Wa-1 Equine-Like G3P [8] Rotavirus from a Child with Diarrhea in Colombia

Rotavirus A (RVA) has been considered the main cause of diarrheal disease in children under five years in emergency services in both developed and developing countries. RVA belongs to the Reoviridae family, which comprises 11 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a genomic constellation that en...

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Autores:: Martínez Gutiérrez, Marlén
Hernandez, Estiven
Rendón Marín, Santiago
Ruiz Sáenz, Julián

Tipo de recurso:: Article of investigation

Fecha de publicación:: 2021

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

Idioma:

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network_name_str	Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Wa-1 Equine-Like G3P [8] Rotavirus from a Child with Diarrhea in Colombia
title	Wa-1 Equine-Like G3P [8] Rotavirus from a Child with Diarrhea in Colombia
spellingShingle	Wa-1 Equine-Like G3P [8] Rotavirus from a Child with Diarrhea in Colombia Rotavirus A Diarrheal disease Interspecies surveillance Reassorting strains Emerging virus
title_short	Wa-1 Equine-Like G3P [8] Rotavirus from a Child with Diarrhea in Colombia
title_full	Wa-1 Equine-Like G3P [8] Rotavirus from a Child with Diarrhea in Colombia
title_fullStr	Wa-1 Equine-Like G3P [8] Rotavirus from a Child with Diarrhea in Colombia
title_full_unstemmed	Wa-1 Equine-Like G3P [8] Rotavirus from a Child with Diarrhea in Colombia
title_sort	Wa-1 Equine-Like G3P [8] Rotavirus from a Child with Diarrhea in Colombia
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Martínez Gutiérrez, Marlén Hernandez, Estiven Rendón Marín, Santiago Ruiz Sáenz, Julián
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Martínez Gutiérrez, Marlén Hernandez, Estiven Rendón Marín, Santiago Ruiz Sáenz, Julián
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Rotavirus A Diarrheal disease Interspecies surveillance Reassorting strains Emerging virus
topic	Rotavirus A Diarrheal disease Interspecies surveillance Reassorting strains Emerging virus
description	Rotavirus A (RVA) has been considered the main cause of diarrheal disease in children under five years in emergency services in both developed and developing countries. RVA belongs to the Reoviridae family, which comprises 11 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a genomic constellation that encodes for six structural and five to six nonstructural proteins. RVA has been classified in a binary system with Gx[Px] based on the spike protein (VP4) and the major outer capsid glycoprotein (VP7), respectively. The emerging equine-like G3P[8] DS-1-like strains reported worldwide in humans have arisen an important concern. Here, we carry out the complete genome characterization of a previously reported G3P[8] strain in order to recognize the genetic diversity of RVA circulating among infants in Colombia. A near-full genome phylogenetic analysis was done, confirming the presence of the novel equine-like G3P[8] with a Wa-like backbone for the first time in Colombia. This study demonstrated the importance of surveillance of emerging viruses in the Colombian population; furthermore, additional studies must focus on the understanding of the spread and transmission dynamic of this important RVA strain in different areas of the country
publishDate	2021
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2021-06
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2022-01-25T20:08:23Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2022-01-25T20:08:23Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Artículos Científicos
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv	1999-4915
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	doi.org/10.3390/v13061075
