The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the etiological agent of a highly prevalent viral infectious disease of domestic and wild carnivores. This virus poses a conservation threat to endangered species worldwide due to its ability to jump between multiple species and produce a disease, which is most often...

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Autores:: Echeverry Bonilla, Diego Fernando
Buriticá Gaviria, Edwin Fernando
Orjuela Acosta, Delio
Chinchilla Cardenas, Danny Jaír
Ruiz Sáenz, Julián

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2023

Institución:: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

Repositorio:: Repositorio UCC

Idioma:

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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia
title	The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia
spellingShingle	The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia Canine distemper virus Interspecies transmission Crab-eating fox Phylogeny Morbillivirus
title_short	The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia
title_full	The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia
title_fullStr	The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia
title_full_unstemmed	The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia
title_sort	The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Echeverry Bonilla, Diego Fernando Buriticá Gaviria, Edwin Fernando Orjuela Acosta, Delio Chinchilla Cardenas, Danny Jaír Ruiz Sáenz, Julián
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Echeverry Bonilla, Diego Fernando Buriticá Gaviria, Edwin Fernando Orjuela Acosta, Delio Chinchilla Cardenas, Danny Jaír Ruiz Sáenz, Julián
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	Canine distemper virus Interspecies transmission Crab-eating fox Phylogeny Morbillivirus
topic	Canine distemper virus Interspecies transmission Crab-eating fox Phylogeny Morbillivirus
description	Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the etiological agent of a highly prevalent viral infectious disease of domestic and wild carnivores. This virus poses a conservation threat to endangered species worldwide due to its ability to jump between multiple species and produce a disease, which is most often fatal. Although CDV infection has been regularly diagnosed in Colombian wildlife, to date the molecular identity of circulating CDV lineages is currently unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the presence and phylogenetic characterization of CDV detected in samples from naturally infected Cerdocyon thous from Colombia. We sequenced for the first time the CDV infecting wildlife in Colombia and demonstrated the presence of South America/North America-4 Lineage with a higher relationship to sequences previously reported from domestic and wild fauna belonging to the United States of America. Our results are crucial for the understanding of the interspecies transmission of CDV in the domestic/wild interface and for the prevention and control of such an important multi-host pathogen
publishDate	2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2023-08-02T22:24:53Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2023-08-02T22:24:53Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2023-08-02
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Artículo
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dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv	1999-4915
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	doi.org/10.3390/v14091947 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/52295
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.none.fl_str_mv	Echeverry-Bonilla, D.F.; Buriticá-Gaviria, E.F.; Orjuela-Acosta, D.; Chinchilla-Cardenas, D.J.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia. Viruses 2022, 14, 1947. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091947
identifier_str_mv	1999-4915 doi.org/10.3390/v14091947 Echeverry-Bonilla, D.F.; Buriticá-Gaviria, E.F.; Orjuela-Acosta, D.; Chinchilla-Cardenas, D.J.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia. Viruses 2022, 14, 1947. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091947
url	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/52295
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv	Viruses
