrés y Emoción. Manejo e implicaciones en nuestra salud. Bilbao, España: Desclée de Brouwer; 2000.Cheng C, Lau HPB, Chan MPS. Coping flexibility and psychological adjustment to stressful life changes: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin. 2014; 140(6):1582-1607. doi:10.1037/ a0037913Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK. Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. 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