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/43423
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv	Martinez-Gutierrez, M.; Hernandez-Mira, E.; Rendon-Marin, S.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Wa-1 Equine-Like G3P[8] Rotavirus from a Child with Diarrhea in Colombia. Viruses 2021, 13, 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13061075
identifier_str_mv	1999-4915 doi.org/10.3390/v13061075 Martinez-Gutierrez, M.; Hernandez-Mira, E.; Rendon-Marin, S.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Wa-1 Equine-Like G3P[8] Rotavirus from a Child with Diarrhea in Colombia. Viruses 2021, 13, 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13061075
url	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/43423
dc.relation.isversionof.spa.fl_str_mv	https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/6/1075
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv	Viruses
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Lamberti, L.M.; Walker, C.L.F.; Black, R.E. Systematic review of diarrhea duration and severity in children and adults in low- and middle-income countries. BMC Public Heal. 2012, 12, 276. Parashar, U.D.; Johnson, H.; Steele, A.D.; Tate, J.E. Health Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination in Developing Countries: Progress and Way Forward. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2016, 62, S91–S95 Troeger, C.; Khalil, I.A.; Rao, P.C.; Cao, S.; Blacker, B.F.; Ahmed, T.; Armah, G.; Bines, J.E.; Brewer, T.G.; Colombara, D.V.; et al. Rotavirus Vaccination and the Global Burden of Rotavirus Diarrhea Among Children Younger Than 5 Years. JAMA Pediatr. 2018, 172, 958–965 Bucardo, F.; Nordgren, J. Impact of vaccination on the molecular epidemiology and evolution of group A rotaviruses in Latin America and factors affecting vaccine efficacy. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2015, 34, 106–113 Yepes, U.; Rodríguez Villamizar, L.; Gómez González, Y.; Olaya Gamboa, L. Rodríguez Santamaría, S.; Aislamientos de patógenos comunes asociados con enfermedad diarreica aguda en menores de cinco años, Bucaramanga, Colombia. MedUNAB 2010, 12, 72–79 Martinez-Gutierrez, M.; Arcila-Quiceno, V.; Trejos-Suarez, J.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Prevalence and molecular typing of rotavirus in children with acute diarrhoea in Northeastern Colombia. Rev. Instit. Med. Tropic. São Paulo 2019, 61, e34. Matthijnssens, J.; Ciarlet, M.; McDonald, S.M.; Attoui, H.; Banyai, K.; Brister, J.R.; Buesa, J.; Esona, M.D.; Estes, M.K.; Gentsch, J.R.; et al. Uniformity of rotavirus strain nomenclature proposed by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG). Arch. Virol. 2011, 156, 1397–1413 Matthijnssens, J.; Ciarlet, M.; Rahman, M.; Attoui, H.; Bányai, K.; Estes, M.K.; Gentsch, J.R.; Iturriza, M.; Kirkwood, C.D.; Martella, V.; et al. Recommendations for the classification of group A rotaviruses using all 11 genomic RNA segments. Arch. Virol. 2008, 153, 1621–1629. Perkins, C.; Mijatovic-Rustempasic, S.; Ward, M.L.; Cortese, M.M.; Bowen, M.D. Genomic Characterization of the First Equine-Like G3P[8] Rotavirus Strain Detected in the United States. Genome Announc. 2017, 5, e01341-17. Nakagomi, T.; Nguyen, M.Q.; Gauchan, P.; Agbemabiese, C.A.; Kaneko, M.; Do, L.P.; Vu, T.D.; Nakagomi, O. Evolution of DS-1-like G1P[8] double-gene reassortant rotavirus A strains causing gastroenteritis in children in Vietnam in 2012. Arch. Virol. 2017, 162, 739–748. Komoto, S.; Tacharoenmuang, R.; Guntapong, R.; Ide, T.; Tsuji, T.; Yoshikawa, T.; Tharmaphornpilas, P.; Sangkitporn, S.; Taniguchi, K. Reassortment of Human and Animal Rotavirus Gene Segments in Emerging DS-1-Like G1P[8] Rotavirus Strains. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0148416. Guerra, S.F.S.; Soares, L.; Lobo, P.S.; Júnior, E.T.P.; Júnior, E.C.S.; Bezerra, D.A.M.; Vaz, L.R.; Linhares, A.C.; Mascarenhas, J.D.P. Detection of a novel equine-like G3 rotavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in Brazil. J. Gen. Virol. 2016, 97, 3131–3138 Cowley, D.; Donato, C.M.; Roczo-Farkas, S.; Kirkwood, C.D. Emergence of a novel equine-like G3P[8] inter-genogroup reassortant rotavirus strain associated with gastroenteritis in Australian children. J. Gen. Virol. 2016, 97, 403–410. Arana, A.; Montes, M.; Jere, K.C.; Alkorta, M.; Iturriza, M.; Cilla, G. Emergence and spread of G3P[8] rotaviruses possessing an equine-like VP7 and a DS-1-like genetic backbone in the Basque Country (North of Spain). Infect. Genet. Evol. 2016, 44, 137–144. Luchs, A.; Da Costa, A.C.; Cilli, A.; Komninakis, S.C.V.; Carmona, R.; Boen, L.; Morillo, S.G.; Sabino, E.C.; Timenetsky, M.D.C.S.T. Spread of the emerging equine-like G3P[8] DS-1-like genetic backbone rotavirus strain in Brazil and identification of potential genetic variants. J. Gen. Virol. 2019, 100, 7–25. Sadiq, A.; Bostan, N.; Yinda, K.C.; Naseem, S.; Sattar, S. Rotavirus: Genetics, pathogenesis and vaccine advances. Rev. Med. Virol. 2018, 28, e2003. Bányai, K.; László, B.; Duque, J.; Steele, A.D.; Nelson, E.A.S.; Gentsch, J.R.; Parashar, U.D. Systematic review of regional and temporal trends in global rotavirus strain diversity in the pre rotavirus vaccine era: Insights for understanding the impact of rotavirus vaccination programs. Vaccine 2012, 30, A122–A130. Dóró, R.; Farkas, S.L.; Martella, V.; Bányai, K. Zoonotic transmission of rotavirus: Surveillance and control. Expert Rev. Anti-infect. Ther. 2015, 13, 1337–1350. [ Luchs, A.; Timenetsky Mdo, C. Group A rotavirus gastroenteritis: Post-vaccine era, genotypes and zoonotic transmission. Einstein 2016, 14, 278–287 Matthijnssens, J.; Heylen, E.; Zeller, M.; Rahman, M.; Lemey, P.; Van Ranst, M. Phylodynamic Analyses of Rotavirus Genotypes G9 and G12 Underscore Their Potential for Swift Global Spread. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2010, 27, 2431–2436 Martella, V.; Bányai, K.; Matthijnssens, J.; Buonavoglia, C.; Ciarlet, M. Zoonotic aspects of rotaviruses. Veter. Microbiol. 2010, 140, 246–255. Degiuseppe, J.; Beltramino, J.; Millán, A.; Stupka, J.; Parra, G. Complete genome analyses of G4P[6] rotavirus detected in Argentinean children with diarrhoea provides evidence of interspecies transmission from swine. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2013, 19, e367–e371. McDonald, S.M.; Matthijnssens, J.; McAllen, J.K.; Hine, E.; Overton, L.; Wang, S.; Lemey, P.; Zeller, M.; Van Ranst, M.; Spiro, D.J.; et al. Evolutionary Dynamics of Human Rotaviruses: Balancing Reassortment with Preferred Genome Constellations. PLoS Pathog. 2009, 5, e1000634. Matthijnssens, J.; Rahman, M.; Martella, V.; Xuelei, Y.; De Vos, S.; De Leener, K.; Ciarlet, M.; Buonavoglia, C.; Van Ranst, M. Full genomic analysis of human rotavirus strain B4106 and lapine rotavirus strain 30/96 provides evidence for interspecies transmission. J. Virol. 2006, 80, 3801–3810. Akane, Y.; Tsugawa, T.; Fujii, Y.; Honjo, S.; Kondo, K.; Nakata, S.; Fujibayashi, S.; Ohara, T.; Mori, T.; Higashidate, Y.; et al. Molecular and clinical characterization of the equine-like G3 rotavirus that caused the first outbreak in Japan. J. Gen. Virol. 2021, 001548. Utsumi, T.; Wahyuni, R.M.; Dinana, Z.; Yamani, L.N.; Sudarmo, S.M.; Ranuh, R.G.; Darma, A.; Raharjo, D.; Matsui, C.; Deng, L. Molecular epidemiology and clinical features of rotavirus infection among pediatric patients in East Java, Indonesia during 2015–2018: Dynamic changes in rotavirus genotypes from equine-like G3 to typical human G1. G Front. Microbiol. 