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv	Martinez-Gutierrez, M.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Diversity of susceptible hosts in canine distemper virus infection: A systematic review and data synthesis. BMC Vet. Res. 2016, 12, 78 Rendon-Marin, S.; da Fontoura Budaszewski, R.; Canal, C.W.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Tropism and molecular pathogenesis of canine distemper virus. Virol. J. 2019, 16, 30 Lamb, R.A.; Parks, G.D. Paramyxoviridae. In Fields Virology, 6th ed.; Wolters Kluwer Health: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2013 MacLachlan, N.; Dubovi, E.; Fenner, F. Paramyxoviridae. In Fenner’s Veterinary Virology; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2011; pp. 299–325 Anis, E.; Newell, T.K.; Dyer, N.; Wilkes, R.P. Phylogenetic analysis of the wild-type strains of canine distemper virus circulating in the United States. Virol. J. 2018, 15, 118. Bhatt, M.; Rajak, K.; Chakravarti, S.; Yadav, A.; Kumar, A.; Gupta, V.; Chander, V.; Mathesh, K.; Chandramohan, S.; Sharma, A. Phylogenetic analysis of haemagglutinin gene deciphering a new genetically distinct lineage of canine distemper virus circulating among domestic dogs in India. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2019, 66, 1252–1267. Duque-Valencia, J.; Diaz, F.J.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Phylogenomic Analysis of Two Co-Circulating Canine Distemper Virus Lineages in Colombia. Pathogens 2019, 9, 26. Duque-Valencia, J.; Forero-Munoz, N.R.; Diaz, F.J.; Martins, E.; Barato, P.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Phylogenetic evidence of the intercontinental circulation of a Canine distemper virus lineage in the Americas. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 15747. Espinal, M.A.; Diaz, F.J.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Phylogenetic evidence of a new canine distemper virus lineage among domestic dogs in Colombia, South America. Vet. Microbiol. 2014, 172, 168–176 Giacinti, J.A.; Pearl, D.L.; Ojkic, D.; Campbell, G.D.; Jardine, C.M. Genetic characterization of canine distemper virus from wild and domestic animal submissions to diagnostic facilities in Canada. Prev. Vet. Med. 2022, 198, 105535. Wang, R.; Wang, X.; Zhai, J.; Zhang, P.; Irwin, D.M.; Shen, X.; Chen, W.; Shen, Y. A new canine distemper virus lineage identified from red pandas in China. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2022, 69, e944–e952 Rendon-Marin, S.; Martinez-Gutierrez, M.; Suarez, J.A.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) Transit Through the Americas: Need to Assess the Impact of CDV Infection on Species Conservation. Front. Microbiol. 2020, 11, 810. Takeda, M.; Seki, F.; Yamamoto, Y.; Nao, N.; Tokiwa, H. Animal morbilliviruses and their cross-species transmission potential. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2020, 41, 38–45 Duque-Valencia, J.; Sarute, N.; Olarte-Castillo, X.A.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Evolution and Interspecies Transmission of Canine Distemper Virus-An Outlook of the Diverse Evolutionary Landscapes of a Multi-Host Virus. Viruses 2019, 11, 582. Viana, M.; Cleaveland, S.; Matthiopoulos, J.; Halliday, J.; Packer, C.; Craft, M.E.; Hampson, K.; Czupryna, A.; Dobson, A.P.; Dubovi, E.J. Dynamics of a morbillivirus at the domestic–wildlife interface: Canine distemper virus in domestic dogs and lions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112, 1464–1469. Barrett, T.; Visser, I.; Mamaev, L.; Goatley, L.; Van Bressem, M.-F.; Osterhaus, A. Dolphin and porpoise morbilliviruses are genetically distinct from phocine distemper virus. Virology 1993, 193, 1010–1012 Lan, N.T.; Yamaguchi, R.; Inomata, A.; Furuya, Y.; Uchida, K.; Sugano, S.; Tateyama, S. Comparative analyses of canine distemper viral isolates from clinical cases of canine distemper in vaccinated dogs. Vet. Microbiol. 2006, 115, 32–42 Riley, M.C.; Wilkes, R.P. Sequencing of emerging canine distemper virus strain reveals new distinct genetic lineage in the United States associated with disease in wildlife and domestic canine populations. Virol. J. 2015, 12, 219. Sarute, N.; Pérez, R.; Aldaz, J.; Alfieri, A.A.; Alfieri, A.F.; Name, D.; Llanes, J.; Hernández, M.; Francia, L.; Panzera, Y. Molecular typing of canine distemper virus strains reveals the presence of a new genetic variant in South America. Virus Genes 2014, 48, 474–478. Loots, A.K.; Mitchell, E.; Dalton, D.L.; Kotze, A.; Venter, E.H. Advances in canine distemper virus pathogenesis research: A wildlife perspective. J. Gen. Virol. 2017, 98, 311–321 Deem, S.L.; Spelman, L.H.; Yates, R.A.; Montali, R.J. Canine distemper in terrestrial carnivores: A review. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 2000, 31, 441–451. Nelson, R.W.; Couto, C.G. Small Animal Internal Medicine-E-Book; Elsevier Health Sciences: St. Louis, MO, USA, 2019 Evermann, J.F.; Kennedy, M.A. Chapter 16—Viral Infections. In Small Animal Pediatrics; Peterson, M.E., Kutzler, M.A., Eds.; W.B. Saunders: Saint Louis, MO, USA, 2011; pp. 119–129. Beineke, A.; Puff, C.; Seehusen, F.; Baumgärtner, W. Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2009, 127, 1–18. Fiorello, C.V.; Noss, A.J.; Deem, S.L.; Maffei, L.; Dubovi, E.J. Serosurvey of small carnivores in the Bolivian Chaco. J. Wildl. Dis. 2007, 43, 551–557 Anis, E.; Holford, A.L.; Galyon, G.D.; Wilkes, R.P. Antigenic analysis of genetic variants of Canine distemper virus. Vet. Microbiol. 2018, 219, 154–160 Oviedo Centeno, Y.N. Diferenciación de Cepas de Campo y Vacunales del Virus del Distemper Canino en Perros Infectados Naturalmente; Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Lima: Lima, Peru, 2021. Fuques, E.; Tomás, G.; Grecco, S.; Condon, E.; Techera, C.; Marandino, A.; Sarute, N.; Aldaz, J.; Enciso, J.; Benech, A.; et al. Origin and spreading of canine morbillivirus in South America. Virus Res. 2022, 319, 198858 McCarthy, A.J.; Shaw, M.-A.; Goodman, S.J. Pathogen evolution and disease emergence in carnivores. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2007, 274, 3165–3174 Nikolin, V.M.; Wibbelt, G.; Michler, F.-U.F.; Wolf, P.; East, M.L. Susceptibility of carnivore hosts to strains of canine distemper virus from distinct genetic lineages. Vet. Microbiol. 2012, 156, 45–53 Messling, V.v.; Springfeld, C.; Devaux, P.; Cattaneo, R. A Ferret Model of Canine Distemper Virus Virulence and Immunosuppression. J. Virol. 2003, 77, 12579–12591 Nikolin, V.M.; Osterrieder, K.; von Messling, V.; Hofer, H.; Anderson, D.; Dubovi, E.; Brunner, E.; East, M.L. Antagonistic Pleiotropy and Fitness Trade-Offs Reveal Specialist and Generalist Traits in Strains of Canine Distemper Virus. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e50955 Weckworth, J.K.; Davis, B.W.; Roelke-Parker, M.E.; Wilkes, R.P.; Packer, C.; Eblate, E.; Schwartz, M.K.; Mills, L.S. Identifying Candidate Genetic Markers of CDV Cross-Species Pathogenicity in African Lions. Pathogens 2020, 9, 872 Sillero-Zubiri, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Macdonald, D.W. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan; IUCN: Gland, Switzerland, 2004; Volume 95. Guerrero, Y.M.; Cadena, A. Caracterización, evaluación y uso de hábitats del zorro perruno (Cerdocyon thous) en los llanos orientales de Colombia. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Exactas Físicas Nat. 2000, 24, 383–392. Muñoz Mazo, S.S. Agentes Infecciosos en el Zorro Cangrejero (Cerdocyon Thous) en las Áreas Protegidas Urbanas del Valle de Aburrá, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica: Heredia, Costa Rica, 2021. Costanzi, L.; Brambilla, A.; Di Blasio, A.; Dondo, A.; Goria, M.; Masoero, L.; Gennero, M.S.; Bassano, B. Beware of dogs! Domestic animals as a threat for wildlife conservation in Alpine protected areas. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 2021, 67, 70 Kapil, S.; Yeary, T.J. Canine Distemper Spillover in Domestic Dogs from Urban Wildlife. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 2011, 41, 1069–1086 Pope, J.P.; Miller, D.L.; Riley, M.C.; Anis, E.; Wilkes, R.P. Characterization of a novel Canine distemper virus causing disease in wildlife. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2016, 28, 506–513. Bohm, J.; Blixenkrone-Møller, M.; Lund, E. A serious outbreak of canine distemper among sled-dogs in northern Greenland. Arct. Med. Res. 1989, 48, 195–203 Frölich, K.; Czupalla, O.; Haas, L.; Hentschke, J.; Dedek, J.; Fickel, J. Epizootiological investigations of canine distemper virus in free-ranging carnivores from Germany. Vet. Microbiol. 