2019, 10, 940. Esposito, S.; Camilloni, B.; Bianchini, S.; Ianiro, G.; Polinori, I.; Farinelli, E.; Monini, M.; Principi, N. First detection of a reassortant G3P[8] rotavirus A strain in Italy: A case report in an 8-year-old child. Virol. J. 2019, 16, 64. Rose, T.L.; Da Silva, M.F.M.; Goméz, M.M.; Resque, H.R.; Ichihara, M.Y.T.; Volotão, E.D.M.; Leite, J.P.G. Evidence of Vaccine-related Reassortment of Rotavirus, Brazil, 2008. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013, 19, 1843–1846 Katz, E.M.; Esona, M.D.; Betrapally, N.S.; Leon, L.A.D.L.C.D.; Neira, Y.R.; Rey, G.J.; Bowen, M.D. Whole-gene analysis of inter-genogroup reassortant rotaviruses from the Dominican Republic: Emergence of equine-like G3 strains and evidence of their reassortment with locally-circulating strains. Virology 2019, 534, 114–131. Arnold, M.M. The Rotavirus Interferon Antagonist NSP1: Many Targets, Many Questions. J. Virol. 2016, 90, 5212–5215 Bányai, K.; Matthijnssens, J.; Szucs, G.; Forgách, P.; Erdélyi, K.; Van Ranst, M.; Lorusso, E.; DeCaro, N.; Elia, G.; Martella, V. Frequent rearrangement may explain the structural heterogeneity in the 11th genome segment of lapine rotaviruses—Short communication. Acta Veter. Hung. 2009, 57, 453–461. Jere, K.C.; Chaguza, C.; Bar-Zeev, N.; Lowe, J.; Peno, C.; Kumwenda, B.; Nakagomi, O.; Tate, J.E.; Parashar, U.D.; Heyderman, R.S.; et al. Emergence of Double- and Triple-Gene Reassortant G1P[8] Rotaviruses Possessing a DS-1-Like Backbone after Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Malawi. J. Virol. 2017, 92, 3 Houldcroft, C.; Beale, M.; Breuer, J. Clinical and biological insights from viral genome sequencing. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2017, 15, 183–192. Roczo-Farkas, S.; Kirkwood, C.D.; Cowley, D.; Barnes, G.L.; Bishop, R.F.; Bogdanovic-Sakran, N.; Boniface, K.; Donato, C.M.; Bines, J.E. The Impact of Rotavirus Vaccines on Genotype Diversity: A Comprehensive Analysis of 2 Decades of Australian Surveillance Data. J. Infect. Dis. 2018, 218, 546–554. Farfán-García, A.E.; Imdad, A.; Zhang, C.; Arias-Guerrero, M.Y.; Sánchez-Álvarez, N.T.; Iqbal, J.; Hernández-Gamboa, A.E.; Slaughter, J.C.; Gómez-Duarte, O.G. Etiology of acute Gastroenteritis among children less than 5 years of age in Bucaramanga, Colombia: A case-control study. PLoS Neglect. Trop. Dis. 2020, 14, e0008375. Paternina-Caicedo, A.; Parashar, U.; Garcia-Calavaro, C.; De Oliveira, L.H.; Alvis-Guzman, N.; De La Hoz-Restrepo, F. Diarrheal Deaths After the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccination in 4 Countries. Pediatry 2021, 147, e20193167. Degiuseppe, J.I.; Stupka, J.A. Genotype distribution of Group A rotavirus in children before and after massive vaccination in Latin America and the Caribbean: Systematic review. Vaccine 2020, 38, 733–740. Peláez-Carvajal, D.; Cotes-Cantillo, K.; Paternina-Caicedo, A.; Gentsch, J.; de la Hoz-Restrepo, F.; Patel, M. Characterization of rotavirus genotypes before and after the introduction of a monovalent rotavirus vaccine in Colombia. J. Med. Virol. 2014, 86, 1083–1086. Bwogi, J.; Jere, K.C.; Karamagi, C.; Byarugaba, D.K.; Namuwulya, P.; Baliraine, F.N.; Desselberger, U.; Iturriza, M. Whole genome analysis of selected human and animal rotaviruses identified in Uganda from 2012 to 2014 reveals complex genome reassortment events between human, bovine, caprine and porcine strains. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0178855. Phan, T.; Ide, T.; Komoto, S.; Khamrin, P.; Pham, N.T.K.; Okitsu, S.; Taniguchi, K.; Nishimura, S.; Maneekarn, N.; Hayakawa, S.; et al. Genomic analysis of group A rotavirus G12P[8] including a new Japanese strain revealed evidence for intergenotypic recombination in VP7 and VP4 genes. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2021, 87, 104656.
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spelling	Martínez Gutiérrez, MarlénHernandez, EstivenRendón Marín, SantiagoRuiz Sáenz, Julián13 p.2022-01-25T20:08:23Z2022-01-25T20:08:23Z2021-061999-4915doi.org/10.3390/v13061075https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/43423Martinez-Gutierrez, M.; Hernandez-Mira, E.; Rendon-Marin, S.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Wa-1 Equine-Like G3P[8] Rotavirus from a Child with Diarrhea in Colombia. Viruses 2021, 13, 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13061075Rotavirus A (RVA) has been considered the main cause of diarrheal disease in children under five years in emergency services in both developed and developing countries. RVA belongs to the Reoviridae family, which comprises 11 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a genomic constellation that encodes for six structural and five to six nonstructural proteins. RVA has been classified in a binary system with Gx[Px] based on the spike protein (VP4) and the major outer capsid glycoprotein (VP7), respectively. The emerging equine-like G3P[8] DS-1-like strains reported worldwide in humans have arisen an important concern. Here, we carry out the complete genome characterization of a previously reported G3P[8] strain in order to recognize the genetic diversity of RVA circulating among infants in Colombia. A near-full genome phylogenetic analysis was done, confirming the presence of the novel equine-like G3P[8] with a Wa-like backbone for the first time in Colombia. This study demonstrated the importance of surveillance of emerging viruses in the Colombian population; furthermore, additional studies must focus on the understanding of the spread and transmission dynamic of this important RVA strain in different areas of the countryhttp://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000153095https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000213748https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1447-1458https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9429-0058https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000000695julian.ruizs@campusucc.edu.coMarlen.martinezg@campucucc.edu.cohttps://scholar.google.com/citations?user=o3Y7mZwAAAAJ&hl=eshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=es&user=a4L-Fx0AAAAJv13061075Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaría y Zootecnia, BucaramangaMDPIMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaBucaramangahttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/6/1075VirusesLamberti, L.M.; Walker, C.L.F.; Black, R.E. Systematic review of diarrhea duration and severity in children and adults in low- and middle-income countries. BMC Public Heal. 2012, 12, 276.Parashar, U.D.; Johnson, H.; Steele, A.D.; Tate, J.E. Health Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination in Developing Countries: Progress and Way Forward. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2016, 62, S91–S95Troeger, C.; Khalil, I.A.; Rao, P.C.; Cao, S.; Blacker, B.F.; Ahmed, T.; Armah, G.; Bines, J.E.; Brewer, T.G.; Colombara, D.V.; et al. Rotavirus Vaccination and the Global Burden of Rotavirus Diarrhea Among Children Younger Than 5 Years. JAMA Pediatr. 2018, 172, 958–965Bucardo, F.; Nordgren, J. Impact of vaccination on the molecular epidemiology and evolution of group A rotaviruses in Latin America and factors affecting vaccine efficacy. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2015, 34, 106–113Yepes, U.; Rodríguez Villamizar, L.; Gómez González, Y.; Olaya Gamboa, L. Rodríguez Santamaría, S.; Aislamientos de patógenos comunes asociados con enfermedad diarreica aguda en menores de cinco años, Bucaramanga, Colombia. MedUNAB 2010, 12, 72–79Martinez-Gutierrez, M.; Arcila-Quiceno, V.; Trejos-Suarez, J.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Prevalence and molecular typing of rotavirus in children with acute diarrhoea in Northeastern Colombia. Rev. Instit. Med. Tropic. São Paulo 2019, 61, e34.Matthijnssens, J.; Ciarlet, M.; McDonald, S.M.; Attoui, H.; Banyai, K.; Brister, J.R.; Buesa, J.; Esona, M.D.; Estes, M.K.; Gentsch, J.R.; et al. Uniformity of rotavirus strain nomenclature proposed by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG). Arch. Virol. 