2000, 74, 283–292. Ricci, I.; Cersini, A.; Manna, G.; Marcario, G.A.; Conti, R.; Brocherel, G.; Grifoni, G.; Eleni, C.; Scicluna, M.T. A Canine Distemper Virus Retrospective Study Conducted from 2011 to 2019 in Central Italy (Latium and Tuscany Regions). Viruses 2021, 13, 272 Bianco, A.; Zecchin, B.; Fusaro, A.; Schivo, A.; Ormelli, S.; Bregoli, M.; Citterio, C.V.; Obber, F.; Dellamaria, D.; Trevisiol, K.; et al. Two waves of canine distemper virus showing different spatio-temporal dynamics in Alpine wildlife (2006–2018). Infect. Genet. Evol. 2020, 84, 104359. Furtado, M.M.; Hayashi, E.M.K.; Allendorf, S.D.; Coelho, C.J.; de Almeida Jácomo, A.T.; Megid, J.; Ramos Filho, J.D.; Silveira, L.; Tôrres, N.M.; Ferreira Neto, J.S. Exposure of Free-Ranging Wild Carnivores and Domestic Dogs to Canine Distemper Virus and Parvovirus in the Cerrado of Central Brazil. EcoHealth 2016, 13, 549–557. Hübner, S.d.O.; Pappen, F.G.; Ruas, J.L.; Vargas, G.D.Á.; Fischer, G.; Vidor, T. Exposure of pampas fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) and crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) from the Southern region of Brazil to Canine distemper virus (CDV), Canine parvovirus (CPV) and Canine coronavirus (CCoV). Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 2010, 53, 593–597 Megid, J.; de Souza, V.A.F.; Teixeira, C.R.; Cortez, A.; Amorin, R.L.; Heinemman, M.B.; Cagnini, D.Q.; Richtzenhain, L.J. Canine Distemper Virus in a Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) in Brazil: Case Report and Phylogenetic Analyses. J. Wildl. Dis. 2009, 45, 527–530. Ferreyra, H.; Calderón, M.G.; Marticorena, D.n.; Marull, C.; Leonardo, B.C. Canine Distemper Infection in Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) from Argentina. J. Wildl. Dis. 2009, 45, 1158–1162. Weber, M.N.; Mosena, A.C.S.; da Silva, M.S.; Canova, R.; de Lorenzo, C.; Olegário, J.C.; Budaszewski, R.F.; Baumbach, L.F.; Soares, J.F.; Sonne, L.; et al. Virome of crab-eating (Cerdocyon thous) and pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) from southern Brazil and Uruguay. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2020, 85, 104421. Gilbert, M.; Miquelle, D.G.; Goodrich, J.M.; Reeve, R.; Cleaveland, S.; Matthews, L.; Joly, D.O. Estimating the Potential Impact of Canine Distemper Virus on the Amur Tiger Population (Panthera tigris altaica) in Russia. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e110811 Gilbert, M.; Sulikhan, N.; Uphyrkina, O.; Goncharuk, M.; Kerley, L.; Castro, E.H.; Reeve, R.; Seimon, T.; McAloose, D.; Seryodkin, I.V.; et al. Distemper, extinction, and vaccination of the Amur tiger. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 31954–31962. Mulia, B.H.; Mariya, S.; Bodgener, J.; Iskandriati, D.; Liwa, S.R.; Sumampau, T.; Manansang, J.; Darusman, H.S.; Osofsky, S.A.; Techakriengkrai, N.; et al. Exposure of Wild Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) to Canine Distemper Virus. J. Wildl. Dis. 2021, 57, 464–466
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spelling	Echeverry Bonilla, Diego FernandoBuriticá Gaviria, Edwin FernandoOrjuela Acosta, DelioChinchilla Cardenas, Danny JaírRuiz Sáenz, Julián 14(9)2023-08-02T22:24:53Z2023-08-02T22:24:53Z2023-08-021999-4915doi.org/10.3390/v14091947https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/52295Echeverry-Bonilla, D.F.; Buriticá-Gaviria, E.F.; Orjuela-Acosta, D.; Chinchilla-Cardenas, D.J.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia. Viruses 2022, 14, 1947. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091947Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the etiological agent of a highly prevalent viral infectious disease of domestic and wild carnivores. This virus poses a conservation threat to endangered species worldwide due to its ability to jump between multiple species and produce a disease, which is most often fatal. Although CDV infection has been regularly diagnosed in Colombian wildlife, to date the molecular identity of circulating CDV lineages is currently unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the presence and phylogenetic characterization of CDV detected in samples from naturally infected Cerdocyon thous from Colombia. We sequenced for the first time the CDV infecting wildlife in Colombia and demonstrated the presence of South America/North America-4 Lineage with a higher relationship to sequences previously reported from domestic and wild fauna belonging to the United States of America. Our results are crucial for the understanding of the interspecies transmission of CDV in the