2011, 156, 1397–1413Matthijnssens, J.; Ciarlet, M.; Rahman, M.; Attoui, H.; Bányai, K.; Estes, M.K.; Gentsch, J.R.; Iturriza, M.; Kirkwood, C.D.; Martella, V.; et al. Recommendations for the classification of group A rotaviruses using all 11 genomic RNA segments. Arch. Virol. 2008, 153, 1621–1629.Perkins, C.; Mijatovic-Rustempasic, S.; Ward, M.L.; Cortese, M.M.; Bowen, M.D. Genomic Characterization of the First Equine-Like G3P[8] Rotavirus Strain Detected in the United States. Genome Announc. 2017, 5, e01341-17.Nakagomi, T.; Nguyen, M.Q.; Gauchan, P.; Agbemabiese, C.A.; Kaneko, M.; Do, L.P.; Vu, T.D.; Nakagomi, O. Evolution of DS-1-like G1P[8] double-gene reassortant rotavirus A strains causing gastroenteritis in children in Vietnam in 2012. Arch. Virol. 2017, 162, 739–748.Komoto, S.; Tacharoenmuang, R.; Guntapong, R.; Ide, T.; Tsuji, T.; Yoshikawa, T.; Tharmaphornpilas, P.; Sangkitporn, S.; Taniguchi, K. Reassortment of Human and Animal Rotavirus Gene Segments in Emerging DS-1-Like G1P[8] Rotavirus Strains. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0148416.Guerra, S.F.S.; Soares, L.; Lobo, P.S.; Júnior, E.T.P.; Júnior, E.C.S.; Bezerra, D.A.M.; Vaz, L.R.; Linhares, A.C.; Mascarenhas, J.D.P. Detection of a novel equine-like G3 rotavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in Brazil. J. Gen. Virol. 2016, 97, 3131–3138Cowley, D.; Donato, C.M.; Roczo-Farkas, S.; Kirkwood, C.D. Emergence of a novel equine-like G3P[8] inter-genogroup reassortant rotavirus strain associated with gastroenteritis in Australian children. J. Gen. Virol. 2016, 97, 403–410.Arana, A.; Montes, M.; Jere, K.C.; Alkorta, M.; Iturriza, M.; Cilla, G. Emergence and spread of G3P[8] rotaviruses possessing an equine-like VP7 and a DS-1-like genetic backbone in the Basque Country (North of Spain). Infect. Genet. Evol. 2016, 44, 137–144.Luchs, A.; Da Costa, A.C.; Cilli, A.; Komninakis, S.C.V.; Carmona, R.; Boen, L.; Morillo, S.G.; Sabino, E.C.; Timenetsky, M.D.C.S.T. Spread of the emerging equine-like G3P[8] DS-1-like genetic backbone rotavirus strain in Brazil and identification of potential genetic variants. J. Gen. Virol. 2019, 100, 7–25.Sadiq, A.; Bostan, N.; Yinda, K.C.; Naseem, S.; Sattar, S. Rotavirus: Genetics, pathogenesis and vaccine advances. Rev. Med. Virol. 2018, 28, e2003.Bányai, K.; László, B.; Duque, J.; Steele, A.D.; Nelson, E.A.S.; Gentsch, J.R.; Parashar, U.D. Systematic review of regional and temporal trends in global rotavirus strain diversity in the pre rotavirus vaccine era: Insights for understanding the impact of rotavirus vaccination programs. Vaccine 2012, 30, A122–A130.Dóró, R.; Farkas, S.L.; Martella, V.; Bányai, K. Zoonotic transmission of rotavirus: Surveillance and control. Expert Rev. Anti-infect. Ther. 2015, 13, 1337–1350. [Luchs, A.; Timenetsky Mdo, C. Group A rotavirus gastroenteritis: Post-vaccine era, genotypes and zoonotic transmission. Einstein 2016, 14, 278–287Matthijnssens, J.; Heylen, E.; Zeller, M.; Rahman, M.; Lemey, P.; Van Ranst, M. Phylodynamic Analyses of Rotavirus Genotypes G9 and G12 Underscore Their Potential for Swift Global Spread. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2010, 27, 2431–2436Martella, V.; Bányai, K.; Matthijnssens, J.; Buonavoglia, C.; Ciarlet, M. Zoonotic aspects of rotaviruses. Veter. Microbiol. 2010, 140, 246–255.Degiuseppe, J.; Beltramino, J.; Millán, A.; Stupka, J.; Parra, G. Complete genome analyses of G4P[6] rotavirus detected in Argentinean children with diarrhoea provides evidence of interspecies transmission from swine. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2013, 19, e367–e371.McDonald, S.M.; Matthijnssens, J.; McAllen, J.K.; Hine, E.; Overton, L.; Wang, S.; Lemey, P.; Zeller, M.; Van Ranst, M.; Spiro, D.J.; et al. Evolutionary Dynamics of Human Rotaviruses: Balancing Reassortment with Preferred Genome Constellations. PLoS Pathog. 