domestic/wild interface and for the prevention and control of such an important multi-host pathogenhttps://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000153095https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1447-1458https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000000695julian.ruizs@campusucc.edu.cohttps://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=es&user=o3Y7mZwAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate1947MDPIGrupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680002, ColombiaMedicina veterinaria y zootecniaBucaramangaCanine distemper virusInterspecies transmissionCrab-eating foxPhylogenyMorbillivirusThe First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from ColombiaArtículohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionVirusesMartinez-Gutierrez, M.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Diversity of susceptible hosts in canine distemper virus infection: A systematic review and data synthesis. BMC Vet. Res. 2016, 12, 78Rendon-Marin, S.; da Fontoura Budaszewski, R.; Canal, C.W.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Tropism and molecular pathogenesis of canine distemper virus. Virol. J. 2019, 16, 30Lamb, R.A.; Parks, G.D. Paramyxoviridae. In Fields Virology, 6th ed.; Wolters Kluwer Health: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2013MacLachlan, N.; Dubovi, E.; Fenner, F. Paramyxoviridae. In Fenner’s Veterinary Virology; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2011; pp. 299–325Anis, E.; Newell, T.K.; Dyer, N.; Wilkes, R.P. Phylogenetic analysis of the wild-type strains of canine distemper virus circulating in the United States. Virol. J. 2018, 15, 118.Bhatt, M.; Rajak, K.; Chakravarti, S.; Yadav, A.; Kumar, A.; Gupta, V.; Chander, V.; Mathesh, K.; Chandramohan, S.; Sharma, A. Phylogenetic analysis of haemagglutinin gene deciphering a new genetically distinct lineage of canine distemper virus circulating among domestic dogs in India. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2019, 66, 1252–1267.Duque-Valencia, J.; Diaz, F.J.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Phylogenomic Analysis of Two Co-Circulating Canine Distemper Virus Lineages in Colombia. Pathogens 2019, 9, 26.Duque-Valencia, J.; Forero-Munoz, N.R.; Diaz, F.J.; Martins, E.; Barato, P.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Phylogenetic evidence of the intercontinental circulation of a Canine distemper virus lineage in the Americas. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 15747.Espinal, M.A.; Diaz, F.J.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Phylogenetic evidence of a new canine distemper virus lineage among domestic dogs in Colombia, South America. Vet. Microbiol. 2014, 172, 168–176Giacinti, J.A.; Pearl, D.L.; Ojkic, D.; Campbell, G.D.; Jardine, C.M. Genetic characterization of canine distemper virus from wild and domestic animal submissions to diagnostic facilities in Canada. Prev. Vet. Med. 2022, 198, 105535.Wang, R.; Wang, X.; Zhai, J.; Zhang, P.; Irwin, D.M.; Shen, X.; Chen, W.; Shen, Y. A new canine distemper virus lineage identified from red pandas in China. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2022, 69, e944–e952Rendon-Marin, S.; Martinez-Gutierrez, M.; Suarez, J.A.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) Transit Through the Americas: Need to Assess the Impact of CDV Infection on Species Conservation. Front. Microbiol. 2020, 11, 810.Takeda, M.; Seki, F.; Yamamoto, Y.; Nao, N.; Tokiwa, H. Animal morbilliviruses and their cross-species transmission potential. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2020, 41, 38–45Duque-Valencia, J.; Sarute, N.; Olarte-Castillo, X.A.; Ruiz-Saenz, J. Evolution and Interspecies Transmission of Canine Distemper Virus-An Outlook of the Diverse Evolutionary Landscapes of a Multi-Host Virus. Viruses 2019, 11, 582.Viana, M.; Cleaveland, S.; Matthiopoulos, J.; Halliday, J.; Packer, C.; Craft, M.E.; Hampson, K.; Czupryna, A.; Dobson, A.P.; Dubovi, E.J. 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12:06:44.275open.accesshttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de 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

The First Report and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Distemper Virus in Cerdocyon thous from Colombia

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