2009, 5, e1000634.Matthijnssens, J.; Rahman, M.; Martella, V.; Xuelei, Y.; De Vos, S.; De Leener, K.; Ciarlet, M.; Buonavoglia, C.; Van Ranst, M. Full genomic analysis of human rotavirus strain B4106 and lapine rotavirus strain 30/96 provides evidence for interspecies transmission. J. 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J. 2019, 16, 64.Rose, T.L.; Da Silva, M.F.M.; Goméz, M.M.; Resque, H.R.; Ichihara, M.Y.T.; Volotão, E.D.M.; Leite, J.P.G. Evidence of Vaccine-related Reassortment of Rotavirus, Brazil, 2008. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013, 19, 1843–1846Katz, E.M.; Esona, M.D.; Betrapally, N.S.; Leon, L.A.D.L.C.D.; Neira, Y.R.; Rey, G.J.; Bowen, M.D. Whole-gene analysis of inter-genogroup reassortant rotaviruses from the Dominican Republic: Emergence of equine-like G3 strains and evidence of their reassortment with locally-circulating strains. Virology 2019, 534, 114–131.Arnold, M.M. The Rotavirus Interferon Antagonist NSP1: Many Targets, Many Questions. J. Virol. 2016, 90, 5212–5215Bányai, K.; Matthijnssens, J.; Szucs, G.; Forgách, P.; Erdélyi, K.; Van Ranst, M.; Lorusso, E.; DeCaro, N.; Elia, G.; Martella, V. Frequent rearrangement may explain the structural heterogeneity in the 11th genome segment of lapine rotaviruses—Short communication. Acta Veter. Hung. 2009, 57, 453–461.Jere, K.C.; Chaguza, C.; Bar-Zeev, N.; Lowe, J.; Peno, C.; Kumwenda, B.; Nakagomi, O.; Tate, J.E.; Parashar, U.D.; Heyderman, R.S.; et al. Emergence of Double- and Triple-Gene Reassortant G1P[8] Rotaviruses Possessing a DS-1-Like Backbone after Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Malawi. J. Virol. 2017, 92, 3Houldcroft, C.; Beale, M.; Breuer, J. Clinical and biological insights from viral genome sequencing. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2017, 15, 183–192.Roczo-Farkas, S.; Kirkwood, C.D.; Cowley, D.; Barnes, G.L.; Bishop, R.F.; Bogdanovic-Sakran, N.; Boniface, K.; Donato, C.M.; Bines, J.E. The Impact of Rotavirus Vaccines on Genotype Diversity: A Comprehensive Analysis of 2 Decades of Australian Surveillance Data. J. Infect. Dis. 2018, 218, 546–554.Farfán-García, A.E.; Imdad, A.; Zhang, C.; Arias-Guerrero, M.Y.; Sánchez-Álvarez, N.T.; Iqbal, J.; Hernández-Gamboa, A.E.; Slaughter, J.C.; Gómez-Duarte, O.G. Etiology of acute Gastroenteritis among children less than 5 years of age in Bucaramanga, Colombia: A case-control study. PLoS Neglect. Trop. Dis. 2020, 14, e0008375.Paternina-Caicedo, A.; Parashar, U.; Garcia-Calavaro, C.; De Oliveira, L.H.; Alvis-Guzman, N.; De La Hoz-Restrepo, F. Diarrheal Deaths After the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccination in 4 Countries. Pediatry 2021, 147, e20193167.Degiuseppe, J.I.; Stupka, J.A. Genotype distribution of Group A rotavirus in children before and after massive vaccination in Latin America and the Caribbean: Systematic review. Vaccine 2020, 38, 733–740.Peláez-Carvajal, D.; Cotes-Cantillo, K.; Paternina-Caicedo, A.; Gentsch, J.; de la Hoz-Restrepo, F.; Patel, M. Characterization of rotavirus genotypes before and after the introduction of a monovalent rotavirus vaccine in Colombia. J. Med. Virol. 2014, 86, 1083–1086.Bwogi, J.; Jere, K.C.; Karamagi, C.; Byarugaba, D.K.; Namuwulya, P.; Baliraine, F.N.; Desselberger, U.; Iturriza, M. Whole genome analysis of selected human and animal rotaviruses identified in Uganda from 2012 to 2014 reveals complex genome reassortment events between human, bovine, caprine and porcine strains. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0178855.Phan, T.; Ide, T.; Komoto, S.; Khamrin, P.; Pham, N.T.K.; Okitsu, S.; Taniguchi, K.; Nishimura, S.; Maneekarn, N.; Hayakawa, S.; et al. Genomic analysis of group A rotavirus G12P[8] including a new Japanese strain revealed evidence for intergenotypic recombination in VP7 and VP4 genes. Infect. Genet. 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Wa-1 Equine-Like G3P [8] Rotavirus from a Child with Diarrhea in Colombia

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